In addition to its role in glycolysis, TPI is also involved in several additional metabolic biological processes including gluconeogenesis, the pentose phosphate shunt, and fatty acid biosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
The isomerases (for example, triose phosphate isomerase, shown following), carry out these rearrangements. (cliffsnotes.com)
Examples include triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and superoxide dismutase. (jove.com)
During triglyceride synthesis, glycerol 3-phosphate combines with three fatty acid molecules through ester linkages, forming a triglyceride molecule. (pediaa.com)
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, also known as triose phosphate , is a key molecule in cellular metabolism. (pediaa.com)
The yeast promoters published include alcohol dehydrogenase 1 gene (ADH1) promoter (J Ferment Bioeng, 1998, Vol. 8 6(3) pp 284-289), triose phosphate isomerase gene (TPI1) promoter (FEMS Microbial Lett, 1999, Feb. Vol. 171 (2) pp 133-140), and the like. (justia.com)
Triosephosphate10
Triosephosphate isomerase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TPI1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
Mutations in this gene are associated with triosephosphate isomerase deficiency. (wikipedia.org)
Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency is a disorder characterized by a shortage of red blood cells (anemia), movement problems, increased susceptibility to infection, and muscle weakness that can affect breathing and heart function. (wikipedia.org)
individuals with triosephosphate isomerase deficiency have an excess of these substances circulating in the blood. (wikipedia.org)
Movement problems typically become apparent by age 2 in people with triosephosphate isomerase deficiency. (wikipedia.org)
This impairment leads to muscle weakness and wasting (atrophy) and causes the movement problems typical of triosephosphate isomerase deficiency, including involuntary muscle tensing (dystonia), tremors, and weak muscle tone (hypotonia). (wikipedia.org)
Weakness of other muscles, such as the heart (a condition known as cardiomyopathy) and the muscle that separates the abdomen from the chest cavity (the diaphragm) can also occur in triosephosphate isomerase deficiency. (wikipedia.org)
Individuals with triosephosphate isomerase deficiency are at increased risk of developing infections because they have poorly functioning white blood cells. (wikipedia.org)
The most common infections in people with triosephosphate isomerase deficiency are bacterial infections of the respiratory tract. (wikipedia.org)
People with triosephosphate isomerase deficiency often do not survive past childhood due to respiratory failure. (wikipedia.org)
Glucose4
Precursors that can be converted to glucose include lactate and pyruvate, citric acid cycle intermediates, and carbon skeletons of most amino acids. (rahulgladwin.com)
Fatty acids also can't be converted to glucose because fats are completely degraded to acetyl-CoA. (rahulgladwin.com)
Nervous and muscle tissues preferentially oxidize ketones over fatty acids, glucose, or amino acids under normal conditions. (medscape.com)
In this process 1 Glucose molecule breaks into 2 pyruvic acid or pyruvate molecules. (lambdageeks.com)
Enzymes6
The functional groups transferred by these lyase enzymes include amino groups, water, and ammonia. (cliffsnotes.com)
Transcriptome sequencing revealed that all homologs induced the same general patterns with a drastic shift in gene expression profiles of leaves from that of a typical source tissue to a source-limited sink-like tissue: Transcripts encoding enzymes for plastid uptake and metabolism of phosphoenolpyruvate, fatty acid and oil biosynthesis were up-regulated, as were also transcripts encoding starch degradation. (biomedcentral.com)
Most enzymes are proteins , though certain nucleic acids , called ribozymes , are also capable of catalytic activity. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Additionally, 193 cytochrome P450 (CYP450), 280 methyltransferase and 144 isomerase genes were identified, that are potential candidates for enzymes involved in RIN and IRN synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Mutases are a class of isomerases, enzymes that convert stereoisomers and the structural and positional isomers. (microbiologynote.com)
Pyruvate2
To be available for TAG synthesis, carbons from sucrose must first be converted to pyruvate through cytosolic or plastidic glycolytic pathways and at some point be imported into the plastid to yield acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) which feeds fatty acid (FA) synthesis with carbon backbones. (biomedcentral.com)
For instance, in aerobic organisms (those that use oxygen), pyruvate can enter the mitochondria and be oxidized further into carbon dioxide and water in a cycle called the citric acid cycle. (stemcelldaily.com)
Substrate1
Only a very small portion of the enzyme, approximately ten amino acids, comes into direct contact with the substrate(s). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Fatty acid4
The depletion of DOM over time was strongly correlated with increases in expression of many genes associated with heterotrophy (e.g., amino acid, fatty acid, and carbohydrate metabolism) belonging to a Hydrogenophaga strain that accounted for a relatively large percentage (~8%) of the metatranscriptome. (frontiersin.org)
Moreover, transcripts representing fatty acid degradation were up-regulated indicating that fatty acids might be degraded to feed the increased need to channel carbons into fatty acid synthesis creating a futile cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
This reaction terminates acyl chain elongation of fatty acid biosynthesis, and in plant seeds it is the biochemical determinant of the fatty acid compositions of storage lipids. (iastate.edu)
These acyl-ACP TEs can potentially be used to diversify the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway to produce novel fatty acids. (iastate.edu)
Biosynthesis4
For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways. (lbl.gov)
For more information, see the paper from 2019 on GapMind for amino acid biosynthesis, the paper from 2022 on GapMind for carbon sources, or view the source code . (lbl.gov)
four CYP450s, three methyltransferases and three isomerases were identified as the candidates most likely to be involved in the later steps of RIN and IRN biosynthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition to providing the monomer units from which polypeptide chains of proteins are synthesis, the L-α-amino acids and their derivatives participate in cellular functions as diverse as nerve transmission and the biosynthesis of porphyrins, purines, pyrimidines, and urea. (sabkuchonline.pk)
TPI11
However, the ADH1 and TPI1 promoters are not necessarily appropriate specific and strong enough for expression for the production of large amounts of organic acids such as lactic acid. (justia.com)
Proteins9
Plants overexpressing 14-3-3 proteins also contained decreased levels of malate and citrate, which are intermediate compounds of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
Proteins are the nitrogenous compounds made of a variable numbers of amino acid residues joined to each other by a covalent bond called peptide linkage. (sabkuchonline.pk)
While proteins contain only L-α-amino acids, microorganisms elaborate peptides that contain both D- and L-α-amino acids. (sabkuchonline.pk)
Yet there was no trace of proteins and especially of RNA (ribonucleic acids), the molecules capable to write DNA (deoxyribonucleic acids) molecules. (brussels-scientific.com)
These DHN proteins are all highly hydrophilic, but they differ significantly in size, ranging from 188 to 475 amino acids, and in biochemical properties, such as theoretical pI, aliphatic index, and instability index. (researchensemble.com)
Every proteins in this family Enzastaurin distributor members includes at least one duplicate of a lysine-wealthy amino acid sequence known as the K-segment, that is generally located close to the carboxyl terminus. (researchensemble.com)
Nucleic Acid2
The present invention also relates to isolated trichodiene synthases and isolated nucleic acid sequences encoding the trichodiene synthases. (justia.com)
The invention also relates to nucleic acid constructs, vectors, and host cells comprising the nucleic acid sequences as well as methods for producing the trichodiene synthases. (justia.com)
Metabolism1
Interrelationships of glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle and fruit quality related metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
Enzyme3
A small chain of 150 amino acids making up an enzyme has an extraordinary number of possible folding configurations: if it tested 10 12 different configurations every second, it would take about 10 26 years to find the right one (Lewis 2005). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
An enzyme might contain only one polypeptide chain, typically linking one hundred or more amino acids, or it might consist of several polypeptide chains that act together as a unit. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The amino acids side chains that make up the active site are molded into a precise shape, which enables the enzyme to perform its catalytic function. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Peptides1
Short polymers of amino acids called peptides perform prominent roles in the neuroendocrine system as hormones, hormone-releasing factors, neuromodulators, or neurotransmitters. (sabkuchonline.pk)
Polymers1
Amino acid polymers are often differentiated according to their molecular weight or the number of amino acid residues they contain. (sabkuchonline.pk)
Genes3
Thus, an object of the invention is to provide promoters usable in the presence of an organic acid, DNA constructs having the promoters, transformants comprising the DNA constructs, expression methods of recombinant genes in the transformants, and production methods of organic acids using the transformants. (justia.com)
As a result, the inventors discovered several genes that were highly expressed specifically in lactic acid-producing yeasts, and isolated those promoters. (justia.com)
Therefore, such a promoter can be used to increase the production of organic acids by manipulatively associating protein genes involved in organic acid production. (justia.com)
Pentose1
The reaction sequence in the Calvin-Benson cycle is from triose phosphates to pentose phosphates, the opposite of the typical direction of the non-oxidative PPP. (mdpi.com)
Sequence4
The linear sequence of amino acids determines the characteristic folding of the chains into a three-dimensional structure. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
We present the nucleotide sequence of a 2,555-base-pair portion of this fragment containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 601 amino acids. (agri.gov.il)
DHNs could also possess a number of Y-segments, that is located close to the amino terminus and includes a consensus sequence, (V/T) DEYGNP, a S-segment that contains multiple serine residues, or both [7], [8]. (researchensemble.com)
This suggests that the underlying cause of the two amino acid replacements in L. lactis YahD is not a cloning artifact, but sequence errors in the genome sequence PI3K Inhibitor Library concentration of L. lactis deposited in GenBank under accession code NC_002662. (dna-metabolism.com)
Lactate1
Then, to disrupt the PDC1 gene on a yeast chromosome, an expression cassette having a L-lactate dehydrogenase gene in the downstream of these promoters was integrated into the PDC1 gene locus that had previously been mapped to the chromosome, and the production of large amounts of L-lactic acids was confirmed. (justia.com)
Carbon1
An a- amino acid consists of a central carbon atom called the a carbon , linked to an amino group, a carboxylic group, ahydrogen atom, and a distinctive R group. (sabkuchonline.pk)
Interproscan1
Branched-chain amino acid transport system / permease component [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Constructs1
The present invention relates to promoter DNAs in the presence of organic acids, DNA constructs, transformants, expression methods of a recombinant gene, and their uses in organic acid production methods. (justia.com)
Amounts1
Neither human nor any other higher animals can synthesize 10 of 20 common L-α-amino acids in amounts adequate to support. (sabkuchonline.pk)
Organic acid3
The invention provides a promoter that can be used in the presence of an organic acid. (justia.com)
In addition, they are not necessarily suitable for strong expression in the presence of an organic acid. (justia.com)
Thus, the promoter that activates the transcription of operatively-associated DNA in the presence of an organic acid is useful to increase the objective gene product in the presence of an organic acid, in particular, those are useful to increase the objective product during the production of an organic acid. (justia.com)
Substances1
Two amino acids deserve some special notice because they are both key precursors to many hormones and neurotransmitters (substances involved in the transmission of nerve impulses). (sabkuchonline.pk)
These are formed in the liver and kidneys from the breakdown of fatty acids and a few amino acids. (medscape.com)
Groups1
Amino acids in aqueous solution contain weakly acidic α-carboxyl groups and weakly basic α-amino groups. (sabkuchonline.pk)
Chain2
In each chain, nonpolar amino acids pointing inward from the beta strands contribute to the hydrophobic core of the structure. (wikipedia.org)
and 2) seven TEs were molecularly cloned from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), coconut (Cocos nucifera) and Cuphea viscosissima, organisms that produce medium-chain and short-chain fatty acids in their seeds. (iastate.edu)
Analysis1
The inventors obtained mRNA from lactic acid-producing yeasts or yeasts growing in lactic acid-containing medium and conducted thorough gene expression analysis by a quantitative PCR method. (justia.com)
Invention1
That is, the inventors have obtained promoters that activate the transcription of an object gene during the production of organic acids and demonstrated that these promoters virtually increased the production of L-lactic acid, and thereby achieved the invention. (justia.com)
Built1
Because the electron density maps were of high quality, the two monomers of the asymmetric unit as well as the malic acid could be built reliably. (dna-metabolism.com)