• Some affected individuals develop renal tubular acidosis, which occurs when the kidneys are unable to remove enough acid from the body and the blood becomes too acidic. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Low blood pressure suggests diuretic abuse or a renal tubular disorder such as Bartter syndrome, Gitelman syndrome, or renal tubular acidosis. (medscape.com)
  • Damage to tubular cells results in electrolyte disturbances, acidosis and decreased urine production. (marlerblog.com)
  • Proteinuria (in the absence of lower urinary tract disease) is therefore usually a marker of renal damage or dysfunction (glomerular or tubular), although this may result from either primary or secondary renal disease. (vin.com)
  • In human beings, most cases of renal failure occur secondary to diabetes mellitus or essential hypertension, and there is considerable interest in the potential role of proteinuria as a cause, as well as an indicator, of progressive renal damage. (vin.com)
  • In the veterinary field, significant renal-origin proteinuria has been demonstrated in association with a variety of underlying conditions in dogs, and there is evidence to suggest that in cases of canine chronic renal failure, proteinuria is a negative prognostic indicator, with a number of recent studies also evaluating MA in dogs. (vin.com)
  • Proteinuria has been shown to occur in cats with immune-mediated glomerulonephritis, multiple myeloma, acute renal failure, chronic renal failure, hyperthyroidism acute pancreatitis, drug reactions and hypertension. (vin.com)
  • There is also preliminary evidence that higher levels of proteinuria correlate with reduced survival times in cats with or without renal failure. (vin.com)
  • At the age of 31 years, he was hospitalized for proteinuria in nephrotic range (6 g/24 h), hypertension and a reduced creatinine clearance rate (eGFR 57 mL/min). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Early manifestations of cadmium nephropathy are those of tubular dysfunction, including low molecular weight tubular proteinuria (eg, beta2-microglobulin), aminoaciduria, and renal glucosuria. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Compared with glomerulopathies, proteinuria and hematuria are less dramatic, and hypertension is less common. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • On a median follow-up period of 65 months, hypertension and the serum levels of creatinine and proteinuria at the time of renal biopsy were correlated with renal survival. (qxmd.com)
  • On follow-up, these chronic renal lesions were predictors of subsequent clinical events associated with disease progression, such as impaired renal function, significant proteinuria, and development of hypertension. (qxmd.com)
  • Nephrotic syndrome is neither a single gested that IL-1 has a significant role in the disease nor even a heterogeneous group of immunopathogenesis of proteinuria [ 7 ] and related diseases. (who.int)
  • Signs of tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and interlobular sclerosis were noted. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chronic lead exposure (ie, for 5 to ≥ 30 years) causes progressive tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis, with renal insufficiency, hypertension, and gout. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Chronic renal lesions based on a grading system applied to primary IgA nephropathy and assessing the extent of glomerular sclerosis (glomerular grading), of tubular loss and interstitial fibrosis (tubulointerstitial grading), and of hyaline arteriolosclerosis demonstrated correlation between these lesions, as well as with renal survival. (qxmd.com)
  • She underwent renal biopsy which showed diffuse global glomerulosclerosis with prominent subcapsular fibrosis, tubular atrophy, severe interstitial fibrosis involving 60% of the cortex ( figure 1 ) and calcium oxalate deposition ( figure 2 ) on light microscopy. (bmj.com)
  • Variable amount of tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis depending on the point in the natural history of the condition that the biopsy is performed. (medscape.com)
  • At the age of 35, he was referred to our hospital and started dialysis: the unusual finding of left ventricular hypertrophy with a normal ejection fraction and of myocardial fibrosis at the cardiac magnetic resonance suggested a diagnosis of Fabry disease, although there was no apparent family history-so extensive tests were subsequently undertaken. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF) is an autosomal recessive disease that primarily affects the hepatobiliary and renal systems. (medscape.com)
  • It is characterized by hepatic fibrosis, portal hypertension, and renal cystic disease. (medscape.com)
  • Congenital hepatic fibrosis is one of the fibropolycystic diseases, which also include Caroli disease , autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). (medscape.com)
  • Congenital hepatic fibrosis is associated with an impairment of renal functions, usually caused by an ARPKD, which is a severe form of polycystic kidney disease . (medscape.com)
  • Because of the variable clinical presentations, congenital hepatic fibrosis is believed to represent a broad spectrum of hepatic and renal lesions rather than a single clinical entity. (medscape.com)
  • The family of fibropolycystic diseases are characterized by varying degrees of persistent bile duct structures, fibrosis, and duct dilatation. (medscape.com)
  • Congenital hepatic fibrosis is a ductal plate malformation of the small interlobular bile ducts, whereas Caroli disease involves the large intrahepatic bile ducts. (medscape.com)
  • The classic renal lesion associated with congenital hepatic fibrosis is ARPKD, which results in an impairment of renal functions. (medscape.com)
  • Congenital hepatic fibrosis is characterized by the intrahepatic form of portal hypertension, which is caused by the intrahepatic obstruction that affects the blood supply to the liver and subsequently leads to the development of cavernous transformations of the portal vein with a rise in portal venous pressure. (medscape.com)
  • Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multisystem disease affecting epithelia of the respiratory tract, exocrine pancreas, intestine, hepatobiliary system, and exocrine sweat glands. (nih.gov)
  • In various mouse and rat models of obesity and type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, eCBs generated in various renal cells activate CB 1 receptors and contribute to the development of oxidative stress, inflammation, and renal fibrosis. (degruyter.com)
  • Both agents blunted the increase in tubulointerstitial fibrosis, renal expression of α-smooth muscle actin and vimentin along with transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced renal Rho-kinase activity seen in the control group. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Our study shows that T-type calcium channel blockade has renal protective actions that depend not only on hemodynamic effects but also pertain to Rho-kinase activity, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. (elsevierpure.com)
  • While bone marrow-derived myofibroblasts in renal fibrosis has been reported, the cell origin and mechanisms regulating their transition into myofibroblasts remain undefined. (oncotarget.com)
  • The MMT process occurred predominantly within M2-type macrophages and was regulated by TGF-β/Smad3 signalling as deletion of Smad3 in the bone marrow compartment of GFP+ chimeric mice prevented the M2 macrophage transition into the MMT cells and progressive renal fibrosis. (oncotarget.com)
  • This process contributes to progressive renal tissue fibrosis and is regulated by TGF-β/Smad3 signalling. (oncotarget.com)
  • Fibrosis is a key pathological feature and is considered to be a final common pathway leading to end-stage organ failure in many chronic diseases regardless of the underlying aetiology [ 1 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Renal biopsy showed glomerulosclerosis, fibrosis and calcium oxalate deposition. (bmj.com)
  • It can lead to tubular damage, interstitial inflammation and fibrosis that can cause acute or chronic renal failure, and may progress to end-stage renal disease. (bmj.com)
  • Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis Tubulointerstitial nephritis is primary injury to renal tubules and interstitium resulting in decreased renal function. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The effect of pentoxifylline on Klotho levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with chronic kidney disease (CKD) was assessed in a post hoc analysis of the Pentoxifylline for Renoprotection in Diabetic Nephropathy (PREDIAN) trial. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The renal outcome of 34 patients with Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis was assessed clinically and by grading acute and chronic renal lesions using a system we applied to primary IgA nephropathy. (qxmd.com)
  • We have learned a lot more about the line-ups of both teams through recent genetic advances, although autosomal dominant (AD) Tubulointerstitial Nephritis may be the pre-match favorite due to its star performer uromodulin-associated kidney disease (UMOD) Nephropathy. (medscape.com)
  • There have been a variety of names for these conditions, including medullary cystic kidney disease (MCKD), despite medullary cysts being far from universal, and familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy. (medscape.com)
  • Renal: Hypertension, Chronic nephropathy with proximal tubular damage. (cdc.gov)
  • Dr. Sethi at Medanta, The Medicity is the leading Pediatric Nephrologist providing diagnostic and treatment services for children with conditions of the kidney especially Nephrotic syndrome , Glomerular disorders, rare tubular disorders and Chronic Kidney disease. (pediatricnephrologyindia.com)
  • A high prevalence of cutaneous disorders is expected, because most patients with ESRD have an underlying disease process with cutaneous manifestations. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, uremia and conditions associated with renal replacement therapy are fraught with numerous and, often, relatively unique cutaneous disorders. (medscape.com)
  • Consequently, dermatologic manifestations of renal disease may be divided into 3 general categories including: (1) dermatologic manifestations of diseases associated with the development of ESRD, (2) dermatologic manifestations of uremia, and (3) dermatologic disorders associated with renal transplantation. (medscape.com)
  • Many cutaneous disorders experienced by patients undergoing dialysis have little to do with the uremic syndrome and are related to the same underlying pathologic process that caused the renal disease. (medscape.com)
  • These systemic disorders and the associated renal diseases and cutaneous manifestations are tabulated in Table 1, below. (medscape.com)
  • Glomerulonephropathies and Disorders of Tubular Function 92. (booksca.ca)
  • Overview of Tubulointerstitial Diseases Tubulointerstitial diseases are clinically heterogeneous disorders that share similar features of tubular and interstitial injury. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Urine can also indicate renal excretory disorders, pregnancy in women, adulteration in foods and steroids in the body. (indianetzone.com)
  • 1 2 Historically, the two most common types of amyloid disorders leading to renal involvement are AL and AA. (highwire.org)
  • Tubulointerstitial diseases constitute a diverse group of acute and chronic, hereditary and acquired disorders involving the renal tubules and supporting structures ( Table 146-1 ). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The topics to be covered include the structural organization and biochemistry of the normal and diseased kidney, the molecular biology of transporters, the physiology and pathophysiology of glomerular filtration and tubular transport, endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell function, and blood pressure control, as well as water, electrolyte, and mineral metabolism. (karger.com)
  • Normally, activation of the CB 1 receptor regulates renal vascular hemodynamics and stimulates the transport of ions and proteins in different nephron compartments. (degruyter.com)
  • We hypothesized that in early ADPKD, the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NAD(P)H)-oxidase complex-4 (NOX4), a major source of ROS in renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) and endothelial cells (ECs), induces EC mitochondrial abnormalities, contributing to endothelial dysfunction, vascular abnormalities, and renal disease progression. (tau.ac.il)
  • A particular emphasis is placed on the paracrine, autocrine, and hormonal regulation of renal tubular and vascular function. (augusta.edu)
  • Peripheral vascular disease* r. (cdc.gov)
  • Congenital heart diseases in adults 19. (muni.cz)
  • Congenital Heart Disease 56. (booksca.ca)
  • The kidney is the most common organ to be involved in systemic amyloidosis often leading to renal failure and the nephrotic syndrome. (highwire.org)
  • However, the kidney is probably the most commonly involved organ and when affected can result in nephrotic syndrome and renal failure. (highwire.org)
  • In 2008, Benson et al reported a case in which a patient presenting with nephrotic syndrome and renal failure leading to dialysis was found to have isolated deposition of amyloid in the glomerulus. (highwire.org)
  • minimal change nephrotic syndrome possible at present to distinguish whether is found in approximately 85% of INS, IL-6 contributes to renal dysfunction or mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis whether it reflects renal damage [ 10 ]. (who.int)
  • This can lead to the body experiencing hypertension, edema, and cardiovascular dysfunction. (wikipedia.org)
  • In type 2 diabetes, chronic hyperglycemia and glomerular hyperfiltration leads to glomerular and proximal tubular dysfunction. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Increasing evidence supports the idea that targeting aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction, such as mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, restores mitochondrial function and improves renal function in DKD. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction has been identified as a key event in the progression of DKD, and pharmacologically restoring mitochondrial function in the early stages of DKD may be a potential therapeutic strategy in preventing disease progression. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Alterations in glomerular permeability may occur in primary glomerular disease (amyloidosis, immune-mediated glomerulonephritis, hereditary glomerulonephropathies) or as a result of glomerular capillary hypertension, or endothelial cell dysfunction. (vin.com)
  • Short-term lead exposure causes proximal tubular dysfunction, including decreased urate secretion and hyperuricemia (urate is the substrate for saturnine gout), aminoaciduria, and renal glucosuria. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The functional consequences of tubular dysfunction are outlined in Table 146-2 . (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress are evident in patients with ADPKD, preserved renal function, and controlled hypertension. (tau.ac.il)
  • Endothelial dysfunction precedes capillary loss, and the latter correlates with worsening of renal disease. (tau.ac.il)
  • It eventually leads to irreversible kidney failure (end-stage renal disease). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Fifteen to 20 years following the appearance of signs and symptoms, individuals with fibronectin glomerulopathy often develop end-stage renal disease. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Over time, the kidneys' ability to filter waste decreases until the kidneys can no longer function, resulting in end-stage renal disease. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the United States and many other countries. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Dermatologic manifestations of renal disease are not uncommon findings in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). (medscape.com)
  • Because dialysis and transplant centers are required to report specific information regarding each patient diagnosed with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) to the United States Renal Data System (USRDS), data regarding the causes of ESRD are readily available in the Annual Data Report published by the USRDS. (medscape.com)
  • Significance Statement Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) affects 20% to 40% of patients with diabetes and has limited treatment options. (aspetjournals.org)
  • For patient education information, see Diabetes Center , Cholesterol Center , and Chronic Kidney Disease . (medscape.com)
  • Review of the 2019 report reveals that diabetes mellitus remains the most common cause of ESRD, responsible for approximately 42% of all patients on renal replacement therapy. (medscape.com)
  • The frequency and severity of the lesions are increased when hypertension or diabetes mellitus are present. (slideserve.com)
  • CKD stemming from diabetes or glomerular disease progresses more rapidly than that caused by hypertension or tubular interstitial disease. (doctorworld.net)
  • Chronic comorbidities were common among patients with gout and included conditions associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, such as obesity, diabetes and hypertension. (bmj.com)
  • African american with hypertension, diabetes. (freezingblue.com)
  • The current review focuses on the role of the eCB system in normal kidney function and various diseases, such as diabetes and obesity, that directly contributes to the development of renal pathologies. (degruyter.com)
  • Half of the patients had hypertension, while diabetes, human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) were other comorbidities. (bvsalud.org)
  • Background Growing evidence suggests incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) may be a long-term outcome of COVID-19 infection, and chronic diseases, such as diabetes, may influence CVD risk associated with COVID-19. (cdc.gov)
  • Small proteins or amino acids that do pass through the normal glomerulus are mostly reabsorbed by renal tubules, or degraded by tubular epithelial cells. (vin.com)
  • increased secretion of proteins from tubular epithelial cells or, less commonly, overflow from the circulation if there is raised serum levels of low-molecular weight proteins). (vin.com)
  • Uromodulin is specifically synthesized and secreted by kidney tubular epithelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Renal ultrasound showed normal kidneys without stones, masses, hydronephrosis or increased echogenicity. (bmj.com)
  • Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as an abrupt or rapid decline in renal filtration function. (medscape.com)
  • Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease 91. (booksca.ca)
  • Our basic science research portfolio is equally diverse, including investigations into acute kidney injury, epithelial oxalate transport and the microbiome, renal tubular transport defects and studies of amino acid metabolism in renal epithelia. (uchicago.edu)
  • Translational and basic science research are focused on the areas of acute kidney injury, epithelial oxalate transport, renal epithelial cell biology and amino acid metabolism, proteomics in nephrolithiasis and urinary exosomal studies of tubular cation transport. (uchicago.edu)
  • while reading the studies, it was concluded that Acute Kidney Injury was the main renal finding in patients contaminated by SARS-CoV-2. (bvsalud.org)
  • The majoritary findings concluded that Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) was the main renal finding in patients contaminated by SARS-coV-2, follow by the risk factors identified for developing renal worsening in patients with COVID-19, like the extremes of age, race, sex, pre-existing diseases and disease evolution. (bvsalud.org)
  • Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) commonly occurs in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients who have been hospitalised and is associated with a poor prognosis. (bvsalud.org)
  • His father died of pulmonary enphysema at the age of 54 years, and had no renal or cardiovascular disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A deficiency of magnesium results in the continual opening of the ROMK channel, allowing potassium to flow out of the tubular cells into the urine unchecked. (medscape.com)
  • Urine is produced through the three processes of filtration, reabsorption, and tubular secretion. (indianetzone.com)
  • If any abnormality is found in the urine, Ashtang Ayurveda suggests immediate investigation of the source of the disease and the associated treatments. (indianetzone.com)
  • Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is categorized as classic (severe), intermediate, or intermittent. (nih.gov)
  • Patchy or diffuse denudation of the renal tubular cells with loss of brush border is observed, suggesting acute tubular necrosis as the cause of acute renal failure. (medscape.com)
  • Malignant hypertension.Fibrinoid necrosis of afferent arteriole (PAS stain). (slideserve.com)
  • [4] Severe cases develop acute cortical necrosis affecting most cells in the renal cortex. (marlerblog.com)
  • Restriction of salt and fluid becomes crucial in the management of oliguric renal failure, wherein the kidneys do not adequately excrete either toxins or fluids. (medscape.com)
  • In a follow up scenario showing severe renal flare after achieving remission with induction therapy, 58 % of rheumatologists chose CYC and RTX combination therapy, whereas the top choice for nephrologists (43 %) was CYC alone. (bvsalud.org)
  • 3 Males and patients with later age of onset tend to have more severe disease and poorer prognosis. (lww.com)
  • Patients with moderate or severe renal impairment require dose interval adjustment of lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil that cannot be achieved with the combination tablet (see sections 4.4 and 5.2). (who.int)
  • Clinical management for DKD relies primarily on blood pressure and glycemic control through the use of numerous therapeutics that slow disease progression. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Chronic kidney disease (CKD) follows a five-stage progression, each stage marked by a decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). (doctorworld.net)
  • Older individuals tend to experience faster disease progression. (doctorworld.net)
  • 13 Socioeconomic factors have been associated with poorer outcomes and higher disease activity, 14 although it remains unclear whether it plays a role in disease susceptibility or subsequent progression. (lww.com)
  • The severity and rate of disease progression range from serious life-threatening complications leading to death in the second to third decade, to a normal life span complicated by significant disability from progressive joint manifestations and cardiorespiratory disease. (nih.gov)
  • To examine whether blockade of these channels has a role in protection against tubulointerstitial damage, we used a stereo-selective T-type calcium channel blocker R(-)-efonidipine and studied its effect on the progression of this type of renal injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats that had undergone subtotal nephrectomy. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Pulmonary embolism and thrombembolic disease 30. (muni.cz)
  • Chronic pulmonary hypertension 31. (muni.cz)
  • Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension 53. (booksca.ca)
  • No deposits are evident on EM but in some cases pulmonary alveolar capillary basement membranes are attacked and mey lead to pulmonary hemorrhage and renal failure. (freezingblue.com)
  • These findings indicated that the patient suffered from pulmonary hypertension . (symptoma.com)
  • About 25% of patients with APL treated with VESANOID (tretinoin) have experienced a syndrome called the retinoic acid-APL ( RA -APL) syndrome characterized by fever, dyspnea , acute respiratory distress, weight gain, radiographic pulmonary infiltrates, pleural and pericardial effusions, edema, and hepatic, renal, and multi- organ failure . (rxlist.com)
  • In contrast, activation of the renal CB 2 receptors reduces the deleterious effects of these chronic diseases. (degruyter.com)
  • The UMOD story got a lot more interesting when Trudu et al published an intriguing set of experiments establishing a link between uromodulin, hypertension, and kidney disease via activation of the renal sodium co-transporter NKCC2. (medscape.com)
  • The large bullae are consistent with either porphyria cutanea tarda or the bullous disease of dialysis. (medscape.com)
  • Also discussed are the (patho)physiology and (patho)biochemistry of renal hormones, the molecular biology, genetics, and clinical course of renal disease and hypertension, the renal elimination, action, and clinical use of drugs, as well as dialysis and transplantation. (karger.com)
  • Studies on the association of serum uromodulin and outcomes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are lacking. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We measured serum uromodulin concentrations by ELISA in 2652 CKD patients from the Chinese Cohort Study of Chronic Kidney Disease (C-STRIDE) and investigated the association of serum uromodulin with outcomes of CKD patients, including end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) receiving kidney replacement therapy, cardiovascular events and mortality by Cox proportional hazards regression model. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hence, in the current study, we measured the serum uromodulin levels and investigated the association of serum uromodulin with kidney function and outcomes of CKD in a large, multicenter prospective cohort study of CKD patients, the Chinese Cohort Study of Chronic Kidney Disease (C-STRIDE). (biomedcentral.com)
  • 3 It appears to spare nerves and fat but renal manifestations predominate. (highwire.org)
  • Introduction to Metabolic and Biochemical Genetic Diseases 22. (booksca.ca)
  • However, evidence in humans suggests that early increases in albuminuria (microalbuminuria, MA) reflect glomerular damage undetectable by the traditional UPC ratio, and may serve as both a negative prognostic marker and also potentially contribute to renal damage in cases of renal failure, although MA may also be found in conditions affecting glomerular function other than renal failure. (vin.com)
  • However, the fact that tubulointerstitial disease (rather than glomerular disease) tends to dominate in feline renal failure raises important doubts over any assumptions that the interpretation of MA in cats will necessarily be the same as in humans. (vin.com)
  • 14. Iatrogenic (caused by human intervention, either therapeutic or not) Disease due to medications such as lasix (diuretic commonly used in heart failure management), phenobarbitol (used to control seizures) ot diets too high in salt or heavily restricted in protein. (pets.ca)
  • Important cause of end stage renal failure in young to middle age adults. (freezingblue.com)
  • In the rare event that the results of renal biopsies are known, microthrombi have been identified in the glomerular capillaries, resulting in extensive endothelial damage and, frequently, death of the nephron. (marlerblog.com)
  • Amplification of Salt-Sensitive Hypertension and Kidney Damage by Immune Mechanisms. (augusta.edu)
  • The chemically active iron in hemosiderin can cause tubular damage through various mechanisms. (asn-online.org)
  • In addition to renal disease, cardiovascular effects, and reproductive toxicity, lead may cause irreversible neurologic damage. (cdc.gov)
  • Skeletal muscle hypertonicity may be associated with PYRAMIDAL TRACT lesions or BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. (lookformedical.com)
  • Grading of acute and chronic renal lesions in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. (qxmd.com)
  • However, patients who do not respond to initial therapy, or who develop renal flare after remission, warrant escalation of treatment. (bvsalud.org)
  • A retrospective analysis of patients with gout, identified through the records of 2.5 million patients in UK general practices and 2.4 million patients attending GPs or internists in Germany, using the IMS Disease Analyzer. (bmj.com)
  • The hepatic disease progresses to develop portal hypertension associated with splenomegaly and esophageal varices. (medscape.com)
  • Ischemic heart disease (causes, pathophysiology, classification) 15. (muni.cz)
  • Clinical Evaluation of Renal and Urinary Tract Disease 90. (booksca.ca)
  • Renal oxidative stress, mitochondrial morphology (electron microscopy), and NOX4 expression were assessed in 4-and 12-week-old PCK and Sprague-Dawley (wild-type, WT) control rats (n = 8 males and 8 females each). (tau.ac.il)
  • Smoking accelerates glomerulosclerosis, damages renal tubules, and affects blood vessels. (doctorworld.net)