Tryptophan. Medical search. Frequent questions

The liver can also use tryptophan to produce niacin (vitamin B3), which is needed for energy metabolism and DNA production. (medlineplus.gov)
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These alterations can affect the metabolism of tryptophan (TRP), an essential amino acid and precursor of serotonin (5-HT), kynurenine (KYN), and indoles. (frontiersin.org)
A growing body of evidence indicates that inflammation is associated with alterations in the metabolism of tryptophan (TRP) ( 12 , 13 ), an essential amino acid and biochemical precursor of serotonin (5-HT), kynurenine (KYN) and indoles ( 14 ). (frontiersin.org)
Because of abnormal tryptophan metabolism and the possibility of promoting auto-antibody production SLE patients should avoid supplementation with tryptophan or 5HTP unless determined to be tolerated by any particular patient. (digitalnaturopath.com)
If needed, L-Tryptophan converts to niacin in the body, which supports circulation, a healthy nervous system, the metabolism of food, and the production of hydrochloric acid for the digestive system. (food4less.com)
The effect upon tryptophan metabolism of the use of combined oestrogen-progestagen oral contraceptives containing a low (0·05 mg) dose of oestrogen, or of the continuous administration of megestrol acetate, has been studied by determining the excretion of tryptophan metabolites in urine collected after a 2 g oral dose of the amino acid. (bmj.com)
Studies of four women when they were taking an oestrogen-containing oral contraceptive and at intervals after they had discontinued its use showed that abnormal tryptophan metabolism may persist for three months or longer. (bmj.com)
Megestrol acetate, a progestagen used as an oral contraceptive, was found to have no significant effect upon tryptophan metabolism. (bmj.com)
The possible clinical significance of the effects of oral contraceptives upon tryptophan metabolism is discussed. (bmj.com)
Monitoring tryptophan metabolism in chronic immune activation. (bvsalud.org)

In addition, tryptophan functions as a biochemical precursor for the following compounds: Serotonin (a neurotransmitter), synthesized by tryptophan hydroxylase. (wikipedia.org)
Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 drives glioma progression by modulating the serotonin/L1CAM/NF-κB signaling pathway. (nih.gov)
TPH1 gene polymorphism rs211105 is associated with serotonin and tryptophan hydroxylase 1 concentrations in acute pancreatitis patients. (nih.gov)
Association study of single nucleotide polymorphism in tryptophan hydroxylase 1 gene with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A meta-analysis. (nih.gov)
Tryptophan Hydroxylase" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Tryptophan Hydroxylase" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Tryptophan Hydroxylase" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "Tryptophan Hydroxylase" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
Identification of New Non-BBB Permeable Tryptophan Hydroxylase Inhibitors for Treating Obesity and Fatty Liver Disease. (harvard.edu)
Peripartum dietary supplementation of a small-molecule inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 compromises infant, but not maternal, bone. (harvard.edu)
Tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (TPH1) is expressed by non-neuronal cells including enterochromaffin cells of the gut, mast cells and the pineal gland and is the rate-limiting enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of peripheral serotonin. (harvard.edu)
However, here we report that Tph1 (−/−) mice display altered gait dynamics and deficits in rearing behavior compared to wild-type (WT) suggesting that tryptophan hydroxylase-1 expression has an impact on the nervous system. (harvard.edu)
"In vitro reactivation of rat cortical tryptophan hydroxylase following in vivo inactivation by methylenedioxymethamphetamine" J Neurochem . (erowid.org)
The activity of tryptophan hydroxylase (EC 1.14.16.4) from rat brain was significantly decreased 1 h following a single systemic injection of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) when assessed ex vivo by radioenzymatic assay or in vivo by the quantitation of 5-hydroxytryptophan accumulation following central L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibition. (erowid.org)
Cortical tryptophan hydroxylase acutely inactivated by methamphetamine or p-chloroamphetamine could be similarly reactivated. (erowid.org)
MDMA-inactivated cortical tryptophan hydroxylase derived from rats killed later than 3 days after drug treatment could not be significantly reactivated under the conditions described above, indicating the development of irreversible enzymatic damage. (erowid.org)
These studies suggest that MDMA and its congeners inactivate central tryptophan hydroxylase by inducing oxidation of key enzyme sulfhydryl groups. (erowid.org)

In particular, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) induces an enzyme of tryptophan catabolism, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which is responsible for conversion of tryptophan and other indole derivatives to kynurenine. (nih.gov)
Chromium picolinate helps to promote conversion of tryptophan to serotonin. (diagnose-me.com)
De novo synthesis begins with the conversion of tryptophan to quinolate, which is converted to NaMN. (wikipathways.org)

The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism is altered in several diseases, including psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder. (wikipedia.org)
The kynurenine pathway is important in cellular energy generation and limiting cellular ageing as it degrades about 90% of dietary tryptophan into the essential co-factor NAD + (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). (nih.gov)
Outside the kynurenine pathway, tryptophan is also the precursor of serotonin and melatonin. (wikipathways.org)

Niacin, also known as vitamin B3, is synthesized from tryptophan via kynurenine and quinolinic acids. (wikipedia.org)
If needed, L-tryptophan is converted to niacin in the body, an important B vitamin. (fredmeyer.com)
Tryptophan is metabolized into niacin , melatonin and serotonin and has relaxing and calming effects. (diagnose-me.com)
Since it is the precursor of niacin , tryptophan supplementation may help to lower cholesterol and blood fat levels. (diagnose-me.com)
The distribution of tryptophan content in human hair of various colours was evaluated, in order to study the accumulation of this amino acid, precursor of serotonin, melatonin and niacin, in hair and the influence on hair pigmentation. (anagen.net)
The digestion process also converts tryptophan to niacin, a B vitamin that plays an important role in converting food into energy. (integrisok.com)

Editorial Note: On November 17, 1989, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recalled all dietary supplements that provided a daily dose of L-tryptophan (LT) greater than or equal to 100 mg. (cdc.gov)
Choose the Best L-Tryptophan and 5-HTP Supplements. (consumerlab.com)
Best choice for tryptophan supplements? (consumerlab.com)
Make sure you're choosing the best L-tryptophan or 5-HTP supplements approved in our tests! (consumerlab.com)
A few cohort studies have suggested that people addicted to smoking may benefit from taking tryptophan supplements. (naturalpedia.com)
Though tryptophan supplements are still banned from over-the-counter sale, properly produced pharmaceutical-grade tryptophan continues to legally be used as an essential nutrient in infant formulas and intravenous meals and, in recent years, compounding pharmacies and some mail-order supplement retailers have begun selling tryptophan to the general public. (worldofmolecules.com)
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Both supplements are available, but tryptophan may require a doctor's prescription. (digitalnaturopath.com)
However, the presence of Peak X and its potential toxicity caused the FDA to ban L-tryptophan and 5-HTP dietary supplements until the mid-2000s, today more Health Care Providers are concerned of possible drug interactions between L-tryptophan supplements and select antidepressants that may cause serotonin syndrome, a life-threatening condition. (vumc.org)

Two enzymes, namely indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in the immune system and the brain, and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) in the liver, are responsible for the synthesis of kynurenine from tryptophan. (wikipedia.org)

Fifteen hundred cases of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) and 37 deaths in patients taking l-tryptophan were reported in the late 1980s and early 1990s. (psychologytoday.com)
L-tryptophan and eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome in New Mexico. (cdc.gov)
L-tryptophan from a specific manufacturer caused hundreds of cases of a serious immune disorder, eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS), in the late 1980s. (consumerlab.com)
Tragically, in 1989 a large outbreak of a mysterious, disabling, and in some cases deadly autoimmune illness called eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome was traced to an improperly prepared batch of tryptophan. (worldofmolecules.com)
Non-L-tryptophan related eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome with hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia. (jrheum.org)

In 2002, the U.S. Institute of Medicine set a Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of 5 mg/kg body weight/day of Tryptophan for adults 19 years and over. (wikipedia.org)
Tryptophan is present in most protein-based foods or dietary proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Tryptophan is sold over the counter in the United States (after being banned to varying extents between 1989 and 2005) and the United Kingdom as a dietary supplement for use as an antidepressant, anxiolytic, and sleep aid. (wikipedia.org)
The richest dietary sources include fish, meat, dairy, eggs, nuts and wheat germ, but tryptophan tends to be deficient in most dietary proteins. (diagnose-me.com)
For some time, tryptophan was available in health food stores as a dietary supplement. (worldofmolecules.com)
Tryptophan is the dietary amino acid precursor for production of serotonin in the body. (digitalnaturopath.com)

Scheme of mammalian tryptophan catabolism. (wikipathways.org)

No research has been done for the determination of plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites in patients of monopolar and bipolar depression. (scirp.org)
Ultra high-speed liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry has been used for the simultaneous determination of plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites in depressive patients. (scirp.org)
In patients of major monopolar depression age and gender differences of plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites disappear although significant differences are observed in healthy volunteers. (scirp.org)
Tomioka, H. , Masuda, J. , Takada, A. and Iwanami, A. (2020) Comparison of Age and Gender Differences of Tryptophan Metabolites in Patients of Major Monopolar and Bipolar Depression. (scirp.org)
The abnormal urinary excretion of tryptophan metabolites was completely reversed by treatment with pyridoxine hydrochloride, 20 mg daily for one month. (bmj.com)

How to take tryptophan? (consumerlab.com)
Patients who take tryptophan often report feeling less anxious and have fewer depressive symptoms. (naturalpedia.com)

For instance, tryptophan and tyrosine residues play special roles in "anchoring" membrane proteins within the cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
The chemical nature of the non-tryptophan (non-Trp) fluorescence of porcine and human eye lens proteins was identified by Mass Spectrometry (MS) and Fluorescence Steady-State and Lifetime spectroscopy as post-translational modifications (PTM) of Trp and Arg amino acid residues. (edinst.com)
Such wavelength selection targets the population of tryptophan residues, side chains of which are exposed to the polar aqueous environment. (edinst.com)
Here, we characterized oxidative modification of tryptophan (Trp) residues in the PSII core, and hypothesize that the oxidation of N-terminal Trp is one of the key oxidations in the PSII repair, likely enhancing D1's accessibility to FtsH. (elifesciences.org)

So high levels of tryptophan prevent tryptophan synthesis through a negative feedback loop, and when the cell's tryptophan levels go down again, transcription from the trp operon resumes. (wikipedia.org)
Le Chatelier's principle provides an explanation as to why, in the metabolic pathway leading to the synthesis of l-tryptophan, the third reaction proceeds in the direction of formation of indole and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate even though the apparent equilibrium constant greatly favors the formation of 1-(indo-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate. (nist.gov)
The essential amino acid L-tryptophan is he precursor for the synthesis of melatonin and serotonin, a hormone and a neurotransmitter involved with mood and stress response. (fredmeyer.com)
Briefly, in mammalian cells, tryptophan is used mostly for protein synthesis. (wikipathways.org)
Multidimensional engineering of Escherichia coli for efficient synthesis of L-tryptophan. (bvsalud.org)

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of TRYPTOPHAN to 5-HYDROXYTRYPTOPHAN in the presence of NADPH and molecular oxygen. (harvard.edu)
Kinetic analysis of enzyme reactivation revealed an approximate doubling of enzyme Vmax with no change in enzyme affinity for either substrate, tryptophan, or pterin cofactor. (erowid.org)
Purification and properties of dimethylallylpyrophosphate:tryptophan dimethylallyl transferase, the first enzyme of ergot alkaloid biosynthesis in Claviceps. (brenda-enzymes.org)

The body uses tryptophan to help make melatonin and serotonin. (medlineplus.gov)

Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Amino acids, including tryptophan, are used as building blocks in protein biosynthesis, and proteins are required to sustain life. (wikipedia.org)
Binding of this repressor to the tryptophan operon prevents transcription of downstream DNA that codes for the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of tryptophan. (wikipedia.org)

Tryptophan contains an α-amino group, an α-carboxylic acid group, and a side chain indole, making it a polar molecule with a non-polar aromatic beta carbon substituent. (wikipedia.org)
As you sink into your post-Thanksgiving food coma, the name of an amino acid might pop into your mind: tryptophan, a molecule found in high levels in turkey that's known to induce drowsiness. (go.com)

Source Naturals L-Tryptophan is extremely pure and is regularly tested to ensure the highest standards of quality. (fredmeyer.com)

5-HTP is generally recommended over l-tryptophan because it crosses the blood-brain barrier at a higher rate, is converted into serotonin more efficiently than l-tryptophan, and has a more pronounced antidepressant effect. (psychologytoday.com)
Turkey does contain tryptophan, which does have a documented sleep-inducing effect as it is readily converted into serotonin by the body. (elitetrack.com)

November 11, 2022: Will the Tryptophan in Thanksgiving Turkey make you sleepy? (vumc.org)

The work supports a role for chemical modification in the recognition and subsequent degradation of a key protein subunit of PSII by a bacterial-type protease, suggesting that tryptophan oxidation of components of the photosynthetic apparatus after high light stress plays a critical role in initiating the PSII repair system. (elifesciences.org)

Regardless of the origin of the toxicity, tryptophan was banned from sale in the US, and other countries followed suit. (worldofmolecules.com)

In other words, it's unlikely to be enough tryptophan to increase serotonin levels to make you sleepy. (integrisok.com)
Does eating Thanksgiving turkey make you sleepy due to its tryptophan content? (vumc.org)

Tryptophan has an antidepressant effect and is particularly effective against manic depression and depression associated with menopause . (diagnose-me.com)

l-Tryptophan, 1 g, at bedtime reduces time to sleep onset in mild situational insomnia, and doses up to 15 g at bedtime may be necessary for severe insomnia. (psychologytoday.com)
Combining 2 g of l-tryptophan with 20 mg per day of fluoxetine resulted in more rapid response and improved sleep quality in depressed patients complaining of chronic insomnia. (psychologytoday.com)
L-tryptophan is used worldwide as an effective treatment for insomnia, anxiety, depression, and even severe cases of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). (naturalpedia.com)
If a patient has insomnia along with depression then tryptophan would appear to be even more effective, possibly because both conditions may be due to this deficiency. (diagnose-me.com)
Tryptophan works better for acute insomnia than for chronic sleep problems. (diagnose-me.com)

The disorder fructose malabsorption causes improper absorption of tryptophan in the intestine, reduced levels of tryptophan in the blood, and depression. (wikipedia.org)
Because tryptophan is converted into 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) which is then converted into the neurotransmitter serotonin, it has been proposed that consumption of tryptophan or 5-HTP may improve depression symptoms by increasing the level of serotonin in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
In 2001 a Cochrane review of the effect of 5-HTP and tryptophan on depression was published. (wikipedia.org)
Of 108 studies of 5-HTP and tryptophan on depression published between 1966 and 2000, only two met the authors' quality standards for inclusion, totaling 64 study participants. (wikipedia.org)
Tryptophan likewise reduces suicidal ideations brought about by severe depression. (naturalpedia.com)
5HTP (5-hydroxy tryptophan) is considered by many to be more effective than tryptophan for depression . (diagnose-me.com)
Several of these studies suggest tryptophan can effectively treat the fall/winter depression variant of seasonal affective disorder (SAD). (worldofmolecules.com)

In a group of 10 subjects with febrile convulsions, urinary elimination of kynurenines kynurenine, acetyl-kynurenine, and trioxykynurenine , both spontaneous and after ingestion of 1-tryptophan 5g per 1.73 sq, meters of body surface, was found to be greater than that measured in normal subjects, even allowing for pronounced behavioral variations among subjects. (dtic.mil)

This tryptophan tablet includes vitamin B6, which is required to convert tryptophan to serotonin. (fredmeyer.com)
Tryptophan is often given with vitamin B6 and magnesium in between meals with a small amount of carbohydrate to facilitate uptake by the brain. (diagnose-me.com)

L-tryptophan is taken for sleep at a dose of about 1 gram (1,000 mg) shortly before bedtime, while other uses have involved higher doses. (consumerlab.com)
An equivalent dose of 5HTP (compared to 1gm of tryptophan ) is about 100mg. (diagnose-me.com)
An equivalent dose of 5HTP (compared to 1 gm of tryptophan ) is about 100 mg . (digitalnaturopath.com)

Transient mild adverse effects reported with l-tryptophan and 5-HTP include nausea, constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness, and decreased libido. (psychologytoday.com)
Many people found tryptophan to be a safe and reasonably effective sleep aid, probably due to its ability to increase brain levels of serotonin (a calming neurotransmitter when present in moderate levels) and/or melatonin (a drowsiness-inducing hormone secreted by the pineal gland in response to darkness or low light levels). (worldofmolecules.com)
On this day that many of us Americans will consume copious amounts of Turkey I thought that this entry from wikipedia would be relevant and interesting: According to popular belief, tryptophan in turkey meat causes drowsiness. (elitetrack.com)

Foods rich in tryptophan include soybeans , cocoa powder, cashew nuts, peas , and oats . (naturalpedia.com)
Other foods, such as sunflower seeds and soybeans, are also high in tryptophan but people don't typically eat a large quantity in one sitting. (integrisok.com)

Tryptophan is an amino acid needed for normal growth in infants and for the production and maintenance of the body's proteins, muscles, enzymes, and neurotransmitters. (medlineplus.gov)

Preliminary findings support that combining 1 to 3 g per day of l-tryptophan and early-morning bright light exposure is more efficacious than either treatment alone in patients diagnosed with seasonal affective disorder. (psychologytoday.com)

Tryptophan is among the less common amino acids found in proteins, but it plays important structural or functional roles whenever it occurs. (wikipedia.org)
Bradbury, JH & Norton, RS 1973, ' Carbon-13 NMR spectra of tryptophan, tryptophan peptides and of native and denatured proteins ', BBA - Protein Structure , vol. 328, no. 1, pp. 10-19. (monash.edu)

L-Tryptophan Carma Complex is made from high-quality ingredients and is suitable for vegans and vegetarians. (troohealthcare.com)

abstract = "The assignment of the carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectrum of l-tryptophan in aqueous solution and in trifluoroacetic acid is made by comparison with the spectra of indoles, by double resonance and by deuteration experiments. (monash.edu)

In 2023, the emission spectrum of tryptophan was discovered in the interstellar gas of the star cluster IC 348. (wikipedia.org)

Here, we synthesized two mechanistic probes to specifically test if the α-amino group of the substrate directly participates in a critical step of the O atom transfer during catalysis in human tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). (ku.edu)
This combined synthetic, biochemical, and biophysical study establishes the catalytic role of the α-amino group of the substrate during the O atom transfer reactions and thus represents a substantial advance to the mechanistic comprehension of the heme-based tryptophan dioxygenases. (ku.edu)

It accomplishes this by facilitating absorption into muscle tissue of the amino acids that compete with tryptophan for access to the brain. (diagnose-me.com)
A novel route for early cataract diagnostics is investigated based on the excitation of tryptophan fluorescence (TF) at the red edge of its absorption band at 317 nm. (edinst.com)

Contrary to the popular belief that cooked turkey contains an abundance of tryptophan, the tryptophan content in turkey is typical of poultry. (wikipedia.org)
While scientists say that the tryptophan in turkey is probably not the source of holiday fatigue, a possible new role for tryptophan has recently been uncovered. (go.com)
You're probably still reeling from the tryptophan, that particularly potent sedative chemical found in turkey. (metrotimes.com)
For years, tryptophan, an amino acid in turkey, garnered headlines in the media for making you sleepy. (integrisok.com)
A 1-cup (100 grams) serving of roasted turkey breast contains 318 mg of tryptophan, while roasted dark meat has 275 mg. (integrisok.com)
As you can see, tryptophan is one of the scarcest amino acids found in turkey - there are other amino acids in turkey competing with tryptophan once it enters the body. (integrisok.com)
Chicken, pork and ham, not turkey, all have higher amounts of tryptophan per serving. (integrisok.com)
Though the turkey myth has been debunked, as turkey contains no more tryptophan than any other common food or meat, there are other aspects of this myth that are worth exploring. (vumc.org)

L-tryptophan is an essential amino acid naturally found in meats and other foods. (consumerlab.com)
An essential amino acid , tryptophan is the least abundant amino acid found in foods. (diagnose-me.com)
One study that attempted to separate the effectiveness of light therapy vs. tryptophan found that without adequate levels of tryptophan in the system, the light therapy alone did not provide relief. (digitalnaturopath.com)

In bacteria that synthesize tryptophan, high cellular levels of this amino acid activate a repressor protein, which binds to the trp operon. (wikipedia.org)
This permits tightly regulated and rapid responses to changes in the cell's internal and external tryptophan levels. (wikipedia.org)
There is evidence that blood tryptophan levels are unlikely to be altered by changing the diet, but consuming purified tryptophan increases the serotonin level in the brain, whereas eating foods containing tryptophan does not. (wikipedia.org)
In the new study, presented earlier this month at the Society for Neurosciences meeting in San Diego, half of the volunteers were given a drink that depleted their tryptophan levels prior to the start of the game, thereby decreasing serotonin levels in their brain. (go.com)
Increasing tryptophan levels normalizes sleep patterns which can aid in serotonin production. (naturalpedia.com)
Many depressed patients have low levels of tryptophan. (diagnose-me.com)
Results from 1211 samples of hair from healthy subjects (577 men and 634 women) show that tryptophan levels are significantly higher in males (37.83 +/- 3.45 microg/g dry hair) than in females (26.62 +/- 2.40 microg/g hair). (anagen.net)
Therefore, variations in tryptophan levels of human hair appear to be correlated with differences in hair colour in both sexes. (anagen.net)
Tryptophan also accumulates in hair during keratinization, as shown by the presence of high levels of this amino acid in grey and white hair. (anagen.net)
Other than meat and seafood, dairy, grains and nuts also contain moderate levels of tryptophan. (integrisok.com)

Humans and many animals cannot synthesize tryptophan: they need to obtain it through their diet, making it an essential amino acid. (wikipedia.org)
This essential amino acid, which is sometimes referred to as L-tryptophan, is used to regulate and mediate the production of various neurotransmitters , particularly serotonin. (naturalpedia.com)
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that is used to alleviate symptoms of various mood disorders. (naturalpedia.com)
Tryptophan is an amino acid and essential in human nutrition. (worldofmolecules.com)
L-Tryptophan, referred to more commonly as just tryptophan, is an essential amino acid, meaning your body doesn't produce it. (integrisok.com)
The essential amino acid L-Tryptophan helps support relaxation, restful sleep, and feeling better. (food4less.com)
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, meaning the body cannot produce it. (vumc.org)

However, there is still some risk with even pure L-tryptophan, particularly at high doses. (consumerlab.com)

Indeed, tryptophan has continued to be used in clinical and experimental studies employing human patients and subjects. (worldofmolecules.com)
1997). The clinical use of L-tryptophan has also specifically been shown to improve response to light therapy (Ghadirian et al. (digitalnaturopath.com)

Development of microbial cell factory for L-tryptophan (L-trp) production has received widespread attention but still requires extensive efforts due to weak metabolic flux distribution and low yield. (bvsalud.org)

L-tryptophan is therefore responsible for different physiological functions which include the perception of pain, the desire and capability to sleep, the feelings of heat and cold in the body, and other various emotions. (naturalpedia.com)

Anatomy1

Organisms1

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs41

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment9

Phenomena and Processes18

Information Science3

Metabolism12

Hydroxylase16

Conversion of tryptophan3

Kynurenine pathway3

Niacin6

Supplements24

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase1

Eosinophilia-myalgia5

Dietary6

Catabolism1

Metabolites5

Take tryptophan2

Residues4

Synthesis5

Enzyme3

Uses tryptophan1

Biosynthesis3

Molecule2

Source Naturals1

Converted into serotonin2

20221

Protease1

Toxicity1

Make you sleepy2

Antidepressant effect1

Insomnia5

Depression7

Ingestion1

Vitamin B62

DOSE3

Drowsiness3

Soybeans2

Enzymes1

Seasonal affectiv1

Proteins2

Ingredients1

Abstract1

20231

Substrate2

Absorption2

Turkey8

Found3

Levels10

Essential7

Doses1

Clinical2

Microbial1

Physiological1