CytoskeletonActinAssembly of microtubulesProteinsDisassemblyProtofilamentsFree tubulinBinding energy of tubulinAlpha-beta tubulin dimerMicrofilamentsBeta-tubulinTypes of spindle microtubulesLatticeVitroCentrosomeMonomersProteinCytoskeletalPolymersFilamentsBindsSpindleNetwork of microtubulesProperties of microtubulesMechanismCiliaDepolymerizationCylindricalPolymerizationPolar microtubulesNucleationPolymerizeMitosisMolecularAbstractSubunitDynamicsChromosomesHollowConsistKinetochoresStructuralStabilityOligomersPolypeptidesCentriolesCellRapidlyGTPasesFoundMutantsSustainDisassemble
Cytoskeleton15
- Growing evidence suggests that the manifold tasks of the cytoskeleton rely on the interactions between its filamentous components - actin filaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules. (biorxiv.org)
- There are three types of fibers within the cytoskeleton: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules (Figure 1). (lumenlearning.com)
- These elements of the cytoskeleton get their name from the fact that their diameter, 8 to 10 nm, is between those of microfilaments and microtubules. (lumenlearning.com)
- With a diameter of about 25 nm, microtubules are the widest components of the cytoskeleton. (lumenlearning.com)
- Three major types of filaments make up the cytoskeleton: actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. (camomienoteca.com)
- Microtubules, together with microfilaments and intermediate filaments, form the cell cytoskeleton. (camomienoteca.com)
- Microtubules are major components of the cytoskeleton. (camomienoteca.com)
- The primary filament systems comprising the cytoskeleton are microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments. (camomienoteca.com)
- Definition of cytoskeleton : the network of protein filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm that controls cell shape, maintains intracellular organization, and is involved in cell movement. (camomienoteca.com)
- Microtubules are part of the cytoskeleton, a structural network within the cell's cytoplasm. (camomienoteca.com)
- The roles of the microtubule cytoskeleton include mechanical support, organization of the cytoplasm, transport, motility and chromosome segregation. (camomienoteca.com)
- Microtubules are part of the cytoskeleton of all eukaryotic cells, however consciousness is the result of neurons in the cerebral cortex. (mappingignorance.org)
- Theskeleton that supports the structure of our cells, termed cytoskeleton is formed of several kinds of polymers including actin and microtubules. (dresdencondensates.org)
- The interior of the soma consists of cytoplasm, a gel within a microtrabecular lattice formed by the microtubules and associated proteins that make up the cytoskeleton . (comoficar.com)
- The cytoskeleton of a cell is made up of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments. (github.io)
Actin6
- The microtubules and actin filaments within the phragmoplast serve to guide vesicles with cell wall material to the growing cell plate. (sciforums.com)
- Actin filaments and microtubules form such complex intricate networks in cells that it is difficult to identify the principles of their self-organization. (cerclefser.org)
- These tools allow us to analyze and quantify actin and microtubule networks in cells of controled and regular shapes. (cerclefser.org)
- Similar to the formation of actin filaments from the self-assembly of actin monomers, tubulin forms asymmetric dimers that can self-assemble into microtubules. (cerclefser.org)
- Compared with actin filaments, microtubules are much more rigid, and almost straight in the dimensions of a single cell. (cerclefser.org)
- Microtubules can sustain much higher compression forces than actin filament but are not as numerous as actin filaments. (cerclefser.org)
Assembly of microtubules3
- The centrosome serves as the initiation site for the assembly of microtubules, which grow outward from the centrosome toward the periphery of the cell. (camomienoteca.com)
- The plant alkaloid colchicine binds to tubulin molecules and prevents the assembly of microtubules. (pediagenosis.com)
- It promotes the assembly of microtubules from tubulin dimers and stabilizes microtubules by preventing depolymerization. (lgmpharma.com)
Proteins13
- Kinesin-8s are dual-activity motor proteins that can move processively on microtubules and depolymerize microtubule plus-ends, but their mechanism of combining these distinct activities remains unclear. (nature.com)
- Sometimes, two or more identical proteins form a complex, such as this kinesin dimer. (jove.com)
- The walls of the microtubule are made of polymerized dimers of α -tubulin and β -tubulin, two globular proteins (Figure 5). (lumenlearning.com)
- This domain is found in all tubulin chains, as well as the bacterial FtsZ family of proteins. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- There are 39333 Tubulin domains in 39264 proteins in SMART's nrdb database. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- Taxonomic distribution of proteins containing Tubulin domain. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- The complete taxonomic breakdown of all proteins with Tubulin domain is also avaliable . (embl-heidelberg.de)
- Click on the protein counts, or double click on taxonomic names to display all proteins containing Tubulin domain in the selected taxonomic class. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- Microtubule lattice spacing governs cohesive envelope formation of tau family proteins. (cuni.cz)
- Kinesin motor proteins use adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis to do work on microtubules (MTs). (silverchair.com)
- All of these microtubules and their associated proteins are anchored to a basal body that is responsible for the formation of a core structure called the axoneme . (pediagenosis.com)
- The microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) in the dendrite have a higher molecular weight than those found in the axon. (comoficar.com)
- In contrast to intermediate filaments, which are composed of a variety of different fibrous proteins, microtubules are composed of a single type of globular protein, called tubulin. (github.io)
Disassembly5
- They work by enhancing tubulin dimers, stabilizing existing microtubules, and inhibiting their disassembly. (medscape.com)
- Using state-of-the-art solution synchrotron time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering, we discovered a disassembly catastrophe (half-life of ∼0.1 s) of tubulin rings and oligomers upon dilution or addition of guanosine triphosphate. (iucc.ac.il)
- Our analysis showed that the assembly and disassembly processes were consistent with an isodesmic mechanism, involving a sequence of reversible reactions in which dimers were rapidly added or removed one at a time, terminated by a 2 order-of-magnitude slower ring-closing/opening step. (iucc.ac.il)
- During the disassembly process, the tubulin dimers dissociate from the protofilaments and form a pool of free tubulin in the cytoplasm. (pediagenosis.com)
- This raised the possibility that the mechanical work produced by molecular motors as they move on microtubules can break dimer interactions and trigger microtubule disassembly. (academie-sciences.fr)
Protofilaments7
- On straight tubulin protofilaments in the microtubule lattice, loop-2-tubulin contacts inhibit conformational changes in the motor core, but in the ADP-Pi state these contacts are relaxed, allowing neck-linker docking for motility. (nature.com)
- Microtubules are composed of alpha- and beta-tubulin subunits assembled into linear protofilaments. (camomienoteca.com)
- Microtubules are built through the lateral assembly of linear protofilaments formed through the head-to-tail association of tubulin dimers (1). (camomienoteca.com)
- Lateral association of protofilaments forms the hollow cylindrical microtubule. (camomienoteca.com)
- Each microtubule consists of parallel protofilaments, each composed of α- and β-tubulin dimers. (pediagenosis.com)
- During the reassembly process the tubulin dimers polymerize in an end-to-end fashion to form protofilaments. (pediagenosis.com)
- There are more than 100 tubulins in a microtubule with 13 protofilaments and 0.1 µm length. (ijnnonline.net)
Free tubulin1
- We also found that dimer removal by motors was compensated by the insertion of free tubulin dimers into the microtubule lattice. (academie-sciences.fr)
Binding energy of tubulin1
- Moreover, we suggest a novel strategy to estimate the binding energy of tubulin dimers within the microtubule lattice. (biorxiv.org)
Alpha-beta tubulin dimer1
- Structure of the alpha beta tubulin dimer by electron crystallography. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Microfilaments3
- Like microfilaments, microtubules can dissolve and reform quickly. (lumenlearning.com)
- Besides its organelles, the cytoplasm contains a network of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and thick filaments (Fig. 4.6). (pediagenosis.com)
- Like microfilaments, microtubules can disassemble and reform quickly. (cloudaccess.net)
Beta-tubulin4
- For example, the cytoskeletal microtubules consist of alpha- and beta-tubulin dimers. (jove.com)
- The binding surfaces of alpha- and beta-tubulin monomers have complementary shapes. (jove.com)
- These matching shapes enable the monomers to form a large number of non-covalent bonds with each other, which then hold the alpha- and beta-tubulin together. (jove.com)
- The three-dimensional structure of FtsZ issimilar to the structure of alpha- and beta-tubulin. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Types of spindle microtubules2
- The overall shape of the spindle is framed by three types of spindle microtubules: kinetochore microtubules (green), astral microtubules (blue), and interpolar microtubules (red). (camomienoteca.com)
- There are three types of spindle microtubules: the kinetochore microtubules (K), polar microtubules (P), and astral microtubules (A). (github.io)
Lattice4
- We addressed this by obtaining cryo-EM structures (2.6-3.9 Å) of Candida albicans Kip3 in different catalytic states on the microtubule lattice and on a curved microtubule end mimic. (nature.com)
- We recently found that the low energy of tubulin dimer interactions allows for spontaneous loss of tubulin dimers from the microtubule lattice [1]. (academie-sciences.fr)
- Our results show that molecular motors can remove tubulin dimers from the lattice and rapidly destroy microtubules. (academie-sciences.fr)
- Our study reveals the existence of coupling between the motion of molecular motors and the renewal of the microtubule lattice. (academie-sciences.fr)
Vitro7
- Here, we show in a reconstituted in vitro system that vimentin intermediate filaments stabilize microtubules against depolymerization and support microtubule rescue. (biorxiv.org)
- Purified motors and microtubules have previously been observed to form asters in vitro 5 . (sciforums.com)
- FtsZ is a GTPase with weak sequence homology to tubulins.The nature of FtsZ polymers in vivo is unknown, but FtsZ can form tubules,sheets and minirings in vitro. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- In a recent study, we tested this hypothesis by studying the interplay between microtubules and moving molecular motors in vitro [2]. (academie-sciences.fr)
- Dans une étude récente, nous avons testé cette hypothèse en étudiant l'interaction entre les microtubules et les moteurs moléculaires en mouvement in vitro [2]. (academie-sciences.fr)
- Erythrocyte microtubule assembly in vitro. (johnshopkins.edu)
- Dive into the research topics of 'Erythrocyte microtubule assembly in vitro. (johnshopkins.edu)
Centrosome4
- Microtubules are also the structural elements of flagella, cilia, and centrioles (the latter are the two perpendicular bodies of the centrosome). (lumenlearning.com)
- In fact, in animal cells, the centrosome is the microtubule-organizing center. (lumenlearning.com)
- Within the centrosome there is a related protein, γ-tubulin, which is part of a complex that may provide the actual nucleating source. (atspace.org)
- In most animal cells, the MT network forms as an aster in which microtubules radiate from the centrosome, the main microtubule organizing center. (cerclefser.org)
Monomers2
- Microtubules are cylindrical polymers of 25 nanometers in diameter made of tubulin dimers, composed of alpha and beta monomers in a helical pathway. (mappingignorance.org)
- How the single units on the polymers (monomers and dimers) are concentrated to gether to synthesize the polymer is the subject of this study by the labs of Diez , Hyman , and Alberti . (dresdencondensates.org)
Protein5
- Tubulin is the major component of microtubules, while FtsZ is the polymer-forming protein of bacterial cell division, it is part of a ring in the middle of the dividing cell that is required for constriction of cell membrane and cell envelope to yield two daughter cells. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- Microtubules are formed from protein subunits called tubulin . (pediagenosis.com)
- There is no known mechanism for protecting microtubules (rigid tubes made of the tubulin protein) from decoherence, the environmentally-induced destruction of quantum coherence, the unavoidable coupling of a quantum system with the environment. (mappingignorance.org)
- In this work, the persistence of cortical microtubules against anti-microtubule treatment was thoroughly studied in the roots of several cesa mutants, namely thanatos , mre1 , any1 , prc1-1 and rsw1 , and the Cellulose Synthase Interacting 1 protein ( csi1) mutant pom2-4 . (biomedcentral.com)
- A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. (bvsalud.org)
Cytoskeletal1
- The alphabeta tubulin heterodimer is the structural subunit ofmicrotubules, which are cytoskeletal elements that are essential forintracellular transport and cell division in all eukaryotes. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Polymers1
- Microtubules are dynamic polymers, permanently assembling and disassembling, that serve as tracks for intra-cellular transport by molecular motors. (academie-sciences.fr)
Filaments2
- To understand these stabilizing effects, we directly measured the interaction forces between individual microtubules and vimentin filaments. (biorxiv.org)
- Microtubules, the active filaments with tubular shapes, play important roles in a wide range of cellular functions, including structural supports, mitosis, cytokinesis, and vesicular transport, which are essential for the growth and division of eukaryotic cells. (ijnnonline.net)
Binds2
- Although a construct of only the motor domain of kinesin 13 binds to every heterodimer of a tubulin ring, a construct containing the neck and the motor domain occupies alternate binding sites. (silverchair.com)
- Specifically, docetaxel binds to the _-subunit of tubulin. (lgmpharma.com)
Spindle2
- The reorganization of microtubules into the spindle has been extensively described, but cannot yet be connected to the action of M phase kinase. (atspace.org)
- The vinca alkaloid drugs ( e.g., vinblastine and vincristine), which are sometimes used in the treatment of cancer, also bind to microtubules and inhibit formation of the mitotic spindle, which is essential for cell proliferation. (pediagenosis.com)
Network of microtubules1
- Brain neuron axon showing the network of microtubules. (mappingignorance.org)
Properties of microtubules2
- Finding properties of microtubules is one of the main concerns of scientists. (ijnnonline.net)
- Nanobiomechanical Properties of Microtubules', International Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , 11(3), pp. 179-184. (ijnnonline.net)
Mechanism4
- An important gap in our understanding of the kinesin-8 depolymerization mechanism is the lack of a kinesin-8 structure bound to curved tubulin. (nature.com)
- Without a protecting mechanism, the role of quantum computation in microtubules in the emergence of consciousness recalls to me water memory, Benveniste's proposal to explain the mechanism by which homeopathic remedies work 2 . (mappingignorance.org)
- This self-repair mechanism allows microtubules to survive the damage induced by molecular motors as they move along their tracks. (academie-sciences.fr)
- Even though the "alignment hypothesis" has been proposed decades ago, a mechanism explaining how cortical microtubules, located inside of the plasma membrane, control the orientation of cellulose microfibrils, outside of the protoplast, remained ambiguous. (biomedcentral.com)
Cilia3
- They are responsible for the formation of the highly organized core of microtubules found in cilia and flagella. (pediagenosis.com)
- Cilia and flagella are microtubule-filled cellular extensions whose enclosing membrane is continuous with the cell membrane. (pediagenosis.com)
- Recent evidence suggests that not all cilia contain this internal structure, and some may be missing the central pair of microtubules. (pediagenosis.com)
Depolymerization5
- These data reveal that the microtubule depolymerization activity of kinesin-8 originates from conformational changes of its motor core that are amplified by dynamic contacts between its extended loop-2 and tubulin. (nature.com)
- On curved microtubule ends, loop-1 inserts into preceding motor domains, forming head-to-tail arrays of kinesin-8s that complement loop-2 contacts with curved tubulin and assist depolymerization. (nature.com)
- We propose that these tubulin shape-induced alternations between pro-microtubule-depolymerization and pro-motility kinesin states, regulated by loop-2, are the key to the dual activity of kinesin-8 motors. (nature.com)
- A lack of high-resolution structures capturing a kinesin-8 motor domain at each major step of its motile and microtubule depolymerization cycles has limited our understanding of the relationship between these two catalytic cycles and the structural elements of the motor domain that control them. (nature.com)
- At this time, our knowledge of the catalytic cycles of kinesins is limited to motile kinesins that are incapable of microtubule depolymerization, and to microtubule-depolymerizing kinesins that are non-motile. (nature.com)
Cylindrical1
- Centrioles are small, cylindrical structures composed of an array of highly organized microtubules. (pediagenosis.com)
Polymerization4
- The mechanisms of action of paclitaxel are tubulin polymerization and microtubule stabilization. (medscape.com)
- BST06 )) or a tubulin polymerization buffer in the form of glycerol containing G-PEM (PEM plus 1 mM GTP (Cat. (cytoskeleton.com)
- As a result of the polymerization process, each microtubule possesses a nongrowing "minus" end and a rapidly growing "plus" end. (pediagenosis.com)
- The inhibitory effect is most likely to be due to the increased stability of erythrocyte tubulin oligomers, including a novel polymer of coiled rings that forms during the rapid phase of microtubule polymerization. (johnshopkins.edu)
Polar microtubules1
- Answer and Explanation: The two different types of microtubules are kinetochores and polar microtubules. (camomienoteca.com)
Nucleation2
- In this study we show that erythrocyte tubulin oligomers also retard the rate of microtubule nucleation and the net rate of self-assembly. (johnshopkins.edu)
- The slow rate of dissociation of rings and coils into dimers and small oligomers appears to limit both the nucleation and elongation steps in the self-assembly of erythrocyte microtubules. (johnshopkins.edu)
Polymerize1
- Tau concentrates the tubulin dimers, which in turn polymerize to make microtubules inside the tau droplet. (dresdencondensates.org)
Mitosis4
- Centrioles are small hollow cylinders consisting of microtubules that become located near the poles during mitosis. (atspace.org)
- Figure 27.32 Major changes in the cell at mitosis involve the chromosomes, nuclear envelope, nuclear lamina, and microtubules. (atspace.org)
- Chromosomes, for example, rely upon this property of microtubules during mitosis. (lgmpharma.com)
- In addition, docetaxel induces abnormal arrays or 'bundles' of microtubules throughout the cell cycle and multiple asters of microtubules during mitosis. (lgmpharma.com)
Molecular5
- Here we study the extent and the characteristics of self-organization using microtubules and molecular motors 2 as a model system. (sciforums.com)
- article{CRBIOL_2021__344_3_297_0, author = {Sarah Triclin and Daisuke Inoue and J\'er\'emie Gaillard and Laurent Blanchoin and Manuel Th\'ery}, title = {A new perspective on microtubule dynamics: destruction by molecular motors and self-repair}, journal = {Comptes Rendus. (academie-sciences.fr)
- TY - JOUR AU - Sarah Triclin AU - Daisuke Inoue AU - Jérémie Gaillard AU - Laurent Blanchoin AU - Manuel Théry TI - A new perspective on microtubule dynamics: destruction by molecular motors and self-repair JO - Comptes Rendus. (academie-sciences.fr)
- For this aim, interaction energy in alpha-beta, beta-alpha, alpha-alpha and beta-beta dimers was calculated using the molecular dynamic simulation and GROMACS software package. (ijnnonline.net)
- So, molecular dynamic simulation of a microtubule will be a very difficult task. (ijnnonline.net)
Abstract1
- abstract = "Chicken erythrocyte tubulin containing a unique β tubulin variant polymerizes with greater efficiency (lower critical concentration) but at a slower rate than chicken brain tubulin. (johnshopkins.edu)
Subunit1
- In a previous study we demonstrated that the low net rate of assembly is partly due to the presence of large oligomers and rings which reduce the initial rate of subunit elongation on microtubule seeds (Murphy, D.B., and Wallis, K.T. (1985) J. Biol. (johnshopkins.edu)
Dynamics2
- Combined with numerical simulations, our observations provide detailed insight into the physical nature of the interactions and how they affect microtubule dynamics. (biorxiv.org)
- In addition, cell expansion does not only rely on cortical microtubule orientation but also plays a regulatory role in microtubule dynamics, as well. (biomedcentral.com)
Chromosomes1
- The AAA+ ATPase activity of spastin (SPAST) removes attached microtubules from chromosomes, allowing formation of a sealed nuclear envelope (Vietri et al. (reactome.org)
Hollow4
- As their name implies, microtubules are small hollow tubes. (lumenlearning.com)
- Microtubules are hollow. (lumenlearning.com)
- Figure 27.33 The centriole consists of nine microtubule triplets, apparent in cross-section as the wall of a hollow cylinder. (atspace.org)
- A motile cilium contains nine sets of doublet microtubules that form a hollow cylinder surrounding a central pair of singlet microtubules. (pediagenosis.com)
Consist2
- Their walls consist of 13 polymerized dimers of α-tubulin and β-tubulin (right image). (lumenlearning.com)
- Microtubules themselves consist of dimers of α-tubulin and β-tubulin. (atspace.org)
Kinetochores1
- Microtubules extend from organizing centers that are found in the centrosomes and at the kinetochores. (atspace.org)
Structural1
- Then, it would be better to build a structural mechanic model which has rather similar properties with microtubule. (ijnnonline.net)
Stability5
- This stability results in the inhibition of the normal dynamic reorganization of the microtubule network that is essential for vital interphase and mitotic cellular functions. (lgmpharma.com)
- While the regulation of cell wall properties by cortical microtubules is well studied, the data on the influence of cell wall to cortical microtubule organization and stability remain scarce. (biomedcentral.com)
- Furthermore, to examine if the enhanced stability of cortical microtubules was due to reduced cellulose biosynthesis or to suppression of cell expansion, treatments of wild-type roots with 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB) and Congo red were performed. (biomedcentral.com)
- According to these findings, it may be concluded that inhibition of cell expansion, irrespective of the cause, results in increased microtubule stability in A. thaliana root. (biomedcentral.com)
- Various hypotheses may explain the increased cortical microtubule stability under decreased cell expansion such as the role of cell wall sensors and the presence of less dynamic cortical microtubules. (biomedcentral.com)
Oligomers1
- Cold tubulin dimers coexist with tubulin oligomers and single rings. (iucc.ac.il)
Polypeptides1
- Tubulin is a dimer consisting of two closely related 55-kd polypeptides, -tubulin and -tubulin. (github.io)
Centrioles2
- Centrioles and basal bodies are structurally identical organelles composed of highly organized microtubules. (pediagenosis.com)
- Internally, centrioles and basal bodies have an amorphous central core surrounded by clusters formed of triplet sets of microtubules. (pediagenosis.com)
Cell8
- Microtubules are found in the interior of the cell where they maintain cell shape by resisting compressive forces. (lumenlearning.com)
- The microtubule network is recognized for its role in regulating cell growth and movement as well as key signaling events, which modulate fundamental cellular processes. (camomienoteca.com)
- Transportation of specific organelles within the cell via microtubule "roadways" or "conveyor belts. (camomienoteca.com)
- Microtubules function in many ways, including the development and maintenance of cell form. (pediagenosis.com)
- This adversely affects cell function because the shortening and lengthening of microtubules (termed dynamic instability) is necessary for their function as a transportation highway for the cell. (lgmpharma.com)
- In addition, microtubules in dendrites have their positive ends toward the cell soma. (comoficar.com)
- Cortical microtubules regulate cell expansion by determining cellulose microfibril orientation in the root apex of Arabidopsis thaliana . (biomedcentral.com)
- Studies on cellulose biosynthesis mutants revealed that cortical microtubules depend on Cellulose Synthase A (CESA) function and/or cell expansion. (biomedcentral.com)
Rapidly1
- Microtubules are dynamic structures that can rapidly disassemble in one location and reassemble in another. (pediagenosis.com)
GTPases1
- FtsZ and tubulin are GTPases, this entry is the GTPase domain. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Found2
- Is consciousness to be found in quantum processes in microtubules? (sciforums.com)
- Where microtubules are found? (camomienoteca.com)
Mutants3
- We also determined a crystal structure of microtubule-unbound Ca Kip3-ADP (2.0 Å) and analyzed the biochemical activity of Ca Kip3 and kinesin-1 mutants. (nature.com)
- Furthermore, it has been reported that cortical microtubules in cellulose-deficient mutants are hypersensitive to oryzalin. (biomedcentral.com)
- Cortical microtubules in all mutants showed statistically significant increased persistence against anti-microtubule drugs, compared to those of the wild-type. (biomedcentral.com)
Sustain1
- 7 , and others 8 , have shown that microtubules can neither sustain long-lived quantum states nor support quantum information processing associated with tubulin dimers as qubits. (mappingignorance.org)
Disassemble1
- The resulting microtubule/docetaxel complex does not have the ability to disassemble. (lgmpharma.com)