AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsHealth Care
Aminosalicylic AcidsMesalamineAminosalicylic AcidSulfapyridineSulfasalazineAnti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-SteroidalTuberculosisColitis, UlcerativeEnemaPhenylhydrazinesTuberculosis, PulmonaryInflammatory Bowel DiseasesProctitisDelayed-Action PreparationsSuppositoriesAzathioprineGastrointestinal Agents6-MercaptopurineSulfanilamidesMycobacterium tuberculosisColonAdministration, RectalSalicylatesTablets, Enteric-CoatedAmyloseCrohn DiseaseColitisAnti-Inflammatory AgentsTabletsTuberculosis, Multidrug-ResistantAdministration, OralIntestinal AbsorptionTuberculosis VaccinesAnti-Ulcer AgentsTuberculosis, MiliaryPrednisoloneChemistry, PharmaceuticalIsoniazidAdrenal Cortex HormonesDouble-Blind MethodPatient ComplianceLatent TuberculosisTuberculosis, Lymph NodeIntestinesDose-Response Relationship, DrugIleumTuberculosis, OsteoarticularTuberculosis, GastrointestinalTuberculosis, Spinal
Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosisActive tuberculosisInfectionPyrazinamideStrains of tuberculosisAffects the lungsPulmonary tuberculosisDroplet nucleiEthambutolBacteriaRifampinMulti-drug resistaGranulesMYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSISExtrapulmonary TuberculosisMultidrugOverview of TuberculosisIsolatesPaserTreatmentSusceptibleBacilliDrugsSalicylic acidSputum-smear and culturePatientsExtensively drug-resistantResistanceDrug-resistantBacillusRifampicinRegimenSynthesisMycolic
Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis7
Active tuberculosis6
Infection18
  • Infection is spread by the aerosol route and Mycobacterium tuberculosis must drive lung destruction to be transmitted to new hosts. (ersjournals.com)
  • Tuberculosis is a chronic, progressive mycobacterial infection, often with an asymptomatic latent period following initial infection. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Leprosy Leprosy is a chronic infection usually caused by the acid-fast bacilli Mycobacterium leprae or the closely related organism M. lepromatosis . (merckmanuals.com)
  • TB infection occurs when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms. (hiv.gov)
  • TB disease (defined as clinically active disease, often with positive smears and cultures) can develop soon after exposure to M. tuberculosis organisms (primary disease) or after reactivation of latent infection. (hiv.gov)
  • The two current diagnostics available for detection of M. tuberculosis infection in the United States, IGRA and TST, help differentiate those with and without TB infection. (hiv.gov)
  • This is a pyrazine analog of nicotinamide that is either bacteriostatic or bactericidal against M tuberculosis , depending on the concentration of drug attained at the site of infection. (medscape.com)
  • An April 2023 update to this concept documents a 2018 project that used the Manitoba Tuberculosis (TB) Registry to investigate the identification of tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), as well the validation of TB diagnoses with the TB Registry and other administrative data sources (e.g. hospital abstracts data). (umanitoba.ca)
  • Individuals with a code of 'primary tuberculosis infection' (ICD-9-CM code 010.xx - skin test for TB) were excluded. (umanitoba.ca)
  • Tuberculosis or TB is a bacterial infection, which commonly affects the lungs (Pulmonary Tuberculosis). (centerhears.com)
  • As already said tuberculosis is a bacterial infection, the bacterium named Mycobacterium Tuberculosis is the cause of this disease. (centerhears.com)
  • Latent tuberculosis: People with Latent Tuberculosis infection have bacteria causing tuberculosis in their body, but not enough to cause sickness or spread the bacteria to other individuals. (centerhears.com)
  • This regimen is an equal alternative to 9 months of daily isoniazid for treating latent tuberculosis infection. (centerhears.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is still one of the top causes of infection-related death globally. (bvsalud.org)
  • Miliary tuberculosis (a widespread infection). (pharmacy180.com)
  • Tuberculosis is a long-term infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis . (ajgreenchem.com)
  • Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious illness that is also known as the "great white plague" owing to Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) infection. (ajgreenchem.com)
  • Background: Sensitive diagnostic tools are necessary for the detection of Mycobacterium suricattae infection in meerkats (Suricata suricatta) in order to more clearly understand the epidemiology of tuberculosis and the ecological consequences of the disease in this species. (sun.ac.za)
Pyrazinamide4
  • PAS formed part of the standard treatment for tuberculosis prior to the introduction of rifampicin and pyrazinamide. (wikipedia.org)
  • Its potency is less than that of the current five first-line drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, and streptomycin) for treating tuberculosis and its cost is higher, but it is still useful in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The article lists the first-line drugs for tuberculosis as isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, and rifampin, and the second-line drugs as aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and para-aminosalicylic acid. (algoreducation.com)
  • If the regimen cannot be composed with agents from Groups A and B alone, Group C agents(Ethambutol, Delamanid, Pyrazinamide, Imipenem-cilastatin OR Meropenem, Amikacin OR Streptomycin, Ethionamide OR Prothionamide, p-aminosalicylic acid) are added to complete it. (weeklyadstore.com)
Strains of tuberculosis3
  • The interplay between the two species, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Homo sapiens , and its role in the creation of strains of tuberculosis resistant to modern medications will be described below. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The appearance of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis has increased the need for new therapeutic options against these strains. (bvsalud.org)
  • It also explains that there are extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of tuberculosis that are resistant to second-line drugs, and multi-drug-resistant (MDR) strains that are resistant to first-line drugs. (algoreducation.com)
Affects the lungs2
Pulmonary tuberculosis6
  • Extrapulmonary tuberculosis should be managed according to the principles and with the drug regimens outlined for pulmonary tuberculosis, except for children who have miliary tuberculosis, bone/joint tuberculosis, or tuberculous meningitis who should receive a minimum of 12 mo of therapy. (cdc.gov)
  • Pulmonary tuberculosis has many specific respiratory and non specific constitutional signs and symptoms, which generally appear only when the disease is in an advanced stage. (supreme-essay.com)
  • Extra pulmonary tuberculosis occurs in about 15 to 20 % of all TB cases. (supreme-essay.com)
  • Pulmonary tuberculosis (respiratory tract). (pharmacy180.com)
  • The Virulence in the Guinea-pig of Tubercle Bacilli Isolated before Treatment from South Indian Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis: 2. (nirt.res.in)
  • Rate of Inactivation of Isoniazid in South Indian patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis: 3. (nirt.res.in)
Droplet nuclei2
Ethambutol1
  • In 2019, the Expert Committee recommended the addition of several new formulations for tuberculosis medicines for use in children be added to the core list of the EMLc, including ethambutol and isoniazid 100 mg dispersible tablet formulations. (essentialmeds.org)
Bacteria10
  • 4-Aminosalicylic acid is believed to work by blocking the ability of bacteria to make folic acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • These three bacteria, together with M. tuberculosis and other less common mycobacteria, are known as the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Although the bacteria can spread through the blood stream and affect other organs in the human body (Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis). (centerhears.com)
  • Multidrug - resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB): It is a type of drug- resistant tuberculosis where the bacteria causing tuberculosis is resistant to treatment with at least two of the most effective first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs (i.e. (centerhears.com)
  • In this type the bacteria causing tuberculosis is resistant to isoniazid, rifampin, any fluoroquinolone and at least one of three injectable second-line drugs (i.e., amikacin, kanamycin, capreomycin). (centerhears.com)
  • M. tuberculosis bacteria belong to the family Mycobacteriaceae and is a slow growing, single-cell, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped microorganism found only in humans. (supreme-essay.com)
  • M. tuberculosis is larger than other bacteria, measuring about 1 to 4 micrometers in length and 0.3 to 0.6 micrometers in width. (supreme-essay.com)
  • All individuals infected with TB bacteria do not necessarily develop tuberculosis, as the bacillus can exist in latent state in the body. (supreme-essay.com)
  • A person is said to have drug-resistant tuberculosis if the tuberculous bacteria that the person is infected with, will not respond to, and are resistant to, at least one of the main antitubercular drugs. (boneandspine.com)
  • Drug-resistant tuberculosis occurs when bacteria become resistant to the drugs used to treat TB. (boneandspine.com)
Rifampin2
  • Multiple-drug-resistant tuberculosis (i.e., resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampin) presents difficult treatment problems. (cdc.gov)
  • This report offers suggestions for evaluating and managing persons (i.e., contacts) who have been exposed to patients with infectious MDR-TB (TB due to strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to both isoniazid {INH} and rifampin {RIF}), provides background information on alternative preventive therapy regimens with drugs other than INH or RIF, and presents considerations relevant to making a decision to offer one of these alternative regimens. (cdc.gov)
Multi-drug resista2
  • In the European Union, it is used in combination with other medicines to treat adults and children from 28 days of age who have multi-drug resistant tuberculosis when combinations without this medicine cannot be used, either because the disease is resistant to them or because of their side effects. (wikipedia.org)
  • Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a critical global public health problem. (chinacdc.cn)
Granules2
MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS8
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis1
Multidrug10
Overview of Tuberculosis1
Isolates2
  • The Model Performance Evaluation Program (MPEP) is an educational self-assessment tool in which five isolates of M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) are sent to participating laboratories biannually for staff to monitor their ability to determine drug resistance among the isolates. (cdc.gov)
  • Ninety-three percent of atypical XDR Beijing isolates had mutations that confer resistance to 10 anti-TB drugs, and some isolates also were resistant to para-aminosalicylic acid. (sun.ac.za)
Paser4
Treatment15
  • This Statement is one of a series of four Statements on diagnosis, treatment, and control of tuberculosis. (cdc.gov)
  • The main use for 4-aminosalicylic acid is for the treatment of tuberculosis infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the United States, 4-aminosalicylic acid is indicated for the treatment of tuberculosis in combination with other active agents. (wikipedia.org)
  • It was the second antibiotic found to be effective in the treatment of tuberculosis, after streptomycin. (wikipedia.org)
  • 4-aminosalicylic acid has also been used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease), but has been superseded by other drugs such as sulfasalazine and mesalazine. (wikipedia.org)
  • See Tuberculosis: Diagnostic Imaging and Treatment Challenges , a Critical Images slideshow, to help determine the best approach for patients with this multisystemic disease. (medscape.com)
  • In HIV-infected persons who become newly infected with M. tuberculosis, the use of drug therapy might be considered treatment of incubating or subclinical disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Tuberculosis treatment monitoring and outcome measures: new interest and new strategies. (chinacdc.cn)
  • Therefore, finishing treatment and adherence to the prescribed regimen is the only way to cure tuberculosis completely. (centerhears.com)
  • OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to summarise the existing evidence of bedaquiline's safety on drugresistant tuberculosis treatment outcome and look for bedaquiline-related adverse drug reactions in the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India and World Health Organisation - Uppsala Monitoring Centre database. (bvsalud.org)
  • METHODS: We searched the PubMed database for relevant studies on the safety profile of bedaquiline used in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis and bedaquiline-related adverse drug reactions in the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India and World Health Organisation - Uppsala Monitoring Centre database published up to April 25, 2022. (bvsalud.org)
  • CONCLUSION: Pharmacovigilance and medication safety monitoring of newer treatments, like bedaquiline, are critical for enhancing treatment support and adherence, especially among drugresistant tuberculosis patients. (bvsalud.org)
  • In 2016 by WHO declared that person with tuberculosis resistant to rifampicin, with or without resistance to other drugs, should be treated with an MDR-TB treatment regimen. (boneandspine.com)
  • The majority of the patients with tuberculosis are treated with first-line drugs and shows excellent results with a 6-month course of treatment. (pharmacy180.com)
  • The Expert Committee recommended the deletion of the following formulations from the EML and/or EMLc as requested in the application, noting that they are not the most appropriate formulations for the treatment of tuberculosis, which is in line with recommendations in the current WHO tuberculosis treatment guidelines. (essentialmeds.org)
Susceptible2
  • When the infecting strain of M. tuberculosis is susceptible to INH and patients adhere to the drug regimen, INH is highly effective for preventing active TB. (cdc.gov)
  • Drug-resistant tuberculosis can spread from person to person in the same way that drug-susceptible tuberculosis is spread. (boneandspine.com)
Bacilli2
  • Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear and culture using sputum obtained from the patient. (medscape.com)
  • Patients who still have acid fast bacilli- positive sputum smear after 2 months of therapy. (centerhears.com)
Drugs2
Salicylic acid1
  • And he indeed wrote a paper with Howard Nicholson and John Batten and myself - John and I were the sort of stooges on this paper - which was his experience of treating people with combination PAS [para-amino salicylic acid] isoniazid and streptomycin, for a whole eighteen months. (rcplondon.ac.uk)
Sputum-smear and culture1
  • Diagnosis is most often by sputum smear and culture and, when available, by nucleic acid amplification tests. (merckmanuals.com)
Patients5
  • Patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency should avoid taking aminosalicylic acid as it causes haemolysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • seven (41%) of 18 HIV-infected patients identified in a nosocomial TB outbreak investigation in Italy developed active disease within 60 days of their exposure to M. tuberculosis, and 11 (38%) of 29 persons in a residential facility for HIV-infected persons in San Francisco developed active disease within 4 months of exposure (6-8). (cdc.gov)
  • Patients who have received prior therapy for tuberculosis. (centerhears.com)
  • Patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis have been fighting for access to experimental medications, particularly bedaquiline. (bvsalud.org)
  • Identify which laboratory performs a specific test The diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB), management of patients with the disease, and public health TB control services rely on accurate laboratory tests. (web-print-design.com)
Extensively drug-resistant1
Resistance2
  • It was initially thought that resistance of 4-aminosalicylic acid came from a mutation affecting dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). (wikipedia.org)
  • Mtb is an aerobic bacillus with high lipid content in its cell wall, resulting in high lipophilicity and resistance to alcohol, acids, alkali, and certain disinfectants. (ajgreenchem.com)
Drug-resistant14
Bacillus1
  • Data from the CPL Clinical Microbiology Section - Results file was used to identify the number of TB tests using the acid-fast bacillus (AFB) smear. (umanitoba.ca)
Rifampicin1
Regimen1
  • This woman was admitted to isolation and started empirically on a 4-drug regimen in the ED. Tuberculosis was confirmed on sputum testing. (medscape.com)
Synthesis4
  • Thyroid goitre is also a side-effect because aminosalicylic acid inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormones. (wikipedia.org)
  • Its mechanism of action is not fully known, but isoniazid may inhibit the synthesis of mycolic acid, resulting in disruption of the bacterial cell wall. (medscape.com)
  • It also promotes nucleic acid synthesis in the bone marrow which helps in the maturation and division of erythroblasts thus preventing poor production of red blood cells and thereby improving megaloblastic anaemia in affected individuals. (netmeds.com)
  • C 10 H 18 N 4 O 6 , a compound intermediate in the synthesis of arginine, formed from citrulline and aspartic acid. (unboundmedicine.com)
Mycolic1
  • Mtb has a complex cell wall made up of mycolic acids (long-chain fatty acids with 60 to 90 carbon atoms), glycolipids, peptidoglycan, and proteins. (ajgreenchem.com)