Tumor macrophages antigen presenting cell. Medical search. Frequent questions

Lung macrophages sustained the HIF1alpha axis that increased glycolysis and lactate production, culminating in an immunosuppressive microenvironment in multiple mouse models of non-small cell lung cancers. (cdc.gov)
umors use chemokine signals to draw monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages into the tumor microenvironment, where the cells become tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). (the-scientist.com)
It has been proposed that four different types of tumor microenvironment exist based on the presence or absence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression. (aacrjournals.org)
Fibrotic livers are characterized by an inflammatory microenvironment that is composed of various immunologically active cells, including liver-resident populations (e.g. (mdpi.com)
While inflammatory injury drives both fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis, the tolerogenic microenvironment of the liver conveys immunosuppressive effects that encourage tumor growth. (mdpi.com)
It relieved the inhibitory effect of DNMT3A mutation, promoted the phenotypic recovery of the co-cultured macrophages, eliminated resistance, and regulated the immune microenvironment. (frontiersin.org)
Macrophages are the most abundant white blood cells in the immune microenvironment and have a high degree of heterogeneity. (frontiersin.org)
Beyond the impressive clinical breakthroughs, Day 3 also highlighted how checkpoint immunotherapies affect immune cell memory, how CD40-targeting immunotherapies and radiation complement checkpoint immunotherapy through independent mechanisms, and how targeting metabolic factors in the tumor microenvironment might be able to improve immune responses against tumors. (cancerresearch.org)
A high recurrence rate of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) following chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cell treatment remains a bottleneck, and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) compromising CAR T cell efficacy in NHL is the primary cause of relapse. (bvsalud.org)
In vivo , GC induced a potent response of type I IFN and upregulated genes associated with STING signaling within the tumor microenvironment (TME). (biorxiv.org)
Although there is ample evidence that the chemotherapeutic drugs trigger an immune response, the efficient tumor rejection or regression is not guaranteed probably due to the massive immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment. (thno.org)
This work represents a novel approach for cancer immunotherapy by integrating nanotechnology and platinum-based therapeutics which not only efficiently exerts the chemotherapeutic cytotoxic effect on tumor cell but also restores immune response of immunological cells within the tumor microenvironment. (thno.org)
First, the stimulatory or death signals are released from apoptotic tumor cells into the tumor microenvironment. (thno.org)
During the early phase of tumor development, immune cells could spontaneously infiltrate into the tumor microenvironment to evoke an immune response and fight against the growth of the tumor. (thno.org)
Current research areas studied include the interactions between newly formed tumor cells and both innate and adaptive immune cells, the role of myeloid cells (e.g. macrophages, antigen presenting cells) in the regulation of the tumor microenvironment, how lymphocytes traffic to tumors, and how tumors hide from them, and the relationship between a patient's microbiome and their immune cells in different cancers. (virginia.edu)
We conducted an integrated study of the cancer tissue and associated tumour microenvironment (TME) from patients treated with Pembrolizumab (KEYNOTE 177 clinical trial) or Nivolumab to dissect the cellular and molecular determinants of response to anti-PD1 immunotherapy. (figshare.com)
Scientific research has shown that a hostile tumor microenvironment can be significantly regulated by IL-12 through multiple mechanisms, including reactivation of anergic tumor-infiltrated lymphocytes (TILs), inhibition of Treg-mediated suppression of effector T cells, recruitment of NK cells to the tumor site, and inhibition of IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) secretion by tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). (biomedcentral.com)
IL-4 is an immunosuppressive cytokine in the tumor microenvironment that can promote fibrogenesis, support tumor growth and protect malignant cells from immune destruction. (biomedcentral.com)
The Workshop associated with the 27th Annual Meeting of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC), North Bethesda, MD, October 24-25, 2012 focused on targeting the tumor microenvironment as part of an integrative approach to immune-based cancer therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
The importance of these dynamic cellular interactions in the development of cancer has stimulated strong interest in evaluating components of the tumor microenvironment as targets for cancer therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
Multiple lines of research aim to dissect the tumor microenvironment to gain insight into cancer prognosis and treatment selection, as well as to further understand the mechanisms that drive immune-based tumor rejection. (biomedcentral.com)
To support these efforts, the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) held a workshop focused on targeting the tumor microenvironment as part of an integrative approach to immune-based cancer therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
Macrophages that infiltrate the tumor parenchyma have an M1 phenotype and M2 phenotype present in the tumor microenvironment [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are key regulators of the complex interplay between cancer and the immune microenvironment. (biomedcentral.com)
However, the mechanism by which SPON2 regulates the accumulation of TAMs in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of CRC is unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
The tumor microenvironment (TME) has been shown to play an essential role in CRC progression and metastasis [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells and sinusoidal endothelium) and infiltrating leukocytes (e.g., monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes). (mdpi.com)
MHC-I and MHC-II proteins are key components of the antigen presentation machinery responsible for neoantigen presentation to CD8 + and CD4 + T lymphocytes, respectively. (portlandpress.com)
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) play a key role in the control of many virus infections, and the need for vaccines to elicit strong CD8+ T-cell responses in order to provide optimal protection in such infections is increasingly apparent. (bioskinrevive.com)
Roles for thrombospondin-1 signaling, mediated by specific cellular receptors or by activation of latent TGFß, have been defined in T and B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. (bvsalud.org)
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disease with an autoimmune component that is characterised by activation of self-reactive lymphocytes, which enter the central nervous system (CNS) and cause destruction of myelin producing cells and neurons leading to the formation of inflammatory lesions. (nature.com)
These antibodies are produced by plasma cells, which are derived from B lymphocytes. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) may have greater tumoricidal activity than LAK cells. (msdmanuals.com)
The inflammatory process has cellular and humoral components, such as leucocytes (neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells and lymphocytes) and the humoral proteolytic systems (complement, kinins and coagulation), respectively. (bvsalud.org)
At the same time, lymphocytes can be activated in the lymph nodes by antigen-presenting cells (e.g., dendritic cells) from the tissue, initiating the production of antibodies by B cells and the migration of T helper lymphocytes to the inflamed site. (bvsalud.org)
Following the course, stromal and parenchymal cells multiply and reconstitute the tissue, whilst most of the remaining macrophages and lymphocytes leave through the lymphatics. (bvsalud.org)
A membrane-bound tumor necrosis family member that is expressed on activated antigen-presenting cells such as B-LYMPHOCYTES and MACROPHAGES. (bvsalud.org)
Immunoglobulins (Igs), the term is sometimes used interchangeably with "antibodies," are glycoprotein molecules produced by B lymphocytes and plasma cells in response to an immunogen or after recognition of specific epitopes on the antigen. (medscape.com)
Antibodies can be found on the surface of lymphocytes as an integral part of the cell membrane protein or can be freely circulating in the blood or be part of one of the body's gland secretion. (medscape.com)
Lymphocytes, B and T cells, can respond selectively to thousands of non-self materials. (lu.se)

Originating either from monocytes that come from bone marrow, or tissue-resident macrophages that arise during embryonic development, they can repress antitumor immunity by secreting cytokines such as IL-10, which blocks dendritic cell activation, and TGF-β, which blunts T-cell responses (1). (the-scientist.com)
After Day 1's introductory and educational sessions-many of which also focused on immunotherapy- Day 2 's opening plenary session kicked off with talks about potential next generation checkpoint immunotherapies, a dendritic cell-based vaccine that was able to enhance existing immunity as well as generate new responses in patients with ovarian cancer, and a promising personalized neoantigen vaccine that is being evaluated in multiple phase I clinical trials. (cancerresearch.org)
CD40L then interacts with CD40 on the dendritic cell surface, leading to the induction Kaempferol inhibitor of costimulatory activity mediated by both cell surface molecules and cytokines such as interleukin-12 by the dendritic cell (11, 35). (bioskinrevive.com)
Surface calreticulin activates macrophages and triggers dendritic cell maturation, promoting effective antigen presentation and therefore activating antitumor T cells. (bvsalud.org)
More importantly, GC drives alternative activation of STING leading to inflammatory cell death that enhances dendritic cell (DC) activation, which triggers a variety of nucleic acid sensing pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and IL-1β production. (biorxiv.org)
In this work, we investigated the effect of dexamethasone on NO production induced by the epidermal cytokine granulocyte / macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in a mouse fetal skin dendritic cell line.Methods: NO production was assessed by the method of Griess. (pdffox.com)
Baxalta, the biopharmaceutical spinoff of Baxter, entered into a $1.7 B deal with Precision BioSceinces for 6 CAR-T (Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell) projects, and Saronic Biotechnology announced positive data in preclinical studies of its autologous dendritic cell vaccine for hepatocellular carcinoma. (shu.edu)
As noted above, a more vigorous dendritic cell presentation of antigens could trigger the immune response by T-cells. (oncolink.org)
Described here are some of the general requirements of in vitro test methods for skin sensitization, and progress that has been made in developing suitable approaches with particular emphasis on the utility of dendritic cell culture systems. (cdc.gov)

The normal process of fracture repair begins with an immediate inflammatory response as the innate immune system (macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and NK cells) responds with a variety of cytokines that recruit and activate several cell types, including osteoprogenitor mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), to the site of injury [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
For example, they have been shown to be of importance in the inflammatory immune response, regulating the induction of secretion of cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1, interleukin-12, and gamma interferon (IFN-), and of nitric oxide by monocytes and macrophages and prolonging the survival Kaempferol inhibitor of these cells at sites of inflammation (reviewed in references 23 and 61). (bioskinrevive.com)
CD137L is a co-stimulatory molecule that is expressed on antigen presenting cells (DCs, monocytes/macrophages, B cells) and is upregulated upon activation. (fishersci.com)
Its receptor, CD137/4-1BB, is found on a variety of cells, including inflamed endothelial cells, where its expression enhances extravasation of CD137L expressing monocytes. (fishersci.com)
Macrophages consist of closely linked bone marrow cells, blood monocytes, macrophages of tissues, and a constituent part of the mononuclear phagocyte system. (encyclopedia.pub)
Monocytes are recruited to tumors by chemokines (e.g. (biomedcentral.com)
Antigen Presenting Cells (APc's - dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages) are the key to provoking a robust adaptive immune response. (shu.edu)
It does not have immunosuppressive properties, in contrast, it activates specific cellular mechanisms, such as the stimulation of non-phlogistic recruitment of monocytes (that is: without elaborating pro-inflammatory mediators), activation of macrophage phagocytosis of microorganisms and apoptotic cells, increase in phagocyte exit through the lymphatics, expression of antimicrobial molecules and inhibition of further neutrophil and eosinophil infiltration [3]. (bvsalud.org)
It is produced by Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) a variety of cells, including monocytes and accounts for 90% of nephrosis in child- mesangial cells in the kidney [ 9 ]. (who.int)

Understanding of the antitumor immunity role of CD4+ T cells has grown substantially since the late 1990s. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] Further knock out experiments showed important roles of αβ T cells, γδ T cells and NK cells in tumour immunity (Girardi et al. (wikipedia.org)
2001) Another experiment involving interferon gamma (IFNγ−/−) showed that these mice are more likely to develop certain types of cancers as well, and suggests a role of CD4+ T cells in tumor immunity, which produce large amounts of IFNγ (Street et al. (wikipedia.org)
They can inhibit the growth of tumor cells, kill them via phagocytosis, and promote anti-tumor immunity. (frontiersin.org)
However, this finding has triggered further interest in utilising tumour-specific MHC-II to harness sustained anti-tumour immunity through the activation of CD4 + T helper cells. (portlandpress.com)
Thus, their reactivation represents an attractive way to unleash anti-tumour immunity. (portlandpress.com)
How do C-type lectins tailor adaptive immunity following phagocytosis of apoptotic cells? (nature.com)
In addition to regulating physiological nitric oxide signaling and responses of cells to stress, studies in mice lacking thrombospondin-1 or its receptors have revealed important roles for thrombospondin-1 in regulating immune responses in infectious and autoimmune diseases and antitumor immunity. (bvsalud.org)
In lung tumor models in male mice, this combined approach shows anti-tumor effects and immunity against tumor re-exposure, highlighting its potential for lung cancer immunotherapy. (bvsalud.org)
Finally, the innate immunity or adaptive immunity is stimulated leading to regulation and inhibition of tumor growth. (thno.org)
Macrophages are components of innate immunity derived from the myeloid progenitor cell namely known as the granulocyte-macrophage colony forming unit (GM-CFU) inside bone marrow. (encyclopedia.pub)
Antigen (Ag) cross-presentation leading to tumor Ag-directed cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses is crucial for antitumor immunity. (jci.org)
The cells that have the inherent property of innate and adaptive immunity within the body are present at different sites including the blood, lymphatic system (lymph, lymphoid nodules and lymphoid organs), epithelium, and connective tissues. (medscape.com)
Deficiencies are highly variable with regard to symptoms, phenotype, genotype, severity, etc, because many cells and molecules are required for both natural and adaptive immunity . (lu.se)

It proved to be applicable and successful for treatment of Ehrlich solid tumors implanted in mice and eliminated toxic side effects of doxorubicin. (biomedcentral.com)
However, there are some issues that restrict CAR T cells from reaching their optimal anti-tumor capacity, especially in the treatment of solid tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
To obtain better efficacy in the treatment of leukemia and solid tumors, we need to continuously upgrade CAR T cell technology by incorporating novel functional elements into CAR T cells to overcome these restrictions. (biomedcentral.com)
Perspectives of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte treatment in solid tumors. (msdmanuals.com)

IL-12 is a heterodimeric inflammatory cytokine produced by activated antigen-presenting cells (APCs), neutrophils, and macrophages. (biomedcentral.com)
Tumor cell-derived spondin 2 (SPON2) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that has complicated roles in recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils during inflammation. (biomedcentral.com)
The peak of neutrophil recruitment is followed by the arrival of macrophages into the tissue, which phagocytose the remaining cellular and bacterial residues, including apoptotic neutrophils [1]. (bvsalud.org)
The constant region at the carboxyl-terminal end of the heavy chain, called the Fc region, binds to the Fc receptors of neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, and the natural killer (NK) cells. (medscape.com)

At the same time, Tie2 + macrophages come together with cancer cells and blood vessel endothelial cells to form complexes, called tumor. (the-scientist.com)
The latter is expressed on a variety of cell types with antigen-presenting cell function, including B cells, dendritic cells, activated macrophages, follicular dendritic cells, and endothelial cells (reviewed in reference 66). (bioskinrevive.com)
Established tumors are complex, heterogeneous masses composed of malignant cells admixed with a variety of non-transformed host cells, including stromal cells, endothelial cells, and immune cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Tumor cell invasion, migration, and intravasation at primary sites JAM, and they act on endothelial cells, further promoting the tumor's neovascularization [ 5 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

2001) Perforin is a protein produced by CD8+ T cells, which plays a central role in the cytotoxic killing mechanisms by providing entry of degradative granzymes into an infected cell. (wikipedia.org)
Ongoing research investigates mechanisms invoked by cancer cells to abrogate MHC-I expression and attenuate anti-tumour CD8 + cytotoxic T cell response. (portlandpress.com)
Activated T cells also express CD137, and engagement with CD137L enhances T cell proliferation, IL-2 secretion, survival, and cytotoxic activity. (fishersci.com)
Responsive hypermutated CRCs were also rich in cytotoxic and proliferating PD1+CD8 T cells interacting with PDL1+ antigen-presenting macrophages. (figshare.com)
We therefore concluded that anti-PD1 agents release the PD1-PDL1 interaction between CD8 T cells and macrophages to promote cytotoxic anti-tumour activity. (figshare.com)
This free radical acts as a cytotoxic agent against exogenous microorganisms, by stimulating macrophage-induced inflammation and death of infected cells. (pdffox.com)
T-cell engagers are bispecific antibodies that recruit cytotoxic T cells to kill tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)

Treatment decisions are based on histopathological staging of the primary tumor, considering depth of tumor infiltration and metastatic spread to lymph nodes or distant organs. (biomedcentral.com)
Then these signals are engulfed as antigens and presented by antigen-presenting cells within the tumor-derived lymph nodes. (thno.org)

Here, we show that exposure to nCB particles increased PD-L1+ PD-L2+ CD206+ antigen-presenting cells (APCs), exhausted T cells, and Treg cells. (cdc.gov)
Adoptive transfer of lung APCs from nCB-exposed wild type to susceptible mice increased tumor incidence and caused early metastasis. (cdc.gov)
Herein we demonstrate that GC drives type I IFN production and IFN responses in antigen presenting cells (APCs) and has superior potency compared to its corresponding chitosan. (biorxiv.org)
T-cell anergy is defined as the state in which T-cells fail to respond to previously encountered antigenic stimulation by functional APCs. (biomedcentral.com)
Recently, cells called antigen presenting cells (APCs) were discovered to play a pivotal role in the immune response. (oncolink.org)
Co-stimulatory molecules are presenting along with the antigen by APCs to induce an aggressive response by the T-cells. (oncolink.org)
This approach is based on the view that immune stimulation is primarily mediated by APCs rather than the tumor cells themselves. (oncolink.org)
In the present study, we demonstrate that infection of human antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages with IDLVs expressing influenza matrix M1 protein resulted in effective induction of in vitro expansion of M1-primed CD8(+) T cells, as evaluated by both pentamer staining and cytokine production. (duke.edu)

CD40L is a member of the tumor necrosis factor family (2) and binds to CD40, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family (60). (bioskinrevive.com)
Here we report that the reverse signaling using CD47 as a receptor additionally enhances a pro-survival function of prostate cancer cells under phagocytic attack. (bvsalud.org)
Reports indicate that TWEAK interacts with its receptor APO-3 and this interaction can lead to apoptosis, IL-8 secretion, NF-kB activation and endothelial cell proliferation. (bdbiosciences.com)
We performed multi-regional whole exome and RNA sequencing of the tumour cells and integrated these with T-cell receptor sequencing, high-dimensional imaging mass cytometry, detection of PD1-PDL1 interaction in situ, multiplexed immunofluorescence, and computational spatial analysis of the TME. (figshare.com)
Such immune dysfunction may be due to a disorder in thymic output function (in particular in young patients), which results in a lower level of naive T-cells in the peripheral blood available for an immune response to the proliferation and abnormal expression of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. (biomedcentral.com)
As chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have displayed an unprecedented efficacy in the treatment of CD19-positive malignances, it is believed that this cell therapy will be a milestone in the history of mankind's conquering of cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
Benefiting from the remarkable therapeutic outcome of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell treatment of refractory/relapsed B cell malignancy, CAR T cells are transitioning from the lab to the cancer ward. (biomedcentral.com)
To protect CAR-PSCA T cells from the inhibitory effects of IL4, Somala Mohammed transgenically expressed a custom inverted cytokine receptor (ICR) in which the IL-4 receptor ectodomain was fused to the IL-7 receptor endodomain, switching the inhibitory effects to promoting effects to ultimately result in potent and sustained anti-tumor effects [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Many key regulators of immune cell function belong to the so-called tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) and their cognate receptors, the so-called TNF receptor superfamily. (apogenix.com)
The trivalent structure of the TNFSF proteins and the resulting receptor clustering are prerequisites for the transmission of a signal delivered into the cell. (apogenix.com)
Janssen Biotech acquired a worldwide license to Alligator Bioscience's Phase I immunotherapy ADC-1013 , an agonistic monoclonal antibody that targets CD40, an immuno-stimulatory receptor found on antigen-presenting cells, which can spur an increase in T cells attacking a tumor. (shu.edu)
In contrary, tumor cells have evolved immune escape mechanisms whereby overexpression of PD-L1 induces anergy and/or apoptosis of PD-1 positive T cells by interfering with T cell receptor signal transduction. (studylib.net)
The basic principles of chimeric antigen receptor design. (msdmanuals.com)

2004) Tumor cells may, through mutations, often begin producing large quantities of inhibitory cytokines IL-10, or transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) (Khong and Restifo, 2002) thereby suppressing the immune system, allowing for large-scale proliferation (Salazar-Onfray et al. (wikipedia.org)
TAMs have the potential to aid antitumor immune responses by presenting cancer cell antigens to T cells and producing cytokines that activate dendritic cells and T cells (1). (the-scientist.com)
In tumors, there are all types of immune cells that can have various effects on tumor progression, and a spectrum of soluble cytokines and chemokines that regulates the entry of different types of infiltrating immune cells. (aacrjournals.org)
The precise spatial and temporal impact of immune cells and their cytokines on fracture healing remains obscure. (hindawi.com)
Although the expression of MHC class I and II molecules can be upregulated by MSC exposure to inflammatory cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN- γ ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α ), they are still unable to induce an immunological response [ 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
This costimulatory activity is necessary for the CD4+ T cell to become fully activated and produce cytokines and/or perform other effector functions (reviewed in references 22 and 23). (bioskinrevive.com)
For example, antibodies specific to tumor antigens, adoptively transferred immune cells, therapeutic vaccines, and recombinant cytokines effectively boost the host immune system to recognize tumor cells as pathogens and eliminate them [ 1 - 3 ]. (thno.org)
Such as inhibitory cytokines, immune checkpoint molecules, hypoxia and other adverse factors hindering CAR T cell from efficiently expanding and killing tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
SPON2 may indirectly induce M2-polarization through upregulating cytokines including IL10, CCL2 and CSF1 expression in tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
They extravasate from the peripheral circulation and differentiate into TAMs in the TME and are polarized into M2 macrophages by cytokines (e.g. (biomedcentral.com)
However, tumor cells can evade host's immune surveillance using a number of protective mechanisms, including downregulation of MHC-I molecules, secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, in other words, TGF-β and IL-10, secretion of immunosuppressive factors, VEGF, upregulation of PD-L1 and downregulation of co-stimulatory molecules thereby preventing activation of T cells, resulting in cancer invasion. (studylib.net)
These cytokines are used in the immune system for cell-to-cell communication. (oncolink.org)

TIMER was used to evaluate the connection between candidate antigens and infiltration of antigen-presenting cells. (frontiersin.org)
METHODS: We selected multiple regions per tumour showing variable T cell infiltration for a total of 738 regions from 29 patients, divided into discovery and validation cohorts. (figshare.com)
Therefore, it is not surprising that physically preventing effector CD8 + T cell infiltration or inhibiting their activity once they gain access to the tumor might be a means by which tumors protect themselves from immune attack, enabling them to persist within the host. (biomedcentral.com)
Subcutaneous tumor formation and orthotopic implantation assays were performed in C57 BL/6 mice to confirm the effects of SPON2 on TAM infiltration in tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
SPON2 expression is positively correlated with M2-TAM infiltration in clinical CRC tumors and poor prognosis of CRC patients. (biomedcentral.com)
Our findings demonstrate that SPON2-driven M2-TAM infiltration plays an important role during CRC tumor growth and metastasis. (biomedcentral.com)
There is increasing evidence that tumors expressing CD95L are able to kill activated T cells, thereby preventing their infiltration into the tumor as well as their survival inside the tumor. (apogenix.com)

We have previously demonstrated that the C-type lectin macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL), expressed by human antigen presenting cells, can distinguish healthy tissue from CRC through its specific recognition of Tn antigen. (oncotarget.com)
Scholars@Duke publication: Transduction of human antigen-presenting cells with integrase-defective lentiviral vector enables functional expansion of primed antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells. (duke.edu)

2001, Bui and Schreiber, 2007) RAG proteins are necessary for the recombination events necessary to produce TCRs and Igs, and as such RAG-2 deficient mice are incapable of producing functional T, B or NK cells. (wikipedia.org)
Cancer cells, through mutation, may actually have mutations in some of the proteins involved in antigen presentation, and as such, evade an immune response. (wikipedia.org)
RNA-seq results showed that transcription factors and macrophage inflammatory proteins were significantly downregulated in the DNMT3A mutant clones. (frontiersin.org)
Resistin significantly promoted the expression of inflammatory proteins in AML cells. (frontiersin.org)
Glycans, either alone or complexed with glycan-binding proteins, can deliver intracellular signals or control extracellular processes that promote initiation, execution and resolution of cell death programs. (nature.com)
Herein, we review the role of glycans and glycan-binding proteins as essential components of the cell death machinery during physiologic and pathologic settings. (nature.com)
At that time, glycobiology, which is the study of carbohydrates and their recognition by motif-specific carbohydrate-binding proteins or lectins, lagged far behind the studies that defined the structural and cellular biology of cell death. (nature.com)
Research at UVA has fundamentally contributed to these advances, beginning with the early identification of tumor proteins targeted by T cells in melanoma patients. (virginia.edu)
Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) recognize specific proteins on the surface of tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
In contrast to TCR T cells, CAR T cells recognize only relatively large proteins on the surface of tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
One insight is the identification of tumor antigens (small proteins recognized as "foreign" by the immune system) that stimulate the T-cells of the immune system. (oncolink.org)
These may be different molecules within the cells like proteins, polysaccharides, or nucleoproteins and may also be the whole cell, like a tumor cell or organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or agents containing genetic material such as nucleic acids or lipids. (medscape.com)

2001) Three possible outcomes for tumors managing to evade the immune system, and reach the equilibrium phase have been proposed: 1) eventual elimination by the immune system 2) a prolonged or indefinite period of dormancy, or 3) progression into the final escape phase. (wikipedia.org)
After years of controversy, it is now recognized that the immune system can play a role in the control of tumor growth and progression ( 1 ), a process known as cancer immunoediting ( 2 ). (aacrjournals.org)
Elevated cell-surface expression of truncated carbohydrate structures such as Tn antigen (GalNAcα-Ser/Thr) is frequently observed during tumor progression. (oncotarget.com)
A vast amount of research exists on the possible molecular mechanisms through which vitamin D affects cancer cell proliferation, cancer progression, angiogenesis, and inflammation. (mdpi.com)
In a number of human malignancies, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are closely involved in tumor progression. (biomedcentral.com)
Macrophages that infiltrate tumor tissues are referred to as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and are closely involved in tumor progression by inducing angiogenesis, immunosuppression, and invasion [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Many types of cells are involved in the progression of RA joint inflammation, among which the overactivation of M1 macrophages and osteoclasts has been thought to be an essential cause of joint inflammation and bone destruction. (elifesciences.org)
Persistent activation of immune cells leads to the progression of symptoms such as synovitis in RA. (elifesciences.org)
Moreover, T cell function becomes suppressed with disease progression. (biomedcentral.com)

Their expression in tumour cells is modulated by a complex interplay of genomic, transcriptomic and post translational factors involving multiple intracellular antigen processing pathways. (portlandpress.com)
10 Galectins can function inside the cells by modulating signaling pathways, 11 although they also act extracellularly by establishing multivalent interactions with cell surface glycans and delivering signals that lead to disruption of cellular homeostasis. (nature.com)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
Pathways to enhance T cell function in tumors. (virginia.edu)
The prevention of immune cell access into the tumor, the accumulation of inhibitory FoxP3 + regulatory T cells (Treg) and/or myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), the activation of negative immunoregulatory pathways, and the dysregulation of effector T cells are all mechanisms by which tumors evade the host immune system. (biomedcentral.com)
There are numerous signaling pathways that are key contributors to generating epigenetic changes outside and inside the cell. (encyclopedia.pub)
However, over time, malignant cells gain the ability to evade immune surveillance by expressing molecules that block the anti-tumor response of the immune system through the activation or inhibition of certain signaling pathways. (apogenix.com)
The anti-tumor immune response involves numerous signaling pathways that directly stimulate the activation and proliferation of immune cells. (apogenix.com)
Different pathways regulate different immune cells to help the body differentiate the bodies own healthy cells from disease-causing agents including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, cancerous cells, and many more. (medscape.com)
The body's immune system can react adaptively against the antigen via 2 pathways: cellular or humoral. (medscape.com)

Pro-tumoral macrophages in lung tumors present a significant challenge in immunotherapy. (bvsalud.org)
Collectively, our research provides a more effective and safer CAR T cell transformation method for enhancing tumor immunotherapy. (bvsalud.org)
With a better understanding of molecular details in tumor immunology and tumor biology, tailored cancer immunotherapy is considered as a promising strategy for cancer treatment. (thno.org)
Cancer immunotherapy approaches designed to surmount tumor suppression take into consideration the pivotal molecular processes involved in the activation of immune system. (thno.org)
RESULTS: In hypermutated CRCs, response to anti-PD1 immunotherapy was not associated with TMB but with high clonality of immunogenic mutations, clonally expanded T cells, low activation of WNT signalling, deregulation of the interferon gamma pathway and active immune escape mechanisms. (figshare.com)
The role of PD-1 and PD-L1 in T-cell immune suppression and the potential for immunotherapy via blocking PD-1 and PD-L1 in hematological malignancies are also reviewed. (biomedcentral.com)
To aid in this effort, SITC provides a venue to facilitate the discussion of current clinical trial results and methodologies, as well as means to collaborate on new initiatives in tumor immunology and cancer immunotherapy with the ultimate goal of improving cancer patient outcomes. (biomedcentral.com)
However, it also points out the weaknesses of immunotherapy, as not all tumors respond to therapy and the co-administration of different immunomodulators may be severely limited due to their systemic toxicity. (mdpi.com)
Conclusion: For immunotherapy/vaccines to be successful, the expression of PD-L1/PD-1 on immune cells should be considered, and the combination of checkpoint inhibitors and vaccines may pave the way for successful outcomes to disease. (studylib.net)
In passive cellular immunotherapy, specific effector cells are directly infused and are not induced within the patient. (msdmanuals.com)
Passive cellular immunotherapy references A number of immunologic interventions, both passive and active, can be directed against tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
In passive cellular immunotherapy, specific effector cells. (msdmanuals.com)
CAR T cell immunotherapy for human cancer. (msdmanuals.com)
Active immunotherapy against cancer is less effective, mainly because cancer cells have developed strategies to escape the normal immune response. (oncolink.org)

Whilst IFN-γ is typically considered to be a pro-inflammatory product of effector T cells, it has been also been demonstrated that IFN-γ −/− mice develop more severe EAE than wild type (WT) controls 5 , highlighting alternate, IFN-γ-dependant negative feedback mechanisms that can constrain EAE disease activity. (nature.com)

Methods Tumor tissue was collected from 146 patients with BrM undergoing surgery at two clinical centers. (bmj.com)
These findings recapitulate the previously reported phenomena of immune organization in tumor tissue, underscoring the trans-tumor/trans-tissue importance of this biology in the anti-tumor immune response. (bmj.com)
We examined 69 samples of surgically resected thymic epithelial tumors, namely, 16 thymic carcinomas and 53 thymomas, in which we immunohistochemically evaluated the presence of TAMs using CD68 and CD163 as markers and DCs using S100 as the marker in tumor tissue samples in comparison with normal thymic tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we immunohistochemically examined tumor tissue samples to characterize TAMs and DCs in thymoma and thymic carcinoma by comparing them with those in normal thymic tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, GLI1 expression in the synovial tissue of RA patients was positively correlated with RA-related scores and was highly expressed in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse articular macrophage-like cells. (elifesciences.org)
On the other hand, it favors exaggerated tissue injury in sepsis, hypersensitivity or autoimmunity, by promoting inflammation or cytotoxicity of innocent bystander cells.1 In the skin, NO is produced by iNOS in several cells, namely in keratinocytes, fibroblasts, Langerhans cells and other dendritic cells. (pdffox.com)
Furthermore, upregulation of PD-L1 by cancer cells results in cancer invasion and correlates with poor prognostic outcomes in breast, gastric, meningioma, non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and soft-tissue sarcoma patients [9,26-29]. (studylib.net)
However, the progenitor cells consist of T cells isolated from resected tumor tissue. (msdmanuals.com)
Rejuvenation therapies aim to reverse or repair age-related cellular changes such as molecular waste, calcification , tissue stiffening , loss of stem cell function , genetic alterations, and impaired energy production . (fightaging.org)
This continuously evolving system sometimes reacts against the bodies own cells, identifying it as foreign, which leads to healthy tissue destruction and causes autoimmune diseases and cancers. (medscape.com)

There were also significant differences in microbial composition in dust samples and in innate immune cells between the two groups of children. (medscape.com)

Moreover, a positive correlation between induction of BRAF V600E and MGL binding to epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract was found in vivo using an inducible BRAF V600E mouse model. (oncotarget.com)

According to the function and immune phenotype, macrophages can be divided into two types: Classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. (frontiersin.org)
However, how tumor cells affect TAM accumulation and their pro-tumoral phenotype in invasive CRC has not yet been well established. (biomedcentral.com)

We review this stratification and the latest in a series of results that shed light on new approaches for rationally designing ideal combination cancer therapies based on tumor immunology. (aacrjournals.org)

Leukocytes are produced in stem cells in bone marrow. (lu.se)

Glycosylation of classical death receptors fine-tunes cell death programs. (nature.com)
Thrombospondin-1 is a secreted matricellular glycoprotein that modulates cell behavior by interacting with components of the extracellular matrix and with several cell surface receptors. (bvsalud.org)
T-cell activation and dysfunction relies on direct and modulated receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
TNFSF receptors are of great importance in the anti-tumor immune process . (apogenix.com)
This diverse expression pattern highlights the critical role that TNFSF receptors play in many parts of the body and in the various phases of the anti-tumor immune response. (apogenix.com)
The interaction of trimeric TNFSF ligands with their specific cell surface receptors leads to clustering of these receptors, followed by intracellular signal transduction. (apogenix.com)

Transplantation is the act of transferring cells, tissues, or organs from one site to another, typically between different individuals. (medscape.com)
It is present as a cell surface bound or a secreted form, expressed on most tissues and non-lymphoid tumor cell lines, but weak or no expression on hematopoietic lineage lines. (bdbiosciences.com)
On the other hand, dendritic cells (DCs) that infiltrate tumor tissues are involved in tumor suppression. (biomedcentral.com)
Further, they are involved in the repair of tissues/cells and the healing of wounds at the time of inflammation [ 8 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Twelve miRNAs showed concordant expression in tumors vs. normal breast tissues and patient survival (n = 1093), with seven as potential tumor suppressors and five as potential oncomiRs. (cdc.gov)

Herein, we engineered CD19-CAR T cells to secrete an anti-CD47 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) and validated their function in enhancing antitumor efficacy, regulating T cells differentiation, modifying phagocytosis and polarization of macrophages by in vitro and in vivo researches. (bvsalud.org)
While macrophage phagocytosis is an immune defense mechanism against invading cellular organisms, cancer cells expressing the CD47 ligand send forward signals to repel this engulfment. (bvsalud.org)
Although low CD47-expressing cancer cells still allow phagocytosis, the reverse signaling delays the process, leading to incomplete digestion of the entrapped cells and subsequent tumor hybrid cell (THC) formation. (bvsalud.org)
Macrophages primarily have three major vital roles, phagocytosis, presentation of antigens, and in immunomodulation by producing different cytokinesis and growth factors [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Macrophages contain antigen-presenting cells, immunomodulators, and phagocytosis that play a vital role in the initiation and maintenance of inflammatory functions [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is another chemical that stimulated the maturation of dendritic cells and which could be used to augment the immune response. (oncolink.org)

The degree of methylation affects the expression of target genes and has a significant impact on cell proliferation, apoptosis, cytokine secretion, and cell activity ( 6 , 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
Several years later, Kerr and co-workers 2 defined the morphological changes in cells undergoing this process, also known as apoptosis. (nature.com)
We discuss here the contribution of glycan-lectin interactions to the initiation, execution and resolution of apoptosis and their emerging roles in other cell death programs including autophagy. (nature.com)
TWEAK, a new secreted ligand in the tumor necrosis factor family that weakly induces apoptosis. (bdbiosciences.com)
Murine PD-1 mRNA expression has been shown to be correlated with activation-induced apoptosis in a mouse T-cell hybridoma cell line and murine thymocytes [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
TNFSF-mediated signaling induces a wide range of biological effects, including programmed cell death (i.e., apoptosis), proliferation, differentiation, and tumor growth. (apogenix.com)
The binding of T cells expressing PD-1 and tumor cells expressing PD-L1 initiates an array of inhibitory signals resulting in reduced function and/or apoptosis of T cells [8,11] providing a mechanism for tumor cell evasion of host's immune surveillance [12-14]. (studylib.net)

2002) Perforin deficient mice were also shown to have a reduced ability to ward off MCA induced cancers, suggesting an important role of CD8+ T cells. (wikipedia.org)
It has been noted that tumors that persist in the equilibrium phase show reduced immunogenicity when compared to tumors which have been grown in immunodeficient mice (Shankaran et al. (wikipedia.org)
Although the principles of cancer immunoediting have largely been defined in mice with immunogenic tumors, it has now been demonstrated that an immune reaction against cancer can also occur in humans ( 4 ). (aacrjournals.org)
instead, the reduction in memory CTLp generation in CD40L-deficient mice was likely a consequence of defects in the CD4+ T-cell response mounted by these animals. (bioskinrevive.com)
Moreover, the effect of diode laser on the drug released from liposomesin vitro and in vivo in mice carrying implanted solid tumor were also studied. (biomedcentral.com)
By pharmacological inhibition of GLI1, the proportion of proinflammatory macrophages and the number of osteoclasts were significantly reduced, and the joint inflammatory response and bone destruction in CIA mice were alleviated. (elifesciences.org)
The evidence supporting the claims of the authors is solid, although inclusion of the analysis of cell type-specific GLI1-deficient mice would have strengthened the study. (elifesciences.org)
Wpep-DGL/Pt showed potent antitumor efficacy in MDA-MB-231 cells tumor-bearing nude mice with a deficient immune system, demonstrating targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics and the resultant cytotoxicity. (thno.org)
Furthermore, in immunocompetent mice bearing 4T1 cells tumors, Wpep-DGL/Pt activated immune cells and induced cell death proving their dual function of chemotherapeutic and immunomodulatory efficacy. (thno.org)
Several reports have demonstrated that a single immunization with integration-defective lentiviral vectors (IDLVs) delivering viral or tumor model antigens in mice was able to elicit broad and long-lasting specific immune responses in the absence of vector integration. (duke.edu)

However, the role of recruited monocyte-derived macrophages, including TAM, as potential cross-presenting cells is not well understood. (jci.org)

After the co-culture, the increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the mutant cells was significantly lower than that in the control group, while that in immunosuppressive factors was not significantly different. (frontiersin.org)
M1 macrophages have strong pro-inflammatory and antigen-presenting capabilities. (frontiersin.org)
This study presents an important finding on the role of GLI1 in macrophages and osteoclasts in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis, and suggests a therapeutic potential of GLI1 targeting in rheumatoid arthritis. (elifesciences.org)
Inflammation, when it became chronic, settles down the body's normal inflammatory process, creating a favorable environment for the development of cancerous cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
The process is activated and deactivated by inflammatory processes such as activating signals i.e., cytokinesis and TNF-α are deactivated by removing mediators and inflammatory effector cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
M2 macrophages are characterized by their anti-inflammatory and wound-healing endotype, and they are further divided into different subtypes: the M2a macrophages subtype, which responds to Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-13 during fungal and helminth infections [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Asthma results from complex interactions among inflammatory cells, their mediators, airway epithelium and smooth muscle, and the nervous system. (medscape.com)

The CD40 ligand (CD40L) CD154 is a glycoprotein that is transiently expressed at high levels on the surface of CD4+ T cells when they are activated (2, 30, 39, 51, 53). (bioskinrevive.com)
In vitro studies using CRC cell lines showed an association between MGL ligand expression and the presence of BRAF V600E . (oncotarget.com)
TRAIL (Apo2 ligand) and TWEAK (Apo3 ligand) mediate CD4+ T cell killing of antigen-presenting macrophages. (bdbiosciences.com)
Moreover, it has been shown that the PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) is highly expressed in leukemia cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Surprisingly, most of the genes that were found to be informative for patients' metastasis were related to the immune system but not to common tumor cell characteristics such as angiogenesis, adhesion or invasion. (biomedcentral.com)
This elaborate web of diverse cell types fosters malignant tumor cell interactions with the tumor associated vasculature and fibroblasts as well as a variety of immune cells in support of tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. (biomedcentral.com)
The host antitumor immune response can sculpt tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis in a variety of ways. (biomedcentral.com)

MSCs are able to evade the host cell immune system due to their low expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and complete lack MHC class II molecules and other costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD40L, CD80, and CD86) required for immune cell stimulation [ 15 - 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
Two decades later, pioneering studies suggested that lectin-like molecules constitutively expressed on the surface of macrophages can selectively recognize changes on glycans decorating the surface of apoptotic thymocytes, 4 , 5 although these studies likewise did not provide substantial insight into the mechanisms by which lectin-glycan interactions regulate cell death. (nature.com)
The surface of the living cells is decorated by a complex layer of glycosylated molecules that store relevant biological information. (nature.com)
Based on their functional outcome, co-signaling molecules can be divided as co-stimulators and co-inhibitors, which positively and negatively control the priming, growth, differentiation and functional maturation of a T-cell response. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, the low cytotoxicity of T-cells may be related to the high expression level of inhibitory molecules including programmed death-1 (PD-1), LAG-3 and NKG2A in CD8+T cells [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
These molecules can be characterized using human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) typing. (basicmedicalkey.com)
The immune system is an inherent self-defense system consisting of cells that helps the body distinguish between self and non-self molecules. (medscape.com)
Antigens are the molecules that are recognized and stimulate the cells of immune system. (medscape.com)
Variable region constitutes the antibody binding region of the molecule to the different antigens as it consists of about 110 amino acids that vary widely among the different antibody molecules. (medscape.com)

Of note, anti-CD47 scFv secreting CAR T cells exert a more potent immune response following specific antigen stimulation compared with parental CAR T cells, characterized by more efficient degranulation and cytokine production with polyfunctionality. (bvsalud.org)

2007). Also, it has been observed that some cancer patients exhibit higher than normal levels of CD4+/CD25+ T cells, a subset of T cells often called regulatory T cells, for their known immunosuppressive actions. (wikipedia.org)

These cells can be located in the tumor centre (CT), in the invasive margin (IM), or in the adjacent tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS). (aacrjournals.org)
In certain lymphomas, the immunoglobulin antigen that the lymphoid cell is supposed to be producing becomes mutated, and hence a potential target for vaccines. (oncolink.org)

At present, only a few areas of mRNA vaccine research have made progress, such as prostate cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma and so on ( 8 - 10 ). (frontiersin.org)
The presence of cross-presenting CD206+ TAM is associated with reduced tumor burden in mouse syngeneic tumor models and with improved overall survival in cutaneous melanoma patients. (jci.org)

In a novel syngeneic tumor model, Pegram et al. (biomedcentral.com)
To confirm the presence of cross-presenting TAM in vivo, we performed phenotypic and functional analysis of TAM from B16-F10 and CT26 syngeneic tumor models and have identified CD11b+F4/80hiCD206+ TAM to effectively cross-present TAA. (jci.org)

Finally, MIS416-mediated protection was shown to correlate with IFN-γ-dependant expansion of PDL-1-expressing peripheral myeloid cells, a subset of which was found to be selectively recruited to the brain. (nature.com)
This study aimed to determine the mechanisms by which MIS416-induced IFN-γ reduces disease severity in EAE and investigate the IFN-γ-dependent effects on disease-inducing auto-reactive CD4 T cells as well as the peripheral and CNS resident myeloid cells that are directly targeted by MIS416. (nature.com)
PD-1 is expressed on activated T cells, B cells, and myeloid cells. (biomedcentral.com)

TAMs can take on a variety of roles to support cancer cell survival and dissemination. (the-scientist.com)
However, there have been very few reports on the distribution profiles of TAMs and DCs in thymic epithelial tumors. (biomedcentral.com)

Prostate-specific antigen is the major protein that stimulates this reaction. (biologyonline.com)

Antigens are detected by T cells or antibodies by recognizing epitopes on the surface of the antigen. (biologyonline.com)
Some antigens may have the same epitope, so antibodies are able to detect more than one antigen with the same epitope and interact with them. (biologyonline.com)
The cellular response is mainly a lymphocyte-mediated reaction, whereas the humoral response includes production of antibodies against the antigen by the plasma cells. (medscape.com)
The antibodies then specifically bind to only those particular antigens. (medscape.com)

In a healthy organism, malignant cells are generally eliminated by a process called immune surveillance, meaning they are rapidly destroyed by the immune system. (apogenix.com)

Concomitant use of interferon enhances the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens and TAAs on tumor cells, thereby augmenting the killing of tumor cells by the infused effector cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Interferon- g is a potential vaccine agent that could be used, as it generates mature dendritic cells. (oncolink.org)

Tumour-specific expression of MHC-I and MHC-II has been associated with improved patient survival in most clinical studies. (portlandpress.com)
Understanding the function of lectin-glycan recognition systems in cell death will facilitate the implementation of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at controlling unbalanced cell proliferation and survival in several pathologic conditions. (nature.com)
Using a cohort of 386 colon cancer patients we demonstrate that high MGL binding to stage III tumors is associated with poor disease-free survival, independent of microsatellite instability or adjuvant chemotherapy. (oncotarget.com)
In fact, cancer cells, in particular renal and breast cells express high levels of PD-L1 leading to poor patient survival [15,16]. (studylib.net)
Inflammation is essential for the survival of the host, but is accompanied by its classical cardinal signs rubor, calor, tumor and dolor (redness, heat, tumor and pain), which are the main cause of patient discomfort, especially after surgical procedures. (bvsalud.org)

Cell-based therapy utilizing mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is an attractive option for augmenting the fracture repair process. (hindawi.com)
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), also known as mesenchymal stem cells, have the capacity to differentiate into a variety of cell types (Figure 1 ), including adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
MSC = multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell. (hindawi.com)
In addition, the pathological process of RA is promoted through the synergistic action of the cellular resident in the bone and in joint compartments, such as osteoclasts, chondrocytes and stromal cells ( Komatsu and Takayanagi, 2022 ). (elifesciences.org)

Thus, the tumor has many strategies to evade an immune response. (aacrjournals.org)

CD4+ T cells (mature T-helper cells) play an important role in modulating immune responses to pathogens and tumor cells, and are important in orchestrating overall immune responses. (wikipedia.org)
Other antigens cause only weaker reactions, but combinations of several minor antigens can elicit strong rejection responses. (medscape.com)
CD40L-CD40 interactions were originally shown to play a key role in thymus-dependent humoral immune responses, mediating cognate interactions between CD4+ T cells and B cells that are essential for B-cell activation and differentiation, class switching, germinal center formation, and the generation of B-cell memory (reviewed in references 21 and 31). (bioskinrevive.com)
In addition, CD40L-CD40 interactions have been shown to be involved in the initiation of antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell responses (24, 25, 65, 71). (bioskinrevive.com)
However, extremely strong immune responses have been generated using a "boost" to the immune system, provided by viruses that encode antigens similar to the target. (oncolink.org)
In fact, immature dendritic cells can actually cause the suppression of responses to antigen. (oncolink.org)

There are numerous immune cell types found in cancers and many components of an immune reaction to cancer. (aacrjournals.org)
Cryo-conserved tumor specimens from 45 patients with early colorectal cancers were examined, with the majority of them being UICC stage II or earlier and with a follow-up time of 41-115 months. (biomedcentral.com)
In many solid cancers, tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) represent the predominant myeloid cell population. (jci.org)

This review provides a comprehensive overview of physiologically conserved or novel mechanisms utilised by tumour cells to reduce MHC-I or MHC-II expression. (portlandpress.com)
This protein is also expressed (although at lower levels) on a subset of CD8+ T cells following activation (2, 28, 39, 53), and its expression has been documented on several other cell types, including mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and B cells (reviewed in reference 66). (bioskinrevive.com)
Its presence in the extracellular matrix is induced by injuries that cause thrombospondin-1 release from platelets and conditions including hyperglycemia, ischemia, and aging that stimulate its expression by many cell types. (bvsalud.org)
The decreased expression and inhibition of nuclear transfer of GLI1 downregulated macrophage M1 polarization and osteoclast activation, the effect of which was achieved by modulation of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) via transcriptional regulation and protein interactions. (elifesciences.org)
Interestingly, they found that the co-expression of IL-12 may contribute to TIA-1 expression in tumors after MUC1 CAR T cell treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
[email protected] ‡ Authors contributed equally Aim: Expression of PD-1 on T/B cells regulates peripheral tolerance and autoimmunity. (studylib.net)
Six miRNAs had concordant expression in both tumors and breast cancer patient blood samples compared with the normal control samples. (cdc.gov)

These tumor specific antigens are the result of mutations that cancer cells undergo, and in many cases that involve viral carcinogens, viral antigens. (oncolink.org)
Here, we show that primary human as well as mouse CD206+ macrophages are effective in functional cross-presentation of soluble self-Ag and non-self-Ag, including tumor-associated Ag (TAA), as well as viral Ag. (jci.org)

Macrophages help in maintaining and initiating inflammation [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

The immunosurveillance theory suggests that the immune system routinely patrols the cells of the body, and, upon recognition of a cell, or group of cells, that has become cancerous, it will attempt to destroy them, thus preventing the growth of some tumors. (wikipedia.org)
A current model for the role of this system argues that CD40L is upregulated upon activation of CD4+ T cells following recognition of antigen presented by dendritic cells. (bioskinrevive.com)
Rather than attempting to determine the exact antigen on the cancer cells themselves, an alternative approach has been to isolate and to study the immunogobulins that our bodies have produced in recognition of these foreign antigens. (oncolink.org)

Understanding the components of the TME and their interplay with tumor cells is helpful for developing new strategies against metastatic CRC. (biomedcentral.com)
An independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) has recommended the continuation of Argos' pivotal phase 3 ADAPT clinical trial of AGS-003 for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) based on results of the committee's second planned interim data analysis . (shu.edu)

The DNMT3A-mutated AML cells attenuated M1 macrophage polarization and resisted its killing effect in vitro and in vivo . (frontiersin.org)
In this paper, we review the current literature on both in vitro and in vivo studies on the role of the immune system in fracture repair, the use of MSCs in the enhancement of fracture healing, and interactions between MSCs and immune cells. (hindawi.com)

Using this methodology we were able to identify a predictive gene signature in an unbiased manner that shows a functional relationship to tumor biology. (biomedcentral.com)
The emergence of functional studies on animal lectins during the 1990s has provided the appropriate framework to better understand their roles in cell death. (nature.com)
In addition, PD-1/PD-L1 interactions contribute to functional T-cell impairment, which fails to elicit minimal residual disease and may be related to leukemia relapse. (biomedcentral.com)
In this review, we summarize the progresses of the incorporation of novel functional elements to improve CAR T cells, which have obtained prominent results. (biomedcentral.com)

Interleukin 10 helps in the deactivation of activated macrophages [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells are produced from the patient's T cells which are extracted from the tumor and grown in a cell culture system with the lymphokine interleukin-2 (IL-2). (msdmanuals.com)
Serum interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and quantitative urinary -2-microglobulin (-2-m) excretion were estimated. (who.int)

Anatomy13

Organisms6

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs45

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment14

Phenomena and Processes20

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Microenvironment26

Lymphocytes14

Dendritic cell9

Monocytes9

Immunity14

Solid tumors4

Neutrophils4

Endothelial cells4

Cytotoxic7

Lymph nodes2

APCs8

Receptor13

Cytokines12

Infiltration7

Human antigen prese2

Proteins12

Progression9

Pathways10

Immunotherapy14

Effector T cel1

Tissue10

Innate1

Epithelial cells1

Phenotype2

Immunology1

Bone marrow1

Receptors6

Tissues5

Phagocytosis5

Granulocyte-macrophage colony1

Apoptosis7

Mice10

Monocyte-derived macrophages1

Inflammatory7

Ligand4

Metastasis3

Molecules9

Cytokine1

Immunosuppressive1

Lymphoid2

Melanoma2

Syngeneic tumor2

Myeloid cells3

TAMs2

Specific antigen1

Antibodies4

Malignant1

Interferon2

Survival5

Stromal4

Evade an immune response1

Responses6

Cancers3

Expression7

Viral2

Inflammation1

Recognition3

Metastatic2

Vitro and in vivo2

Functional4

Interleukin3