Tumor dioxygenase enzymes. Medical search. Frequent questions

A2AR & A2BR: The Adenosine A2A receptor is regarded as an important checkpoint in cancer therapy because adenosine in the immune microenvironment, leading to the activation of the A2a receptor, is negative immune feedback loop and the tumor microenvironment has relatively high concentrations of adenosine. (wikipedia.org)
These changes in the tumor microenvironment may lead to tumor cell death and eventually to a long-term memory immune response against tumor antigens. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
There is an extensive body of evidence that demonstrates that modulating the tumor microenvironment is critical to a successful outcome in cancer immunotherapy," added Dr. Sudhir Agrawal, president of Research at Idera. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
The tumor microenvironment (TME) includes a host of cells (mesenchymal, immune, vascular), cytokines, and other signaling molecules that serve to abrogate the innate and adaptive immune responses against the tumor. (shu.edu)
IDO (indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase) is an intracellular enzyme found in antigen presenting cells that mediates immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment . (shu.edu)
However, there exist various types of immune escape mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment or throughout the body, and when the host fails to eliminate the tumor, the tumor grows. (justia.com)
Inhaled CBD shrinks the size of the highly aggressive, lethal brain tumor glioblastoma in an animal model by reducing the essential support of its microenvironment, researchers report. (regenerativemedicine.net)
We saw a significant reduction in the size of the tumor and its microenvironment was different," Dr. Babak Baban, immunologist and associate dean for research at the Dental College of Georgia (DCG) at Augusta University says, after only seven days of treatment. (regenerativemedicine.net)
They found that CBD appears adept at altering the tumor's ecosystem, or supportive tumor microenvironment, including restoring levels of inflammation that target rather than protect the glioblastoma, which could make it a safe, effective, and novel adjunct therapy for these patients. (regenerativemedicine.net)
The tumor microenvironment established by the cancer cells, includes things like immune cells as well as blood vessels and growth factors to enable more blood vessel growth, which is key to tumor growth and survival, enabling it to thrive where it starts and to spread. (regenerativemedicine.net)
For a glioblastoma, the tumor microenvironment has been shown to have increased activity of natural immune checkpoints, which as their name implies, helps prevent an overzealous immune response that could hurt the body, like what happens in autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. (regenerativemedicine.net)
iTeos leverages the science of LICR to target metabolism of the tumor microenvironment and develops small molecule immunomodulators. (bmj.com)
Aggressive B-cell malignancies, such as mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), are microenvironment-dependent tumors and a better understanding of the dialogs occurring in lymphoma-protective ecosystems will provide new perspectives to increase treatment efficiency. (haematologica.org)
This integrated analysis led to the discovery of microenvironment-dependent and tumor-specific secretion of interleukin-32 beta (IL32β), whose expression was confirmed in situ within MCL lymph nodes by multiplex immunohistochemistry. (haematologica.org)
Evidence demonstrating that the tumor ecosystem plays a central role in tumoral expansion and treatment resistance has continued to accumulate since the emergence of the tumor microenvironment concept more than a century ago. (haematologica.org)
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by a very dense and highly organized tumor microenvironment (TME) consisting of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), and immune cells. (mdpi.com)
The Workshop associated with the 27th Annual Meeting of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC), North Bethesda, MD, October 24-25, 2012 focused on targeting the tumor microenvironment as part of an integrative approach to immune-based cancer therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
The importance of these dynamic cellular interactions in the development of cancer has stimulated strong interest in evaluating components of the tumor microenvironment as targets for cancer therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
Multiple lines of research aim to dissect the tumor microenvironment to gain insight into cancer prognosis and treatment selection, as well as to further understand the mechanisms that drive immune-based tumor rejection. (biomedcentral.com)
To support these efforts, the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) held a workshop focused on targeting the tumor microenvironment as part of an integrative approach to immune-based cancer therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
Liquid biopsy is a useful tool for accurately monitoring dynamic changes in tumor immune heterogeneity and the tumor microenvironment. (spandidos-publications.com)
Tumor cells are influenced by both genetic factors and environmental elements in the microenvironment, resulting in a complex regulation process ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Various subclonal tumor cells have the ability to modify the tumor microenvironment in order to obtain adaptations. (spandidos-publications.com)
Furthermore, tumor heterogeneity has a significant impact on both the immune microenvironment and the infiltration of various immune cells within tumors, such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) ( 5 ), myeloid antigen-presenting cells ( 6 ) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) ( 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
It has been discovered that the genetic structure of tumor cells and the components of the immune microenvironment interact with each other. (spandidos-publications.com)
This interaction results in a more complex alteration of both the heterogeneity of tumor cells and the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. (spandidos-publications.com)
Increased tryptophan (Trp) catabolism in the tumor microenvironment (TME) can mediate immune suppression by upregulation of interferon (IFN)-gamma-inducible indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) and/or ectopic expression of the predominantly liver-restricted enzyme tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). (bioxcell.com)
In cancer, tumors generate an immunosuppressive microenvironment that protects the tumor from host immunity, promotes tumor growth, and attenuates immunotherapeutic efficacy [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Although RT is an important modality for cancer treatment, the consequential changes caused by RT in the tumor microenvironment (TME) have not yet been fully elucidated. (nature.com)
Furthermore, inflammatory mediators released by irradiated dying cells can attract and regulate immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), further killing cancer cells. (nature.com)
Emerging evidence indicates that lncRNAs participate in crosstalk between tumor and stroma, and reprogramming of tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). (biomedcentral.com)
Together, they form the microenvironment in which the tumor is located, namely tumor microenvironment (TME). (biomedcentral.com)
Among the components of TME, distinct populations of innate and adaptive immune cells consist of tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). (biomedcentral.com)

The antitumor activity is the result of intratumoral administration of IMO-2125 in combination with an inhibitor of the immunosuppressive enzyme, indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1). (drugdiscoverynews.com)

IDO1 (indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase-1) and TDO (tryptophan-2, 3-dioxygenase) are enzymes that mediate cancer-induced immune suppression. (centerwatch.com)
Dual inhibition of the IDO1 and TDO pathways promises to maintain the immune response, prevent local tumor immune escape and potentially avoid resistance to other immunotherapies when used in combination, and could lead to new treatment options for cancer patients. (centerwatch.com)
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) and tryptophane 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) are two heme-containing enzymes which catalyze the conversion of tryptophan to N-formylkynurenine. (ox.ac.uk)
Like indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1), TDO is considered as a relevant drug target to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. (ox.ac.uk)
MC38 tumors expressed IDO1, which could have limited the efficacy of anti-PD1 in wild-type mice and could have been overcome in TDO-KO mice due to the high levels of tryptophan. (ox.ac.uk)
This philosophy has seen Merck , AZ and BMS all set up clinical trial collaborations pairing their anti-PD-L1/PD1 antibodies with Incyte's indoleamine dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) inhibitor INCB24360 . (chemistryworld.com)

To aid in this effort, SITC provides a venue to facilitate the discussion of current clinical trial results and methodologies, as well as means to collaborate on new initiatives in tumor immunology and cancer immunotherapy with the ultimate goal of improving cancer patient outcomes. (biomedcentral.com)
These results support the clinical development of TDO inhibitors to increase the efficacy of immunotherapy of TDO-expressing tumors and suggest their effectiveness even in the absence of tumoral TDO expression. (ox.ac.uk)
However, the study of tumor immune heterogeneity holds great potential for clinical immunotherapy. (spandidos-publications.com)
Immune-inflamed tumors are called hot tumors, while the latter two are collectively referred to as cold tumors, and they respond poorly to immunotherapy. (nature.com)

Conversely, MSCs support survival of follicular lymphoma (FL) B cells, in particular after exposure to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and lymphotoxin-alpha1beta2 (LT). The role of MSCs on normal and malignant B-cell growth in steady-state and inflammatory conditions remains to be fully explored. (hal.science)
Future studies should explore the expression IDO in and contractility of tissues treated with interferon-gamma (IFN-𝛾) and/or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), substances known to increase IDO expression. (kzoo.edu)
Healthy animals injected with pro-inflammatory IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) cytokines demonstrate 'sickness behavior' associated with social withdrawal [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Although the expression of MHC class I and II molecules can be upregulated by MSC exposure to inflammatory cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN- γ ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α ), they are still unable to induce an immunological response [ 18 ]. (hindawi.com)

Curadev's preclinical lead-compound, a small-molecule that shows potent inhibition of the two rate-limiting enzymes in the tryptophan-to kynurenine metabolic pathways, has the potential for mono therapy as well as combination with Roche's broad oncology pipeline and portfolio. (centerwatch.com)
From the above, in the tumor environment with an increased expression of IDO, an increased kynurenine concentration induced by tryptophan metabolism suppresses antitumor effector cells, which is considered to be one of the immune escape mechanisms in tumors (for example, J. Clin. (justia.com)
In particular, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) induces an enzyme of tryptophan catabolism, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which is responsible for conversion of tryptophan and other indole derivatives to kynurenine. (nih.gov)
Elevated kynurenine levels have been found in humans in a number of diseases and after interferon treatment, and the enzyme is induced in rodents after administration of interferon inducers, or influenza virus. (nih.gov)
One method employed by the tumors is utilizing the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism to suppress the immune system and promote tumor proliferation. (wayne.edu)
Tryptophan is brought in to the cell by L-amino acid transporter (LAT1) and catabolized in to tryptophan by indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase I/II (IDO-1/IDO-2), tryptophan 2,3 dioxygenase (TDO-2), kynurenine-3-monoxygenase (KMO), and kynureninase (KYNU). (wayne.edu)
Finally this kynurenine can interact with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) to promote gene transcription that allows the tumor to further thrive. (wayne.edu)
Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) is an enzyme that degrades tryptophan into kynurenine and thereby induces immunosuppression. (ox.ac.uk)
Here, we described a new small-molecule inhibitor of TDO that can modulate kynurenine and tryptophan in plasma, liver, and tumor tissue upon oral administration. (ox.ac.uk)
IDO (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) is an intracellular enzyme that regulates immune response by degrading tryptophan to kynurenine. (drugdiscoverytrends.com)
2018). "Reversal of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-mediated cancer immune suppression by systemic kynurenine depletion with a therapeutic enzyme" Nat Biotechnol 36(8): 758-764. (bioxcell.com)
The kynurenine to tryptophan ratio (KYN/TRP) was used to estimate indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity. (biomedcentral.com)
First, inflammatory activation or expression of IDO by tumor cells can lead to elevated levels of IDO activity, which, in turn, increases the degradation of TRP into kynurenine (KYN) leaving less TRP available for other metabolic processes [ 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
These enzymes catalyse the rapid degradation of tryptophan (Trp) through the kynurenine (KYN) pathway to form quinolinic acid (QA). (unamur.be)

More importantly, we show that MESF treatment leads to significant inhibition of tumor growth and a 3-fold increase in the life span of tumor bearing animals compared to untreated tumor mice. (nature.com)
However, we are also very excited to further understand what other areas we can apply the technology to, such as in tumors that may not be immunogenic and perhaps unresponsive to checkpoint inhibition. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
TDO2 inhibition in a P815 Mastocytoma tumor model overexpressing TDO2 showed efficacy with the investigational TDO2 i , LM10. (bmj.com)
These data uncovered the IL32β/BAFF axis as a previously undescribed pathway involved in lymphoma-associated macrophage polarization and tumor survival, which could be counteracted through selective NIK inhibition. (haematologica.org)
IDO-1 is an enzyme that gives tumour cells another way to dampen our immune system, and Incyte says pre-clinical tests show inhibiting it is 'synergistic' with checkpoint inhibition. (chemistryworld.com)

IDO is one of several immune checkpoints involved in tumor immune escape, and IDO-1 inhibitors are currently in clinical development, according to the company. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
According to Doody, preclinical studies using IMO-2125 either as a single-agent or in combination with several checkpoint inhibitors-such as anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1 and IDO-1 inhibitor-have shown robust tumor regression. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
These inhibitors will allow a better understanding of the role of TDO in the phenomenon of immunosuppression, especially in cancerous tumors. (unamur.be)

Accumulating evidence shows that cancer stem cells are key drivers of tumor formation, progression, and recurrence. (hindawi.com)
Although for years most studies have focused on tumor cells, allowing the discovery of numerous key (epi)-genetic aberrations and oncogenic pathways, it is now widely accepted that ecosystem integration is also critical for the understanding of cancer progression. (haematologica.org)
In BC, its role has not been elucidated, but we believe that IDO also participate in non-immunological events for tumor progression. (fapesp.br)
We will correlate these protein expression with tumor grade, pathological stage, the response to BCG, tumor recurrence, recurrence rate and tumor progression. (fapesp.br)
Altered tryptophan metabolism and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity are linked to cancer development and progression. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition to contributing to an environment that supports tumor development and progression, the biological mechanisms associated with increased TRP degradation may contribute to neuropsychiatric symptoms in persons with cancer through two metabolic pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
Chronic inflammation over the years results in altered immune responses and increases risk of tumor formation and progression. (metabiom.org)
It has been proved that BaP reduced genome-wide DNA methylation, and activated proto-oncogene by hypomethylation in the promoter region, but silenced tumor suppressor genes by promoter hypermethylation, resulting in cancer initiation and progression. (biomedcentral.com)

Because IDO is expressed in some cancers, it is believed to promote tumor immune escape. (fapesp.br)

ASPH appears to be involved in the regulation of proliferation, invasion and metastasis of PC cells through multiple signaling pathways, suggesting its role as a tumor biomarker and therapeutic target. (bjbms.org)

The expression of IDO is increased in tumor tissues and induced by IFN-γ stimulation in cancer cells and dendritic cells (for example, J. Clin. (justia.com)
An increased expression of IDO in the tumor tissues of colorectal cancer and prostate cancer has been reported (for example, Clin. (justia.com)
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an enzyme expressed in tissues where immunomodulation is necessary, including maternal-fetal interface, where the presence of IDO protects the semi-allogeneic embryo. (fapesp.br)
Instead of oral administration, probiotics can also be delivered locally at tumor sites, which can reduce non-specific pharmacological effects on non-tumor tissues. (metabiom.org)
This enzyme was only recently cloned from chicken tissues (5) after being partially purified 25 years ago (6). (documents.pub)
The tumour cells produce proteins that healthy tissues normally use to tell T-cell lymphocytes to back off, leaving them free to continue multiplying and spreading. (chemistryworld.com)

Glioblastoma is a devastating tumor entity with few treatment options and they often exhibits enhanced levels of the Trp-degrading enzyme TDO2 (Trp 2,3-dioxygenase), resulting not only in increased amounts of oncogenic Trp metabolites that drive malignancy, but also in the depletion of the essential amino acid Trp. (tugraz.at)
Gliomas are the most common brain tumor and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common type of glioma observed in patients. (wayne.edu)
Using modified glioblastoma cells from humans, they created what is called an orthotopic glioblastoma model, to provide the most realistic model they could for this most common and lethal malignant brain tumor. (regenerativemedicine.net)
CBD was able to improve the immune mix against the tumor including reducing the tumor's coopting of glial cells -- a brain cell type that normally protects neurons, including producing inflammation to fight invaders -- into instead becoming a major component of the tumor, now called a glioblastoma associated macrophage, which helps support and protect it. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Further testing with an iTeos TDO2 compound with good PK/PD profile is ongoing on liver tumor models (HCC, liver metastases) as well as glioblastoma. (bmj.com)
The heterogeneity of glioblastoma can suppress immune cell function and lead to immune evasion, which presents a challenge in developing effective molecular therapies for tumor cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
Glioblastoma (GBM) is characterized by significant genetic heterogeneity among tumor cells. (spandidos-publications.com)

Friend leukemia virus integration 1 (FLI1), an ETS transcription factor family member, acts as an oncogenic driver in hematological malignancies and promotes tumor growth in solid tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the aberrant activation of FLI1 in these solid tumors. (biomedcentral.com)

Dr. Brody, Charles Yeo, M.D., Samuel D. Gross Professor and chair of Surgery at Jefferson Medical College and their co-workers analyzed IDO expression in 14 lymph nodes to which pancreatic cancer cells had spread and compared them to the primary tumors that had not spread in the same patients. (sciencedaily.com)
In primary tumors, mutations in driver genes frequently provide a survival advantage and give rise to a dominant clonal population. (spandidos-publications.com)

This mechanism is exploited by tumor cells as well as certain type of immune cells, limiting the anti-tumor immune response. (centerwatch.com)
Tryptophan (Trp) degradation by TDO2 suppresses anti-tumor immune responses and promotes tumor cell survival. (bmj.com)

Pairing them with a PD-1 inhibitor, which activate the immune system to attack tumors, is a strategy that has a lot of potential, said Zakharia. (drugdiscoverytrends.com)

Cancer cells excessively express tumor-associated antigens. (justia.com)
The host immune system is considered to respond to the tumor-associated antigens and exert cellular immunity to eliminate the tumor. (justia.com)
In addition, tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) produced by irradiated tumor cells can be captured by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the TME and presented to T cells. (nature.com)

The tuberous sclerosis protein (TSC) complex acts as a relay for anabolic signaling and as a tumor suppressor. (tugraz.at)
The prevention of immune cell access into the tumor, the accumulation of inhibitory FoxP3 + regulatory T cells (Treg) and/or myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), the activation of negative immunoregulatory pathways, and the dysregulation of effector T cells are all mechanisms by which tumors evade the host immune system. (biomedcentral.com)
target tumors through the intracellular infection of tumor-infiltrating myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which migrate to the immunosuppressive TME. (metabiom.org)
Secondly, the locally hypermethylation of the tumor suppressor gene promoter, and thirdly, 5mC-containing-DNA sequences or direct mutations exposed to ultraviolet light or other carcinogens [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Thus, tumor heterogeneity has an important role in tumor development. (spandidos-publications.com)

As Doody explained, "Tumor regression was not only observed in the injected tumor but also in the uninjected tumor, essentially creating a systemic response. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
We found that cellular senescence and tumor regression upon MYC inactivation in T-ALL was associated with genome-wide changes in 5mC and 5hmC patterns. (biomedcentral.com)

We unraveled a surprising mechanism that enables tumor cells to survive and grow when Trp is scarce. (tugraz.at)
However, cancer cells overcome these controls, in particular by acquiring genetic mutations leading to the activation of oncogenes (pten, myc) or loss of tumor suppressors (p53) [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Typically, rapidly proliferating tumor cells have glycolytic rates up to 200 times higher than those of their normal tissue of origin, even in the presence of oxygen [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
Recently it has been reported that indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which is a tryptophan-metabolizing enzyme, inhibits the proliferation of T cells and NK cells and activates regulatory T cells, thereby causing the depression of the host immune system. (justia.com)
There also is a notably small presence of cytotoxic T cells, which are particularly adept at putting a tumor or other invader in the crosshairs. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Researchers found that the metastatic pancreatic cancer cells in the lymph nodes produce enough of the protein, IDO, to wall-off the immune system's T-cells and recruit cells that suppress the immune response to the tumor. (sciencedaily.com)
The Jefferson scientists wanted to know if metastatic pancreatic cancer cells residing in the lymph nodes expressed IDO to avoid being found, and if so, could they target this enzyme with available drugs to prevent the cancer cells from hiding from the immune system. (sciencedaily.com)
If cells are escaping the primary tumor and going into another environment such as the lymph nodes, what are they doing to evade detection by the immune system? (sciencedaily.com)
The tumor cells were then able to make the enzyme. (sciencedaily.com)
Using ex vivo models of primary MCL cells (n=23), we demonstrated that, through the secretion of IL32β, the tumor was able to polarize monocytes into specific MCL-associated macrophages, which in turn favor tumor survival. (haematologica.org)
Established tumors are complex, heterogeneous masses composed of malignant cells admixed with a variety of non-transformed host cells, including stromal cells, endothelial cells, and immune cells. (biomedcentral.com)
This elaborate web of diverse cell types fosters malignant tumor cell interactions with the tumor associated vasculature and fibroblasts as well as a variety of immune cells in support of tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. (biomedcentral.com)
This heterogeneity is referred to as 'polymorphism', as tumor cells rapidly undergo mitosis, resulting in the formation of numerous subclones and uncertainty regarding the state of the genome. (spandidos-publications.com)
In addition, intrinsic differences in subclonal tumor cells that arise from random mutations can create distinct niches within limited lesions. (spandidos-publications.com)
However, rather than actively modifying the environment, multiple mechanisms guide the evolution of tumor cells through the selection of subclones with the most adaptive phenotype by environmental factors ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Multiregional whole-exome or genome sequencing has revealed that there is significant variation in the genetic makeup of tumor cells across different anatomical locations and within the same tumor over time ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
This heterogeneity can vary greatly between different types of immune cells, leading to further complexity in understanding the immune response to tumors. (spandidos-publications.com)
Consequently, the heterogeneity of tumor cells is constantly evolving. (spandidos-publications.com)
High-throughput sequencing methods are utilized to analyze the mutational spectrum and evolutionary trajectories of tumor cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
PD-L1 overexpression results in increased resistance of tumor cells to CD8 T cell mediated lysis. (bioxcell.com)
IDO (Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) is an immunomodulatory enzyme produced by some alternative activated macrophages and other immunoregulatory cells (also used by many tumors as a strategy to destroy immunity) in humans [1] . (medchemexpress.cn)
Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) strongly repress activated T-cell proliferation through the production of a complex set of soluble factors, including the tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which is induced by IFN-gamma. (hal.science)
The concentration of TRP can also influence levels of tyrosine (TYR), an important amino acid that is converted to levodopa by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) by dopaminergic cells in the brain [ 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Administration of BH4 to mice markedly reduces tumour growth and expands the population of intratumoral effector T cells. (metabiom.org)
destroy tumors by secreting exotoxins that damage the membrane structures of cancer cells and enter cells to disrupt essential cellular functions. (metabiom.org)
#Salmonella typhimurium ] - S. typhimurium, an intracellular pathogen, is chemoattracted to, and retained in, tumors due to the presence of metabolites produced by quiescent cancer cells within the TME (Tumor Micro envirounment). (metabiom.org)
Once in the tumor, S. typhimurium continues to proliferate and directly kills cancer cells by triggering of apoptosis, necrosis, and cell rupture. (metabiom.org)
The name refers to the way some tumour cells activate 'checkpoint receptors' that allow them to evade detection and destruction by our immune systems. (chemistryworld.com)
In addition to tumor cells, there are also important stromal components in tumor niche. (biomedcentral.com)
While aberrant DNA methylation is a characteristic feature of tumor cells, our knowledge of how these DNA methylation patterns are established and maintained is limited. (biomedcentral.com)

Surgery does not offer a cure but it does offer an important first step in maximizing quality of life and prognosis," Rutkowski says, noting there is a clear relationship between the amount of tumor that can be removed surgically and the length of survival. (regenerativemedicine.net)
We highlighted that while IL32β-stimulated macrophages secreted several protumoral factors, they supported tumor survival through a soluble dialog, mostly driven by BAFF. (haematologica.org)

Thus, FLI1 drives tumor metastasis not only through the canonical oncoprotein pathway, but also by using epigenetic mechanisms mediated by its exonic circular RNA. (biomedcentral.com)
The host antitumor immune response can sculpt tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis in a variety of ways. (biomedcentral.com)

Tryptophan (Trp) metabolism is increasingly being recognized to enhance tumor malignancy. (tugraz.at)
The findings might mean not only a better way to detect pancreatic cancer spreading to lymph nodes, but also could enhance tumor immune therapy strategies against the fast-moving, deadly disease. (sciencedaily.com)

By day eight the aggressive tumor was established in the brain of the mice, and at day 9 they started giving daily doses of inhaled CBD or a placebo that continued for seven days. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly aggressive tumor, often difficult to diagnose and treat. (bjbms.org)

4 According to the number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, tumors can be divided into three phenotypes: immune-inflamed, immune-excluded, and immune-desert types. (nature.com)

IDO induction also occurs in vivo during rejection of allogeneic tumors, indicating a possible role for this enzyme in the tumor rejection process. (nih.gov)
We showed that this compound improved the ability of anti-CTLA4 to induce rejection of CT26 tumors expressing TDO. (ox.ac.uk)
To better characterize TDO as a therapeutic target, we used TDO-KO mice and found that anti-CTLA4 or anti-PD1 induced rejection of MC38 tumors in TDO-KO, but not in wild-type mice. (ox.ac.uk)

VEGF) and degradation and remodeling enzymes (e.g. (biomedcentral.com)

Furthermore, HIF-1 actively limits the mitochondrial consumption of pyruvate at two levels: (i) through the enzyme PDK (PDH-kinase), which in turn inhibits PDH activity preventing the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA, and thereby limiting mitochondrial metabolism of pyruvate [ 6 ] and (ii) through the direct activation of LDH [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)

High levels of plant dietary fibers in the gut resulted in proliferation of #Faecalibacterium prausnitzii with anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. (metabiom.org)
Knockdown of TET1 or ectopic expression of TET2 in T-ALL was associated with genome-wide changes in 5mC and 5hmC enrichment and decreased cell proliferation, suggesting a tumor promoting function of TET1, and a tumor suppressing role for TET2. (biomedcentral.com)

Immunohistochemical staining across all grades and types of gliomas reveals expression patterns for the enzymes involved in the tryptophan metabolism. (wayne.edu)

Four stimulatory checkpoint molecules are members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily-CD27, CD40, OX40, GITR and CD137. (wikipedia.org)

Both enzymes are well establish therapeutic targets as important factors in the tumor immune evasion mechanism. (ox.ac.uk)

Here, we report that in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) the MYC oncogene controls the expression of TET1 and TET2 to maintain 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) patterns, which is associated with tumor cell-specific gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)

The tumors highjack the IDO pathway to escape the immune system. (drugdiscoverytrends.com)

DNA demethylation can either be passive or active [ 11 ], which is regulated by ten-eleven translocation (TET) family enzymes [ 113 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
DNA methyltransferases and ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenases (TETs) function has been found altered in a variety of cancer types. (biomedcentral.com)

TDO2 is a heme-containing enzyme highly expressed in the liver, in specific brain regions and liver/brain tumors. (bmj.com)

As MC38 tumors did not express TDO, we related this result to the high systemic tryptophan levels in TDO-KO mice, which lack the hepatic TDO needed to contain blood tryptophan. (ox.ac.uk)
#Bifidobacterium is associated with antitumor effects, and oral administration of #Bifidobacterium alone improved tumor control to the same degree as PD-L1 antibody therapy while combination treatment nearly abolished tumor growth in mice. (metabiom.org)

Besides, administration of concentrated extracts of Morinda citrifolia in tumor containing animals increased the immune response of the animals with a concomitant reduction in tumor burden 7 . (nature.com)

Interferons have been shown to be potential anti-cancer agents and to inhibit tumor cell growth in culture. (nih.gov)
Hydroxylation of aspartic acid in domains homologous to the epidermal growth factor precursor is catalyzed by a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase. (bjbms.org)
These data suggest that FECR1 circular RNA acts as an upstream regulator to control breast cancer tumor growth by coordinating the regulation of DNA methylating and demethylating enzymes. (biomedcentral.com)
By contrast, mutations in noncoding regions do not provide significant growth advantages during tumor evolution ( 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
In mouse models of melanoma, tumor growth can be transiently arrested via treatment with antibodies which block the interaction between PD-L1 and its receptor PD-1. (bioxcell.com)

With all of these challenges posed it is important to understand how glial tumors can be so recurring and difficult to treat. (wayne.edu)

They then looked again at an image of the tumor and directly at the tumor tissue. (regenerativemedicine.net)
This study explored the role of the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in vascular tissue with the hopes of shedding some light on this enzyme's possible involvement in the development of atherosclerosis and/or hypertension, as recent research has suggested that IDO may play a role in causing inflammation or that some of its metabolites may affect blood pressure. (kzoo.edu)

This tumor cell killing appears to be CD8+ T cell mediated. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
At the epicenter of this dynamic and complex TME lies the cancer stem cell (CSC), which is believed to be the root of the tumor and the cell responsible for chemoresistance and disease relapse. (mdpi.com)
Therefore, it is not surprising that physically preventing effector CD8 + T cell infiltration or inhibiting their activity once they gain access to the tumor might be a means by which tumors protect themselves from immune attack, enabling them to persist within the host. (biomedcentral.com)
Induced PD-L1 expression is common in many tumors including squamous cell carcinoma, colon adenocarcinoma, and breast adenocarcinoma. (bioxcell.com)
Functional alteration of the lymphoma stromal cell niche by the cytokine context: role of indoleamine-2,3 dioxygenase. (hal.science)
P3H1 was identified as the chick homologue of rat leprecan, a glycoprotein, which was first isolated from a rat parietal yolk sac tumor cell line (7). (documents.pub)

All the derivatives were evaluated in a cellular assay for their capacity to inhibit the enzymes. (ox.ac.uk)

Anatomy4

Organisms19

Diseases35

Chemicals and Drugs53

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Phenomena and Processes21

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care2

Microenvironment33

Indoleamine-pyrrole1

IDO16

Immunotherapy4

Necrosis factor-alpha4

Kynurenine14

Inhibition5

Inhibitors3

Progression8

Promote tumor1

Biomarker and therapeutic target1

Tissues6

Glioblastoma7

Solid tumors2

Primary tumors2

Anti-tumor immune2

Inhibitor1

Antigens3

Suppressor4

Role in tumor1

Regression2

Cells30

Survival2

Metastasis2

Enhance tumor2

Aggressive tumor2

Lymphocytes1

Rejection3

Degradation1

Inhibits1

Proliferation2

Tryptophan metabolism1

Checkpoint1

Mechanism1

Tet11

Pathway1

Translocation2

TDO21

Mice2

Increased the immune response1

Growth5

Glial1

Tissue2

Cell6

Inhibit1