Glycine-tRNA ligase also known as glycyl-tRNA synthetase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GARS1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
This gene encodes glycyl-tRNA synthetase, one of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
Other names in common use include glycyl-tRNA synthetase, glycyl-transfer ribonucleate synthetase, glycyl-transfer RNA synthetase, glycyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase, and glycyl translase. (wikipedia.org)
Glycyl-tRNA synthetase has been shown to interact with EEF1D. (wikipedia.org)
Mutant forms of the protein associated with peripheral nerve disease have been shown to aberrantly bind to the transmembrane receptor proteins neuropilin 1 and Trk receptors A-C. Glycyl-tRNA synthetase has been shown to be a target of autoantibodies in the human autoimmune diseases, polymyositis or dermatomyositis. (wikipedia.org)
Glycyl tRNA synthetase mutations in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2D and distal spinal muscular atrophy type V". American Journal of Human Genetics. (wikipedia.org)
This domain is found at the amino terminus of Arginyl tRNA synthetase, also called additional domain 1 (Add-1). (embl-heidelberg.de)
Crystal structure of arginyl-tRNA synthetase from Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. (embl-heidelberg.de)
The Plasmodium genome encodes two forms of prolyl-tRNA synthetase, one found in the cytoplasm (PfcPRS, described here) and one in the apicoplast (PfaPRS, encoded by PF3D7_0925300 ). (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)
2020 ) Transferability of N-terminal mutations of pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase in one species to that in another species on unnatural amino acid incorporation efficiency. (academictree.org)
Gene4
On this page you will find links to comprehensive gene information for five species and a listing of NCTR publications on understanding the mechanism of mitochondrial toxicity and development of biomarkers to predict toxicity. (fda.gov)
Besides their canonical roles in translation, tRNAs also originate tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs with regulatory functions ranging from translation regulation to gene expression control and cellular stress response. (mdpi.com)
To carry that many tRNA genes, we would need to expand the genomes of living organisms, and most species have multiple copies of each tRNA gene. (creation.com)
RNAs2
Genes encoding transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are transcribed by RNA polymerase III in the nucleus and by mitochondrial RNA polymerase in the mitochondrion. (reactome.org)
In the mitochondrial matrix transcription produces long precursor RNAs, H strand transcripts and an L strand transcript, that are cleaved by mitochondrial RNase P (an entirely proteinaceous complex), ELAC2, and other nucleases to yield 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, mRNAs, and pre-tRNAs lacking 3' CCA sequences (reviewed in Van Haute et al. (reactome.org)
MRNA6
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is an adapter molecule that links a specific codon in mRNA with its corresponding amino acid during protein synthesis. (nature.com)
Translation requires the input of an mRNA template, ribosomes, tRNAs, and various enzymatic factors ( Figure 6 ). (pressbooks.pub)
Figure 6: The protein synthesis machinery includes the large and small subunits of the ribosome, mRNA, and tRNA. (pressbooks.pub)
The small subunit is responsible for binding the mRNA template, whereas the large subunit sequentially binds tRNAs , a type of RNA molecule that brings amino acids to the growing chain of the polypeptide. (pressbooks.pub)
Serving as adaptors, specific tRNAs bind to sequences on the mRNA template and add the corresponding amino acid to the polypeptide chain. (pressbooks.pub)
The 20 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are divided into two classes, I and II. (embl-heidelberg.de)
In reactions catalysed by the class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, the aminoacyl group is coupled to the 2'-hydroxyl of the tRNA, while, in class II reactions, the 3'-hydroxyl site is preferred. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Genes6
Under the leadership of Dr. Varsha Desai, NCTR scientists have developed MitoChips for different species, which contain all the mitochondria-related genes on a chip (glass slide). (fda.gov)
In the genome are 6312 protein-encoding genes, two sets of rRNA genes, and 42 tRNA genes representing 41 tRNA species. (kenyon.edu)
The human genome only has about 20,800 genes, including nearly 500 tRNA genes (2.4% of all genes). (creation.com)
Some highest used codons by mitochondrial protein-coding genes among synonymous codons, such as UUU(F) and AUU(I), were not corresponded to the codons carried by mitogenomes encoded tRNAs (Table S4), which indicated that the mitochondrial protein synthesis of Caelifera need not only mitochondria encoded tRNAs, but a large extent depend on nuclear encoded tRNAs. (peerj.com)
At T2, the genes linked to the metabolism of ceramides and hopanoids lipids were clearly dominant, which are associated with the resistance of microbial species to extreme temperatures and pH values. (frontiersin.org)
The remaining genes provide instructions for making molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which are chemical cousins of DNA. (medlineplus.gov)
Molecules6
Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules contain various post-transcriptional modifications that are crucial for tRNA stability, translation efficiency, and fidelity. (mdpi.com)
Assuming we still have 3-letter codons and a few stop codons, this would mean that we would need approximately 512 (8x8x8) tRNA molecules, each with their own 3-letter anti-codon and carrying one of the 20 amino acids used in all living cells. (creation.com)
Therefore, tRNAs are the molecules that actually "translate" the language of RNA into the language of proteins. (pressbooks.pub)
Until then, tools for sequencing DNA and other types of RNA molecules had been less effective for tRNA, because it carries many chemical modifications that interfere with standard methods. (chicagobiomedicalconsortium.org)
Pan's initial work was done with human cells, which have on average up to 100 million tRNA molecules. (chicagobiomedicalconsortium.org)
This damage results from a buildup of harmful molecules called reactive oxygen species, which are byproducts of energy production in mitochondria. (medlineplus.gov)
RRNA1
In addition, 22 tRNA and 2 rRNA are also encoded by mitochondrial DNA. (fda.gov)
The nucleotides within tRNAs undergo further chemical modifications such as methylation and deamination by a diverse set of enzymes (reviewed in Helm and Alfonzo 2014, Boschi-Muller and Motorin 2013). (reactome.org)
2015). TRNT1 polymerizes an untemplated CCA sequence onto the 3' ends of the pre-tRNAs and chemical modifications are made to several nucleotides in the tRNAs. (reactome.org)
Predicted to be involved in isoleucyl-tRNA aminoacylation and mitochondrial translation. (mcw.edu)
Anticodon2
A wide variety of tRNA modifications are found in the tRNA anticodon, which are crucial for precise codon recognition and reading frame maintenance, thereby ensuring accurate and efficient protein synthesis. (nature.com)
Han, L. & Phizicky, E. M. A rationale for tRNA modification circuits in the anticodon loop. (nature.com)
Mitochondria3
Fig. 5: Metabolic and pathological regulation tRNA modifications in human mitochondria. (nature.com)
Furthermore, mitochondria are major sites of production of reactive oxygen species. (fda.gov)
This results showed that the protein synthesis of mitogenomes need not only mitochondria encoded tRNAs, but also depend on nuclear encoded tRNAs. (peerj.com)
Ribosomal1
The large ribosomal subunit joins the small subunit, and a second tRNA is recruited. (pressbooks.pub)
Cytoplasm1
Depending on the species, 40 to 60 types of tRNA exist in the cytoplasm. (pressbooks.pub)
Modifications6
Over the past two decades, 16 novel tRNA modifications were discovered in various organisms, and the chemical space of tRNA modification continues to expand. (nature.com)
Recent studies have revealed that tRNA modifications can be dynamically altered in response to levels of cellular metabolites and environmental stresses. (nature.com)
Fig. 2: Integrated view of human tRNA modifications. (nature.com)
Fig. 3: tRNA modifications discovered in the past two decades. (nature.com)
Fig. 4: Control of decoding by tRNA wobble modifications. (nature.com)
Fig. 7: Codon-specific translation control mediated by tRNA modifications in cancer. (nature.com)
Ligase4
In enzymology, a glycine-tRNA ligase (EC 6.1.1.14) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + glycine + tRNAGly ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } AMP + diphosphate + glycyl-tRNAGly The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, glycine, and tRNA(Gly), whereas its 3 products are AMP, diphosphate, and glycyl-tRNA(Gly). (wikipedia.org)
Two mouse models of CMT2D have been used to better understand the disease, identifying that the disorder is caused by a toxic gain-of-function of the mutant glycine-tRNA ligase protein. (wikipedia.org)
Comparisons of primary, secondary and tertiary structures supported the hypothesis that protein kinases and choline kinases evolved from an ancient aminoacyl-tRNA ligase. (dissertation.com)
Synthetases2
The encoded enzyme is an (alpha)2 dimer which belongs to the class II family of tRNA synthetases. (wikipedia.org)
However, tRNA binding involves an alpha-helical structure that is conserved between class I and class II synthetases. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Ribosome1
Ogle, J. M., Murphy, F. V., Tarry, M. J. & Ramakrishnan, V. Selection of tRNA by the ribosome requires a transition from an open to a closed form. (nature.com)
Molecule1
In the process of tRNA "charging," each tRNA molecule is bonded to its correct amino acid. (pressbooks.pub)
Proteins5
There are 26085 Arg_tRNA_synt_N domains in 26083 proteins in SMART's nrdb database. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Taxonomic distribution of proteins containing Arg_tRNA_synt_N domain. (embl-heidelberg.de)
The complete taxonomic breakdown of all proteins with Arg_tRNA_synt_N domain is also avaliable . (embl-heidelberg.de)
Click on the protein counts, or double click on taxonomic names to display all proteins containing Arg_tRNA_synt_N domain in the selected taxonomic class. (embl-heidelberg.de)
The research will develop and validate tools to study transfer RNA (tRNA), a molecular Rosetta Stone that translates the genetic information encoded in DNA into proteins that perform basic biological functions. (chicagobiomedicalconsortium.org)
Serine1
This enzyme participates in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism and aminoacyl-trna biosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
Cytosol1
The order of events for each tRNA is not fully known and the understanding of the overall process is complicated by the retrograde (cytosol to nucleus) transport of tRNAs. (reactome.org)
As a result, reactive oxygen species easily damage mitochondrial DNA, causing cells to malfunction and ultimately to die. (medlineplus.gov)
Codon1
Suzuki, T., Ueda, T. & Watanabe, K. The 'polysemous' codon-a codon with multiple amino acid assignment caused by dual specificity of tRNA identity. (nature.com)
Genome2
The B. carinata (Ethiopian mustard, BBCC, 2n = 4X = 34) is an important species that contains 17 sets of chromosomes with a genome size of 1.087 Gb. (nature.com)
A draft genome will also allow for a more robust phylogenetic analysis of this species, and perhaps settle its systematic placement, which has changed in recent years. (biomedcentral.com)
Human3
Species can be input after the keyword, using format "keyword [species:$species]" where $species can be name of species (like human or rat) or taxon id (like 9606). (genscript.com)
Schistosoma haematobium and S. bovis are widespread schistosome species causing human and cattle schistosomiasis, respectively, in Africa. (imperial.ac.uk)
Starting from a manually aligned and annotated map of 492 typical human protein kinase domains, I first explored the origin of ePKs using a modified BLAST method in various species. (dissertation.com)
Genera1
Brassicaceae is a vast family of plants including 372 genera and 4,006 species contributing to condiments, biofuel, food, oil, and fulfilling fodder demands for the ecosystem 1 . (nature.com)
Genomes1
Anonymous Reviewer ( 2017 ) Peer Review #1 of 'Mitochondrial genomes of three Tetrigoidea species and phylogeny of Tetrigoidea (v0.2)' . (peerj.com)
Polymerase1
A single forward primer and two species-specific reverse primers were used to produce a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragment of 306 bp and 543 bp for S. bovis and S. haematobium, respectively. (imperial.ac.uk)
Organisms1
It is one of the most ecologically damaging species due to its toxicity to aquatic and terrestrial organisms. (kenyon.edu)
Bacterial1
For example, a study by Fowler and Ilyas of adult acute hand infections treated at an urban medical center found that, although 39 different bacterial species were cultured from wounds, 53% of the cultures consisted of MRSA and 23% of methicillin-sensitive S aureus . (medscape.com)
Description2
aeruginosa (species) ==Species== Mycrocystis aeruginosa ==Description and significance== Mycrocystis aeruginosa is a common unicellular colonial cyanobacteria found in fresh water environments. (kenyon.edu)
The description in lines 178-182 were changed into the following: Some most used synonymous codons of PCGs were not corresponded to the tRNA anticodons of mitogenomes (Table S4). (peerj.com)
Recognition1
It is about 140 residues long and it has been suggested that this domain will be involved in tRNA recognition. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Enzyme1
This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, to be specific those forming carbon-oxygen bonds in aminoacyl-tRNA and related compounds. (wikipedia.org)