Tumor cells differentiate. Medical search. Frequent questions

The researchers started with 14 samples of metastatic melanoma tumors and matching blood samples from a collection maintained at NIH's National Cancer Institute (NCI). (nih.gov)
Metastatic melanoma is the advanced stage of the disease when cells have the highest accumulation of gene mutations. (nih.gov)
AFP and β-hCG also may be useful in evaluating potential origins of poorly differentiated metastatic cancer. (aafp.org)
Abnormal liver function test results may be caused by a paraneoplastic syndrome that is reversible with tumor removal, and these types of results do not necessarily represent metastatic disease. (cancer.gov)
Mast cell hyperplasia must be differentiated from metastatic mast cell tumors. (nih.gov)
Management options are limited for patients with radioactive iodine refractory, locally advanced, or metastatic differentiated thyroid carcinoma. (aacrjournals.org)
The treatment of advanced metastatic solid tumours has achieved a new milestone with the approval of immune checkpoint therapies (ICT) targeting immune checkpoint regulators such as CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4), PD-1 (the programmed cell death-1) and others [ 1 , 2 ]. (nature.com)
The knowledge gained on the cross-talk between the cancer signaling pathways and cell metabolism from our preclinical models, as well as identification of new molecular targets for imaging and treatment, will form a basis for targeted therapies and clinical trials in the most challenging group of thyroid cancer patients - with RAI non-avid disease and metastatic medullary thyroid cancer. (nih.gov)
The prognosis of MPNST patients is dismal due to invasive tumor growth, metastatic proclivity and resistance to radiation and conventional chemotherapy, posing an urgent need for improved effective therapeutic modalities for this challenging disease. (curesarcoma.org)
Patients must have a biopsy-proven solid tumor that is metastatic or unresectable and has progressed on at least one line of standard therapy. (nih.gov)
Patients must have biopsy proven metastatic or unresectable SCLC, PD-NEC (any extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma with small cell or large cell histology) or PDA and have progressed on at least one line of standard therapy. (nih.gov)
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) within the primary tumors represent the most tumorigenic, metastatic and therapy resistant cell subpopulation within human tumors. (urotoday.com)
In addition, adhesion molecules, such as ICAM-1, ICAM-3, VCAM-1, and selectins, are expressed by various tumor cells and are often key factors in metastatic malignancy. (thomasnet.com)
On the basis of this trial, PRRT was approved in the United States and Europe for treatment of metastatic or irresectable NETs and is included now in the societal guidelines from the European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society (ENETS), International Atomic Energy Agency, European Association of Nuclear Medicine, and Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging ( 7 , 8 ). (snmjournals.org)

Metastasis-related miRNAs: Way to Differentiate High Risk? (medscape.com)
Metastasis-related miRNAs: A New Way to Differentiate Patients With Higher Risk? (medscape.com)
Metastasis refers to the spread of cancer cells to distant organs in the body. (medscape.com)
Their role in tumor invasion and metastasis was first mentioned by Bob Weinberg's group, who documented a novel function for miR-10b in promoting invasion and metastasis by regulating the expression of the prometastatic small GTPase RhoC. (medscape.com)
[ 10 ] It has been clear that overexpression of miR-21 correlates with the presence of metastasis in non-small-cell lung cancer patients, while underexpression of let-7 and overexpression of miR-155 correlates with poor postoperative survival in lung cancer patients. (medscape.com)
Common complications of germ cell tumors include recurrence, lymph node metastasis , distant metastasis , and secondary malignancies . (wikidoc.org)
It may include a PET or CT scan to rule out metastasis to other areas of his body and an ultrasonic endoscopy to determine the depth that the squamous cell tumor his penetrated into the esophageal wall. (cancer.org)
The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) has designated staging by TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) classification to define renal cell cancer. (cancer.gov)
19. Tumor infiltrating macrophages and metastasis-associated osteolysis (review). (nih.gov)
Radiographs revealed significant vertebral spondylosis but no evidence of tumor metastasis was evident. (vin.com)
Recurrence or metastasis of HCC is mainly intrahepatic, which shows that peritumoral liver tissue may be a favorable soil for spreading hepatoma cells [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
When its production is shut down, cell migration -- a key step in progression and metastasis -- is inhibited. (sciencedaily.com)
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are used for metastasis surveillance in cancer patients, but low detection rates limit their use in colorectal cancer (CRC). (oncotarget.com)
Tumor cell-derived vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) act on endothelial cells to promote angiogenesis and tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. (thomasnet.com)

[ 7 ] Moreover, by using miRNA expression profiles, poorly differentiated tumors could be classified with better accuracy than by using mRNA expression profiles, [ 8 ] and this finding is a very strong indication that miRNA profiling could be used in cancer diagnosis. (medscape.com)
Three subtypes are described histologically -biphasic, monophasic, and poorly differentiated synovial sarcoma. (thieme-connect.com)
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies targeting single antigens have performed poorly in clinical trials for solid tumors due to heterogenous expression of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), limited T cell persistence, and T cell exhaustion. (jci.org)
Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) is a heterogeneous group which includes papillary (PTC), follicular, Hurthle cell, and poorly differentiated histologies. (aacrjournals.org)
Moreover, certain subtypes of thyroid cancer are RAI-non-responsive, such as poorly differentiated, Hürthle cell or C-cell-derived medullary thyroid cancer. (nih.gov)
GNRs enabled monitoring of the anti-PD-L1 therapy in preclinical models and differentiated highly responsive (highly immunogenic) from poorly responsive (poorly immunogenic) tumors. (aiche.org)
They may range from highly differentiated neoplasms containing rhabdomyoblasts with large amounts of eosinophilic cytoplasm and cross striations similar to that of poorly differentiated tumor cells (see the image below). (medscape.com)

Each tumor marker has a variable profile of usefulness for screening, determining diagnosis and prognosis, assessing response to therapy, and monitoring for cancer recurrence. (aafp.org)
Depending on the type, location, and the extent of the tumor at the time of diagnosis , the prognosis may vary. (wikidoc.org)
The International Germ Cell Cancer Consensus Group divides seminoma into two prognosis groups: good and intermediate. (wikidoc.org)
Some investigators have found that granular cell tumors have a worse prognosis, but this finding is not universal. (cancer.gov)
Yu X, Zhang J, Zhong H, Liu F, Liang N, Wang Y, Meng X, Du J. Decreased Tumor Suppressor Candidate 3 Predicts Poor Prognosis of Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. (medsci.org)
However, the biomarkers used to predict the prognosis of HCC patients are currently taken mainly from removed tumor tissue, and scant information is available from peritumoral tissue. (hindawi.com)
HCC with stem cell features has a very bad prognosis [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
EpCAM and CD13 are some stemness-related markers in HCC [ 11 , 12 ], and several studies have demonstrated that EpCAM or CD13 expression in HCC tumor tissue is associated with a poor prognosis [ 13 , 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
Further laboratory studies indicated that lipocalin 2 decreases the levels of estrogen receptor alpha, thereby reducing the cells' response to the hormone estrogen, which is associated with poor prognosis of breast cancer. (sciencedaily.com)
Glioblastoma multiformi is the most aggressive brain tumor, and despite treatment with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the prognosis is poor. (umassmed.edu)
Therefore, existing clinical prognosis tools are still short of the ability to differentiate responders from non-responders early on, and ineffective treatment in the long term can have a negative impact on patientsâ quality of life. (aiche.org)
An actual tissue biopsy, however, is needed to grade the tumor, and grading of the tumor is crucial to determining prognosis. (vin.com)

A benign tumor is a mass of cells (tumor) that does not invade neighboring tissue or metastasize (spread throughout the body). (wikipedia.org)
Vascular tissue tumors can bleed, in some cases leading to anemia. (wikipedia.org)
Renal cell cancer, also called renal adenocarcinoma or hypernephroma, can often be cured if it is diagnosed and treated when still localized to the kidney and the immediately surrounding tissue. (cancer.gov)
13. Phenotypic and molecular studies of giant-cell tumors of bone and soft tissue. (nih.gov)
Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney is a type of kidney tumor that may spread to the lung, bone, brain, and soft tissue. (dana-farber.org)
Desmoplastic small round cell tumor of the kidney is a rare soft tissue sarcoma. (dana-farber.org)
To limit damage to surrounding tissue, normal cells differentiate themselves by expressing a protein signal called PD-L1 (programmed death ligand 1). (agilent.com)
Rita, Oligodendrogiloma, These tumors arise from oligodendrocytes, a type of supportive brain tissue. (cancer.org)
They represent up to 25% of all soft tissue sarcomas (STS) and are the most common form of STS in the U.S. next to gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). (curesarcoma.org)
MPNST (malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors) are highly aggressive soft tissue sarcomas of Schwann cell (SC) origin, representing a major cause of mortality in neurofibromatosis (NF) patients, which affects 1 in 3500 individuals worldwide. (curesarcoma.org)
Soft tissue sarcomas are a rare entity of very heterogeneous tumors, both epidemiological, histological and molecular. (curesarcoma.org)
Small pieces of tumor tissue will be cut away. (nih.gov)
Studies published today in Nature conclude that enrichment of B cells, a type of immune cell known for producing antibodies, in TLS was predictive of response to checkpoint blockade in patients with melanoma , soft-tissue sarcomas and renal cell carcinomas (RCC). (mdanderson.org)
IgE antibodies, which are shaped like tiny Ys, find their way to a tissue mast cell and perch there. (vin.com)
They are differentiated histologically from anaplastic astrocytoma by necrotizing tissue surrounded by anaplastic cells as well as by the presence of hyperplastic blood vessels. (anatomywarehouse.com)
T cells express the ligand for Fas on their surface and when they enter the liver they bind the Fas receptors (3), initiating the apoptosis pathway that leads to tissue scarring (4). (the-scientist.com)

Embryonic germ cell tumors include teratoma , and extraembryonic germ cell tumors include Choriocarcinoma and Yolk sac tumor . (wikidoc.org)

In monitoring patients for disease recurrence, tumor marker levels should be determined only when there is a potential for meaningful treatment. (aafp.org)
Late tumor recurrence many years after initial treatment also occasionally occurs. (cancer.gov)
Drugs to reduce tumor growth and prevent tumor recurrence would be a helpful alternative, but unfortunately, chemotherapy has not been useful for these tumors. (umassmed.edu)

Many types of benign tumors have the potential to become cancerous (malignant) through a process known as tumor progression. (wikipedia.org)
Accumulating evidence suggests that the tumor microenvironment has a profound influence on tumor initiation and progression, opening a new avenue for studying tumor biology. (hindawi.com)
At the same time, a series of studies has confirmed that the tumor microenvironment has a profound influence on tumor initiation and progression, opening a new avenue for studying tumor biology [ 5 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
This is due to the dependence on anatomic or metabolic readouts of tumor which can be misled by pseudo-progression phenomenon instead of the actual outcome. (aiche.org)
In more detail, the productive immune cells infiltration together with tumor growth post immunotherapy can be revealed as disease progression based on the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria. (aiche.org)
These events favor tumor progression and chemoresistance. (mdpi.com)

CT , MRI , and ultrasound are used in combination with biopsy to distinguish between the types and subtypes of germ cell tumors and for diagnosis confirmation. (wikidoc.org)
Repeat biopsy taken 4 mo after initial diagnosis was interpreted as cutaneous lymphoma with a strong reaction of almost all tumor cells to anti-CD3 antibody, consistent with a T-cell tumor. (vin.com)
On examination of the biopsy specimen taken after FNA, the tumor was found to be composed of cancer cell nests with scattered peripheral palisading in the dermis. (karger.com)
Biopsy alone will be done to confurm the specific tumor type with inaccessible tumors. (cancer.org)

Growths that get suddenly larger and then smaller over a 24-hour period are likely to be mast cell tumors and this phenomenon is referred to as Darier's sign. (vin.com)
Furthermore, mast cell tumors are notoriously invasive and difficult to treat. (vin.com)
Mast cell tumors are the most common skin tumor in dogs, with between seven and 21 percent of all canine skin tumors being mast cell tumors. (vin.com)
Mast cell tumors do not have to involve the skin and can develop internally but most of the time there is skin involvement. (vin.com)
The Shar-pei tends to develop its mast cell tumors at an earlier age and they tend to be especially malignant. (vin.com)

PTEN hamartoma syndrome encompasses hamartomatous disorders characterized by genetic mutations in the PTEN tumor suppressor gene, including Cowden syndrome, Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome, Proteus syndrome and Proteus-like syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
DNA tests from vulvar cancers in older women rarely show HPV infection, but often show mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. (cancer.org)
TUSC3 was recently identified as a potential tumor suppressor gene in a variety of human malignancies. (medsci.org)
Tumor suppressor candidate 3 (TUSC3), a novel tumor suppressor gene, originally has been known to be responsible for autosomal recessive mental retardation for several years [ 4 - 6 ] . (medsci.org)
Only recently was TUSC3 identified as a tumor suppressor gene when it was found deleted in a variety of human malignancies [ 7 , 8 ] . (medsci.org)

Combined AFP and β-hCG testing is an essential adjunct in the evaluation and treatment of nonseminomatous germ cell tumors, and in monitoring the response to therapy. (aafp.org)
The only known risk factor for extragonadal germ cell tumors is Klinefelter syndrome (47XXY), which is associated with mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors, which are characterized by their location on the midline from the pineal gland to the coccyx. (medscape.com)

Melatonin (MLT) has been reported to act as an antioxidant during cell proliferation and differentiation, but its antioxidant effect and mechanism of action during osteogenesis of MSCs in the inflammatory microenvironment, especially in the presence of TNF- α , remain unknown and need further study. (hindawi.com)
Challenges specific to treating solid tumors include trafficking and distribution throughout the tumor site, overcoming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), and identifying antigenic targets that are widely expressed and indispensable to tumor biology. (jci.org)
We described the in vitro mechanisms of metformin action in differentiated and medullary thyroid cancer and documented the role of the microenvironment in the modulation of the sensitivity to metformin. (nih.gov)
MPNST are heterogeneous tumors with a distinct microenvironment that contributes to the establishment of a tumor niche. (curesarcoma.org)
The recently described role of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the regulation of immune cell infiltration of microenvironment tumor resumes interest because of its potential impact to rection of immune therapy. (chemdiv.com)

2. Human tumour-associated macrophages differentiate into osteoclastic bone-resorbing cells. (nih.gov)
Tumor-associated macrophages expressing the transcription factor IRF8 promote T cell exhaustion in cancer. (nih.gov)
Reprogramming tumour-associated macrophages to outcompete cancer cells. (nih.gov)
We previously found that R848 (a TLR7/8 agonist) reverses this immunosuppression by inducing mMDSC to differentiate into tumoricidal M1 macrophages. (nih.gov)
Moreover, combinations of these cytokines induced mMDSC to differentiation more effectively than R848, generating M1 macrophages that efficiently lysed tumor targets. (nih.gov)
These findings can be harnessed in cancer therapy to induce suppresssive mMDSC to differentiate into tumoricidal M1 macrophages. (nih.gov)
At tumor sites, monocytes differentiate into tumor-associated macrophages capable of inducing growth factors, proteases, angiogenic mediators, and cytokines such as TNFα, IL-1 and IL-6, and chemokines. (thomasnet.com)

In rare instances glioblastoma multiforme cells are found in these tumors. (cancer.org)
Assessing efficacy in complex tumors, such as glioma/glioblastoma brain tumors, in which physiologic factors such as the blood brain barrier can be an obstacle. (pharmacytimes.com)

Both Sagher and Muraszko said they believe the University will uniquely implement of this technology due to the prominent brain tumor program the University has, as well as how they will be able to integrate the BrightMatter technology with a visualization instrument that another UMHS neurosurgeon, Daniel Orringer, has developed. (michigandaily.com)
She has been diagnosed with a brain tumor. (cancer.org)
Magnetic resonance image of patient's brain bearing a large glioma brain tumor. (umassmed.edu)

Exposure at 905 MHz did not inhibit 53BP1 foci in differentiated cells, either fibroblasts or lymphocytes, whereas some effects were seen in stem cells at 905 MHz. (nih.gov)
In contrast, T-cell-excluded tumours are characterised by blocking effective anti-tumour T lymphocytes infiltrating cancer masses by obstacles, such as fibrosis and tumour-cell-induced immunosuppression. (nature.com)
Therefore, the first conditional rule for ICT response is the successful MHC-dependent presentation of tumour antigen in the format of peptides to T-cell receptors (TCR), which results in the generation of a clonally expanded population of anti-tumour effector lymphocytes, as shown in the wheel diagram of Fig. 1 (orange, Stages 1-3). (nature.com)
In the case of infection, for example, the virus initiates an inflammatory response, which upregulates Fas receptors on liver cells (2), and attracts T lymphocytes. (the-scientist.com)

Histologically, most of these tumors are squamous cell carcinomas, but adenocarcinoma, melanoma, or anaplastic tumors can also be seen in this location. (medscape.com)
Anaplastic sarcoma of the kidney is a rare tumor that is most commonly found in children or adolescents younger than 15 years of age. (dana-farber.org)
Anaplastic oligodendrogliomas grow more quickly, and the cancer cells look very different from normal cells. (cancer.org)
An anaplastic (malignant) oligondendroglioma has very abnormal looking cells, and is faster growing. (cancer.org)

Patients with cervical node metastases from squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary have an overall survival comparable to that of patients with known primary. (medscape.com)
Some retroperitoneal extragonadal germ cell tumors may represent metastases from a testicular cancer , with subsequent spontaneous necrosis of the primary tumor. (medscape.com)
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) contribute to metastases by being released into the blood from primary tumors [ 9 ]. (oncotarget.com)

These factors cause the upregulation of many genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis (programmed cell death), causing the growth of benign tumors. (wikipedia.org)
Under normal physiological conditions, ROS remain at low levels with no obvious cytotoxicity and they can play an important role in cell signaling and homeostasis, promoting cell proliferation and differentiation [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
As a result, we wish to develop therapies directed to specific signaling pathways that drive proliferation of meningioma cells. (umassmed.edu)
Drugs that inhibit these receptors slow meningioma cell proliferation and induce cell death. (umassmed.edu)
Knockdown of KDM1B inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells. (cancerindex.org)

and nongermminomatous/ differentiated which include embryonic and extra-embryonic germ cell tumors. (wikidoc.org)
Tumors that are about to progress and metastasize go through a process also seen in normal embryonic development, known as the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). (sciencedaily.com)
To address this problem, we have developed a novel approach to transform human cells and model ES that uses differentiating human embryonic cells. (curesarcoma.org)
Wnt/β-catenin signaling is a branch of a functional network that is involved in a broad range of biological systems including stem cells, embryonic development and adult organs. (chemdiv.com)

Most of the remainder are transitional cell carcinomas of the renal pelvis. (cancer.gov)

We used radiomics feature-based machine learning classifiers of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps to differentiate small round cell malignant tumors (SRCMTs) and non-SRCMTs of the nasal and paranasal sinuses. (nih.gov)
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and aggressive human malignant tumors globally [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)

[ 35 ] Cervical adenopathy can be the primary disease manifestation in 2-5% of patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region. (medscape.com)
[ 8 ] Mastectomy specimens in this subset of patients have shown a previously undiagnosed breast primary tumor in 40-70% cases. (medscape.com)
They often have papillary histology with elevation of CA-125 and a good response to platinum-based chemotherapy, but a primary tumor is not revealed on exploratory laparotomy. (medscape.com)
This article describes the use of common tumor markers in primary care practice. (aafp.org)
Microwaves from mobile phones inhibited formation of 53BP1 foci in human primary fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells. (nih.gov)
Even in patients with disseminated tumor, locoregional forms of therapy may play an important role in palliating symptoms of the primary tumor or of ectopic hormone production. (cancer.gov)
Primary synovial sarcoma arising in the anterior abdominal wall is rare and is a rare extra-articular tumor site. (thieme-connect.com)
Mast cells within the spleen in the absence of a primary mast cell tumor are supportive of a hyperplastic rather than a neoplastic lesion. (nih.gov)
Primary renal synovial sarcoma is a rare tumor of the kidney and is most common in young adults. (dana-farber.org)
[ 1 , 2 ] In extragonadal germ cell tumors, no evidence of a primary malignancy is present in either the testes or ovaries by radiologic imaging or physical examination. (medscape.com)
This tumor represents about 4% of all primary brain tumors. (cancer.org)
Lichtenberger JP, Biko DM, Carter BW et al (2018) Primary lung tumors in children: radiologic-pathologic correlation from the radiologic pathology archives. (springer.com)
6.2% of primary tumors were found in the retroperitoneum. (medscape.com)
Twenty-nine patients in the study had mediastinal primary tumors, and nine patients (31%) had Klinefelter syndrome. (kaiserpermanente.org)

According to this theory, the differences in phenotypes expressed by mediastinal germ cell tumors (MGCTs) and gonadal germ cell tumors may be explained by differences in the cellular environment between the gonad and the anterior mediastinum. (medscape.com)
For females, the peak in young children is present only for extragonadal tumors, with rates increasing after the age of puberty for both extragonadal and gonadal sites. (kaiserpermanente.org)
Age-incidence profiles for extracranial, extragonadal germ cell tumors (left graph) and for gonadal germ cell tumors (right graph). (kaiserpermanente.org)
Gonadoblastoma is a rare gonadal tumor consisting of a mixture of germ cells and sex-cord stromal derivatives resembling immature granulosa and Sertoli cells. (kaiserpermanente.org)

ESE3/EHF loss induces transcriptional reprogramming and dedifferentiation in prostate epithelial cells and human tumors. (urotoday.com)

Extragonadal germinal cell tumors (EGGCTs) are rare tumors that predominantly affect young males. (medscape.com)

This leads to the activation of genes and the production of proteins that increase cell growth. (wikipedia.org)
Some genes (parts of our DNA) contain instructions for controlling when our cells grow and divide. (cancer.org)
Certain genes that promote cell division are called oncogenes . (cancer.org)
Others that slow down cell division or cause cells to die at the right time are called tumor suppressor genes . (cancer.org)
Cancers can be caused by DNA mutations (defects) that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. (cancer.org)
For more on genes and cancer, see Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes . (cancer.org)
Differentiated expressed genes (DEGs) and Differentially methylated genes (DMRs) were analyzed by R software. (nih.gov)
Novel TPA induced differentially overexpressed genes like tumor promoter Prl2c2, small prolin rich protein (Sprr2h) was reported which was downregulated by corosolic acid treatment. (nih.gov)
This has allowed us to study the effects of EWS/FLI1 on gene expression in isogenic cell lines and compile a list of genes regulated, directly and indirectly, by EWS/FLI1. (curesarcoma.org)
An MD Anderson-led study found that B-cell markers were the most differentially expressed genes in responders relative to non-responders, and B cells in the tumors of responders appeared to be more mature and specialized. (mdanderson.org)
In each cohort, the expression of B cell-related genes was significantly higher in responders and was predictive of response to checkpoint blockade. (mdanderson.org)
Tom Tuschl had found that genes could be silenced by introducing small double-stranded RNAs into a cell. (the-scientist.com)
Additional screens for MMTV provirus entry sites in tumors revealed several other upregulated genes that are associated with other gene development pathways such as INT2, INT3, and INT4 [4,5,6]. (chemdiv.com)

Exploiting T cell signaling to optimize engineered T cell therapies. (nih.gov)
Immune checkpoint therapies (ICT) can reinvigorate the effector functions of anti-tumour T cells, improving cancer patient outcomes. (nature.com)
It is important to differentiate an indolent disease course from a highly aggressive thyroid cancer to tailor therapeutic modalities towards avoiding over-treatment in low-risk patients and implementing effective targeted therapies for high-risk patients. (nih.gov)
One roadblock in developing new therapies in ES has been the lack of a genetically-defined tumor model in human cells. (curesarcoma.org)
While numerous discoveries and novel therapies have made significant impacts in cancer treatment, the hurdle in achieving complete remission for patients remains due to tumor heterogenicity. (pharmacytimes.com)
We also are carrying out two projects to improve therapies for brain tumors. (umassmed.edu)
Some cells are resistant to these therapies, and eventually the tumor recurs. (umassmed.edu)
Cancer therapies directed against the cancer stem cells might yield real cures. (umassmed.edu)
Current therapies target and kill preferentially proliferating, partially differentiated tumor cells that constitute the bulk of the tumor, while sparing the rare CSC population. (urotoday.com)

Cancer antigen (CA) 27.29 is a monoclonal antibody to a glycoprotein (MUC1) that is present on the apical surface of normal epithelial cells. (aafp.org)
Synovial sarcoma is derived from multipotent stem cells, which can differentiate into mesenchyma and epithelial structures. (thieme-connect.com)
The protein, which has been licensed for clinical development, also plays a key biological role in advancing cancer, triggering the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and reducing cells' response to the hormone estrogen. (sciencedaily.com)
In the present study, we identified the transcriptomic gene expression changes with RNAseq and genome-wide DNA CpG methylation changes with DNA methylseq to profile the early stage transcriptomic and epigenomic changes using tumor promoter TPA-mediated mouse epidermal epithelial JB6 P+ cells. (nih.gov)
They found that by ablating the ETS transcription factor ESE3/EHF the prostate epithelial cells expand the cancer stem cell compartment. (urotoday.com)
It is relevant to note that the ablation of a single gene, ESE3/EHF, turned the normal prostate epithelial cells into aggressive cancer cells. (urotoday.com)
These features include epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cell gene expression. (urotoday.com)
Thus, the established model of ESE3 knockdown prostate epithelial xenografts constitutes a valuable resource to test strategies against cancer stem cells and to potentially target the ESE3 low tumors. (urotoday.com)
Because T cells-the natural target of HIV in the body-are difficult to transfect, we started by trying to block infection in an epithelial cell line that was engineered to express CD4 and CCR5, two receptors required for HIV infection. (the-scientist.com)

This study illustrated that targeting multiple TAAs with BiCisCAR may overcome heterogenous expression of target antigens in solid tumors and identified a potent, clinically relevant CAR against NB. (jci.org)
describe the use of bicistronic CAR T cells that target multiple antigens expressed in neuroblastoma to overcome antigenic heterogeneity. (jci.org)
First generation CAR T cells possessed scFv, which could bind to extracellular tumor associated antigens (TAAs), triggering intracellular signaling from the T cell surface glycoprotein CD3ζ chain region. (jci.org)
Anti-tumour T cells are initially formed during their first contact (priming) with tumour antigens by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (nature.com)
What unfortunately tends to happen is that the IgE/mast cell system is stimulated with other antigens that are of similar shape or size as parasitic antigens. (vin.com)

Cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma is a very rare type of Wilms tumor made up of cysts. (dana-farber.org)

Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can be induced by inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α ), can significantly inhibit the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). (hindawi.com)
In the skeletal system, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) play an important role in bone formation. (hindawi.com)
It is a rare malignant mesenchymal tumor. (thieme-connect.com)
Synovial sarcoma is a rare malignant mesenchymal tumor. (thieme-connect.com)

Bowel intussusception can occur with various benign colonic tumors. (wikipedia.org)
The scientists first differentiated mutations that occur sporadically (somatic mutations) from inherited mutations. (nih.gov)
These mutations occur in one copy of the COL1A1 gene in each cell. (medlineplus.gov)
however, the two cell types may occur together in some tumors. (cancer.gov)
Neuroepithelial tumors of the kidney are rare and usually occur in young adults. (dana-farber.org)
During this stage of germ cell development, aberrant chromatid exchange events associated with crossing over can occur. (medscape.com)
The tumors can occur at any site, but they are most commonly observed in the genitourinary region or the head and neck region. (medscape.com)
7 , 8 ] Despite the small percentage of malignant teratomas that occur in this age group, perinatal tumors have a high morbidity rate caused by hydrops fetalis and premature delivery. (kaiserpermanente.org)
Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) arise from neuroendocrine cells, and although they can occur anywhere throughout the body, the most common locations are the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and lungs ( 1 ). (snmjournals.org)

Controversy remains regarding the origin of extragonadal germ cell tumors. (medscape.com)

With the exception of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), tumor markers do not have sufficient sensitivity or specificity for use in screening. (aafp.org)
Furthermore, the BiCisCAR T cells demonstrated prolonged persistence and resistance to exhaustion when compared with CARs targeting a single antigen. (jci.org)
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have demonstrated success in treating select hematological malignancies, but their activity in solid tumors has been comparably modest. (jci.org)
Desert tumours disturb antigen processing and priming of T cells by targeting APCs with suppressive tumour factors derived from their genetic instabilities. (nature.com)
With enough exposure to the antigen in question, the mast cell may be covered with Y-shaped IgE antibodies like the fluff of a dandelion. (vin.com)
Their foot is planted in the mast cell while their arms lift up hoping to capture the antigen for which they were individually designed. (vin.com)
When the antigen comes by and is grasped by the IgE antibodies, this should indicate that a parasite is near and the mast cell, like a land mine, degranulates releasing its toxic biochemical weapons. (vin.com)

Compared to malignant (cancerous) tumors, benign tumors generally have a slower growth rate. (wikipedia.org)
Benign tumors have relatively well differentiated cells. (wikipedia.org)
Common examples of benign tumors include moles and uterine fibroids. (wikipedia.org)
Some forms of benign tumors may be harmful to health. (wikipedia.org)
Benign tumor growth causes a mass effect that can compress neighboring tissues. (wikipedia.org)
The health effects of benign tumor growth may be more prominent if the tumor is contained within an enclosed space such as the cranium, respiratory tract, sinus, or bones. (wikipedia.org)
For example, unlike most benign tumors elsewhere in the body, benign brain tumors can be life-threatening. (wikipedia.org)
For this reason and other possible harms, some benign tumors are removed by surgery. (wikipedia.org)
When removed, benign tumors usually do not return. (wikipedia.org)
This disorder presents with many benign hamartomatous tumors including angiofibromas, renal angiomyolipomas, and pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis. (wikipedia.org)
We also are studying meningiomas, which are common brain tumors and usually benign. (umassmed.edu)

The term glioma refers to tumors that are histologically similar to normal glial cells i.e. astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells. (anatomywarehouse.com)

They then took cells from aggressive breast cancers and silenced lipocalin 2, and found that cell migration was significantly inhibited. (sciencedaily.com)
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), which accounts for about 15% of all lung cancer cases, is aggressive and has a tendency to metastasize ( 3 - 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
These are biologically aggressive tumors, and if left untreated survival is typically 3 months. (anatomywarehouse.com)

Surgery along with chemotherapy are the mainstay of treatment depending on the staging of the tumor . (wikidoc.org)
Depending on the location of the tumor his treatment may include radiation therapy to kill the tumor and chemotherapy to eliminate other cancer cells in his system. (cancer.org)
Oral chemotherapy in this case produced extended clinical remission of an isolated round cell tumor. (vin.com)
Surgery is commonly recommended for patients with stage I small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), whereas chemotherapy and radiotherapy are considered the standard treatment for patients with stage III SCLC. (frontiersin.org)
We are testing a new approach to enhance the efficacy of temozolomide (TMZ), which is the chemotherapy drug of choice for brain tumors. (umassmed.edu)

The first suggests that fetal gonocytes whose development into spermatogonia is blocked may undergo abnormal cell division and then invasive growth mediated by postnatal and pubertal gonadotrophin stimulation. (medscape.com)
When they transplanted human breast cancer cells into animals, those from tumors making lipocalin 2 were more locally invasive and more likely to metastasize to lymph nodes. (sciencedaily.com)
Raf/ERK drives the proliferative and invasive phenotype of BMPR2-silenced pulmonary artery endothelial cells. (nih.gov)
The hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) act as hypoxia sensors that orchestrate a coordinated response increasing the pro-survival and pro-invasive phenotype of cancer cells, and determine a broad metabolic rewiring. (mdpi.com)

Due to their small size and their remarkable stability in several types of clinical samples such as serum, plasma, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded and fresh-frozen tissues, miRNAs can serve as novel tumor biomarkers. (medscape.com)
Sacher AG, Gandhi L. Biomarkers for the clinical use of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in non-small-cell lung cancer. (agilent.com)

The current studies conclude that the presence of B cells and their location within TLS, which act as a lymph node within the tumor, is critical for response to checkpoint blockade, suggesting a dynamic interaction between several components of the immune system. (mdanderson.org)

Consequently, the high level of ROS can damage the normal functions of cells and even lead to cell apoptosis. (hindawi.com)
Normally, these cells are eliminated by apoptosis. (medscape.com)
We also investigated how cytotoxic T cells activate programmed cell death (apoptosis) in virally infected cells. (the-scientist.com)

Common risk factors include Caucasian race , Family history or personal history of germ cell tumor, Klinefelter syndrome . (wikidoc.org)
15 , 18 ] The age of tumor presentation is younger in patients with Klinefelter syndrome, and testing all younger males for Klinefelter syndrome should be considered. (kaiserpermanente.org)

It is widely accepted that DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and their misrepair in stem cells are critical events in the multistage origination of various leukemias and tumors, including gliomas. (nih.gov)
We studied whether microwaves from mobile telephones of the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) and the Universal Global Telecommunications System (UMTS) induce DSBs or affect DSB repair in stem cells. (nih.gov)
Contrary to fibroblasts, stem cells did not adapt to chronic exposure during 2 weeks. (nih.gov)
The strongest microwave effects were always observed in stem cells. (nih.gov)
Our findings that stem cells are most sensitive to microwave exposure and react to more frequencies than do differentiated cells may be important for cancer risk assessment and indicate that stem cells are the most relevant cellular model for validating safe mobile communication signals. (nih.gov)
Gliomas are believed to originate from stem cells in the brain ( Altaner 2008 ). (nih.gov)
In addition, the core also offers services for injecting stem cells or differentiated cells into immunocompromised mice for testing their ability to form teratomas or evaluating their differentiation capabilities. (nih.gov)
Injecting stem cells or differentiated cells into immunocompromised mice for transplantation study or tumor formation, including teratoma assays. (nih.gov)
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) (or tumor-initiating cells) are a new subpopulation that can self-renew and differentiate to produce malignant cells [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
PTEN phosphatase and tumor suppressor,CNS Stem Cells and neural tumors. (umassmed.edu)
Recent models suggest that the resistant cells are cancer stem cells. (umassmed.edu)
In particular, we are modulating signaling pathways to enhance TMZ-induced cell death and senescence of cancer stem cells. (umassmed.edu)

Because most patients are diagnosed when the tumor is still relatively localized and amenable to surgical removal, approximately 75% of all patients with renal cell cancer survive for 5 years. (cancer.gov)
Renal cell cancer is one of the few tumors in which well-documented cases of spontaneous tumor regression in the absence of therapy exist, but this regression occurs rarely and may not lead to long-term survival. (cancer.gov)
Approximately 85% of renal cell cancers are adenocarcinomas, mostly of proximal tubular origin. (cancer.gov)
For more information, see Transitional Cell Cancer of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter Treatment . (cancer.gov)
Distinguishing between well-differentiated renal adenocarcinomas and renal adenomas can be difficult. (cancer.gov)
The staging system for renal cell cancer is based on the degree of tumor spread beyond the kidney. (cancer.gov)
Kidney (renal) tumors grow in the tissues of the kidneys. (dana-farber.org)
Renal cell carcinoma is rare in children or in adolescents younger than 15 years of age. (dana-farber.org)

Histologically , Germ cell tumors can be classified as germinomatous/ undifferentiated germ cell tumors which include, dysgerminoma and seminoma . (wikidoc.org)

The most common LPS subtype is well-differentiated liposarcoma (WDLPS), in which cancer cells resemble highly differentiated adipose cells. (curesarcoma.org)

as an example, endocrine tumors such as thyroid adenomas and adrenocortical adenomas may overproduce certain hormones. (wikipedia.org)
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare neuroendocrine tumor originating from the parafollicular cells. (nih.gov)
The diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for the condition are different from those used for well-differentiated thyroid cancer. (nih.gov)
We also documented that treatment with an anti-diabetic drug metformin is associated with smaller tumor size and higher remission rate in diabetic patients with thyroid cancer. (nih.gov)

Researchers led by Marsha A. Moses, PhD, and Jiang Yang, PhD, of the Vascular Biology Program at Children's, induced human breast cancer cells to make large amounts of lipocalin 2, and showed that cell motility and invasiveness increased significantly. (sciencedaily.com)

Here, we aimed to identify optimal CARs against glypican 2 (GPC2) or CD276 (B7-H3), which were highly but heterogeneously expressed in neuroblastoma (NB), a lethal extracranial solid tumor of childhood. (jci.org)
We diagnose and treat all types of kidney tumors at our Childhood Solid Tumor Center . (dana-farber.org)
Patients must have a solid tumor for which irinotecan or topotecan is considered standard of care. (nih.gov)

Sood S, Hryhorczuk AL, Rissmiller J et al (2017) Spectrum of syndromic disorders associated with pediatric tumors: evolving role of practical imaging assessment. (springer.com)

Lab findings include abnormal serum tumor marker levels such as LDH , HCG ( seminoma ), lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH ), human chorionic gonadotropin ( HCG ), CA-125 , and alpha-fetoprotein ( AFP ) ( ovarian germ cell tumors ), alpha fetoprotein ( AFP ) greater than 100 ng/ml ( Endodermal sinus tumor) . (wikidoc.org)
Abnormal serum tumor marker levels ( LDH , HCG ). (wikidoc.org)
We investigated the distribution of CTCs in peripheral and portal blood of CRC patients, and analyzed the relationship between serum tumor CEA/CA19-9 markers and CTCs blood levels. (oncotarget.com)

This study is an example of the vital utility of preserving high-quality tumor samples that include clinical information," says coauthor Dr. Steven Rosenberg of NCI. (nih.gov)
However, a consistent increase in tumor marker levels, coupled with lack of clinical improvement, may indicate treatment failure. (aafp.org)
Combining this approach with interventions that enhance T cell trafficking and prevent acquired dysfunction in the TME may lead to a long-awaited breakthrough in the clinical implementation of CAR T cells for the treatment of solid tumors. (jci.org)
Esophageal cancers are classified as esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) according to histological type in clinical practice. (medsci.org)
Members of our Kidney Tumor Program also oversee laboratory and clinical research designed to improve understanding and treatment of childhood kidney tumors. (dana-farber.org)
At the time of publication, 255 days after initial clinical remission, a superficial lesion reappeared at the site of the tumor. (vin.com)
In brief, efforts attempting to improve ICT response in relapsed patients in clinical trials are currently centred on improving T-cell effector functions, targeting new immune checkpoint regulators (e.g., lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3)) and co-stimulatory agonists (e.g., inducible T-cell co-stimulator (ICOS) agonism), as well as boosting the memory phenotype using epigenetic modulators. (nature.com)
Slade I, Bacchelli C, Davies H et al (2011) DICER1 syndrome: clarifying the diagnosis, clinical features and management implications of a pleiotropic tumour predisposition syndrome. (springer.com)

Increasing evidence indicates that the introduction of specific miRNAs into cancer cells and tissues induces favorable therapeutic responses. (medscape.com)
Von Hippel-Lindau disease is a dominantly inherited cancer syndrome that significantly increases the risk of various tumors. (wikipedia.org)
The sun's ultraviolet radiation can damage the DNA in skin cells, causing genetic changes that may lead to cancer. (nih.gov)
To test whether TRRAP is an oncogene - a gene that can prevent normal cell death and cause cancer - the researchers disrupted TRRAP in melanoma cells. (nih.gov)
Because family physicians are assuming a greater role in caring for patients with cancer, an understanding of tumor markers is becoming increasingly important. (aafp.org)
Several risk factors for cancer of the vulva have been identified, and we are beginning to understand how these factors can cause cells in the vulva to become cancerous. (cancer.org)
Studies suggest that squamous cell cancer of the vulva (the most common type) can develop in at least 2 ways. (cancer.org)
Our kidney tumor specialists treat children with the most complex cases at Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center. (dana-farber.org)
Wilms tumor is the most common type of kidney cancer in children. (dana-farber.org)
Malignant rhabdoid tumor is a type of cancer that occurs mostly in infants and young children. (dana-farber.org)
This review delves into critical mechanisms by which cancer cells induce T-cell 'desertification' and 'exclusion' in ICT refractory tumours. (nature.com)
We have shown that one of the mechanisms of metformin action is inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation, leading to a change in the metabolic profile of cancer cells and in energetic stress. (nih.gov)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
Their activity helps the host avoid autoimmune disease but when mMDSC accumulate in a tumor bed, they prevent NK and T cells from eliminating the cancer. (nih.gov)
Address correspondence to: Ahmed A. Ahmed, Ovarian Cancer Cell Laboratory, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom. (jci.org)
Inhibition of STAT3 signaling targets both tumor-initiating and differentiated cell populations in prostate cancer. (stembook.org)
Evolutionary selection forces drive populations towards more fit phenotypes over generations, yet individual cancer cells can escape these forces by modifying their intracellular signaling on short times scales. (curesarcoma.org)
Oncolytic peptides take advantage of the differences between normal membranes and cancer cell membranes. (pharmacytimes.com)
However, this unique attribute of oncolytic peptides makes them highly effective against heterogeneity because of their ability to react with cancer cells, even in their dormant phase. (pharmacytimes.com)
A problem in this field is that cancer cells change in culture. (umassmed.edu)
Several studies have provided evidences of the presence of self-renewing tumor-initiating stem-like cancer cells in human cancers, including prostate cancer. (urotoday.com)
One recent accomplishment of the research team was to establish a model of prostate cancer stem cell enriched xenograft that shares features with a subgroup of prostate tumors. (urotoday.com)
Reduced expression ESE3/EHF in cancer cells leads to upregulation of Lin28A and Lin28B and downregulation of let-7 microRNAs. (urotoday.com)
The likelihood of a patient responding to immune checkpoint blockade may depend on B cells in the tumor, located within specialized immune-cell clusters known as tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), according to researchers at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center . (mdanderson.org)
These findings open up a whole new area ― that B cells are actually big drivers in cancer immunotherapy, specifically checkpoint blockade," said corresponding author Jennifer Wargo, M.D. , professor of Genomic Medicine and Surgical Oncology . (mdanderson.org)

Unfortunately, many patients are refractory to ICT because their tumours are considered to be 'cold' tumours-i.e., they do not allow the generation of T cells (so-called 'desert' tumours) or the infiltration of existing anti-tumour T cells (T-cell-excluded tumours). (nature.com)

11. Rodent osteoblast-like cells support osteoclastic differentiation of human cord blood monocytes in the presence of M-CSF and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3. (nih.gov)
18. Human cord blood monocytes undergo terminal osteoclast differentiation in vitro in the presence of culture medium conditioned by giant cell tumor of bone. (nih.gov)
Binding of this protein to CXCR3 results in pleiotropic effects, including stimulation of monocytes, natural killer and T-cell migration, and modulation of adhesion molecule expression. (cancerindex.org)

2005. Immunohistochemical stains for differentiating canine cutaneous round cell tumors. (vin.com)

As part of my medical training in hematology and oncology, I began a postdoc at MIT in the lab of Herman Eisen in the early eighties when molecular biology was just coming into its own: The T-cell receptor had just been discovered (work to which the Eisen lab contributed), and HIV was about to be identified as the cause of AIDS. (the-scientist.com)

Cytotoxic T cells work to detect and eliminate infected cells and tumor cells from the body. (agilent.com)
This PD-L1 signal is a stop sign designed to avoid elimination of normal cells by cytotoxic T cells. (agilent.com)
Anti PD-L1 antibody conjugated GNRs efficiently blocked the PD-1/PD-L1 interactions and consequently promoted GrB release from cytotoxic T cells that could be imaged using an activatable imaging probe that was co-delivered by GNRs. (aiche.org)
We synthesized the reporter probe using a short peptide containing a GrB-cleavable (IEPD) sequence that holds a FRET pair that provided fluorescence signal followed by cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity in tumors. (aiche.org)
The Eisen lab studied the cytotoxic T cells that were supposed to protect us against viral infections like HIV. (the-scientist.com)

These tumors represent approximately 15% of cancers in male adolescents aged 15 to 19 years and 4% of cancers in female adolescents aged 15 to 19 years. (kaiserpermanente.org)

However, stimulation of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α ) can lead to large production of large amounts of ROS [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)

1 - 3 ] Involvement of blood vessels may not be a poor prognostic sign if the tumor is otherwise confined to the substance of the kidney. (cancer.gov)
In the case of acute leukemias, age, cell type, cytogenetic abnormalities, leukemic cell burden, and CNS involvement at presentation are commonly used as prognostic guides and treatment indicators. (nih.gov)

Key role of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27kip1 for embryonal carcinoma cell survival and differentiation. (nih.gov)
ROS can downregulate the osteogenic differentiation markers and cause osteogenic damage to the osteoblast cell line MC3T3-E1 [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)

To date, no tumor marker has demonstrated a survival benefit in randomized controlled trials of screening in the general population. (aafp.org)
Even when regional lymphatics or blood vessels are involved with tumor, a significant number of patients can achieve prolonged survival and probable cure. (cancer.gov)

Based on their location, germ cell tumors can be classified into intragonadal ( ovary and testis ) or extragonadal ( mediastinum , brain , retroperitoneum , coccyx ). (wikidoc.org)
These tumors can be found anywhere on the midline, particularly the retroperitoneum, the anterior mediastinum, the sacrococcyx, and the pineal gland. (medscape.com)

Nevertheless, tumor markers can play a crucial role in detecting disease and assessing response to therapy in selected groups of patients. (aafp.org)
however, some patients will survive after surgical resection of all known tumor. (cancer.gov)
Tumor samples were collected from patients at baseline and during treatment through the APOLLO platform , and detailed immune profiling was completed in part by the immunotherapy platform , both part of the Moon Shots Program. (mdanderson.org)

Indeed, NY-ESO-1-targeting vaccines and adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) can induce regression of these tumors, but these responses are rarely durable. (curesarcoma.org)

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and their misrepair are critical molecular events resulting in chromosomal aberrations, which have often been associated with origination of various leukemias and tumors, including gliomas ( Fischer and Meese 2007 ). (nih.gov)
Mised gliomas tumors containing both oligodendrocytes and astrocytes are far more common. (cancer.org)

Squamous cell carcinoma normally occurs in the upper portion of the esophagus and depending on the proximity to other critical structures like the vocal cords and larynx radiation may or may not be done. (cancer.org)

Anatomy21

Organisms11

Diseases79

Chemicals and Drugs50

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment51

Phenomena and Processes49

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Health Care6

Metastatic14

Metastasis14

Poorly7

Prognosis12

Tissue16

Germ cell tumors in1

Recurrence3

Progression6

Biopsy4

Mast cell tumors5

Suppressor gene5

Nonseminomatous germ cell t2

Microenvironment5

Macrophages7

Glioblastoma2

Brain tumor3

Lymphocytes4

Anaplastic4

Metastases3

Proliferation5

Embryonic4

Carcinomas1

Malignant tumors2

Primary14

Gonadal4

Human Tumors1

Rare tumors1

Genes13

Therapies9

Epithelial9

Antigens5

Partially differentiated1

Mesenchymal4

Occur9

Extragonadal germ1

Antigen7

Benign11

Glioma1

Aggressive3

Chemotherapy5

Invasive4

Biomarkers2

Lymph1

Apoptosis3

Klinefelter2

Stem cells12

Renal8

Histologically1

Highly differentiated1

Thyroid4

Vascular1

Solid tumor3

20171

Serum tumor3

Clinical8

Cancer25

Infiltration1

Monocytes3

Immunohistochemical1

Biology1

Cytotoxic5

Cancers1

Necrosis1

Prognostic2

Differentiation2

Survival2

Retroperitoneum2

Patients3

Induce1

Gliomas2

Squamous1