Tricarboxylic acid cycle and mitochondrial tricarboxylic cell cycle. Medical search. Frequent questions

Mitochondria are multifaceted organelles with key roles in anabolic and catabolic metabolism, bioenergetics, cellular signalling and nutrient sensing, and programmed cell death processes. (nature.com)
Finally, we examine the utility of an expanded, functionally annotated mitochondrial proteome in a translational setting for aiding both diagnosis of mitochondrial disease and targeting of mitochondria for treatment. (nature.com)
Kennedy, E. P. & Lehninger, A. L. Oxidation of fatty acids and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates by isolated rat liver mitochondria. (nature.com)
Two‐dimensional electrophoresis of human placental mitochondria and protein identification by mass spectrometry: toward a human mitochondrial proteome. (nature.com)
Mitochondria play an important role in cell energy metabolism 12 through the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), whose main product is adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the fundamental energy molecule for cells 12 . (nature.com)
This cycle occurs within the mitochondria and provides all of the necessary energy for organism function. (brighthub.com)
Mitochondria are sites of biochemical processes including lipid oxidation, tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, that culminate in generation of energy. (fapesp.br)
pink mitochondrial OXPHOS) - Glucose metabolism in mitochondria . (elifesciences.org)
Following its conversion from glucose during glycolysis, pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria via the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) and enters the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. (elifesciences.org)
Inside the mitochondria, pyruvate is completely oxidized through the TCA cycle, feeding reductive equivalents to the electron transport chain. (hindawi.com)
They observed high glucose consumption and large amounts of lactate excretion from cancer cells compared with normal cells, which oxidised glucose using mitochondria. (researchgate.net)
It was therefore assumed that cancer cells were generating energy using glycolysis rather than mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, and that the mitochondria were dysfunctional. (researchgate.net)
Advances in research techniques since then have shown the mitochondria in cancer cells to be functional across a range of tumour types. (researchgate.net)
cells, which oxidised glucose using mitochondria. (researchgate.net)
In growing cancer cells, oxidative metabolism of glucose and glutamine in the mitochondria provide precursors needed for de novo synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. (tdl.org)
In summary, this work has given us insights into how cancer cells are able to grow in the context of defective mitochondria. (tdl.org)
The mitochondria are the structures within the cell responsible for generating energy from oxygen and nutrients. (totalhealthmagazine.com)
2 These observations link two key aspects of mitochondrial health, preventing and removing damaged mitochondria ( mitophagy ) and creating new mitochondria ( mitogenesis ). (totalhealthmagazine.com)
Along with SIRT1, AMPK activates the biogenesis of new mitochondria to enable the cell to generate more energy. (totalhealthmagazine.com)
In eukaryotic cells, the enzymes that are reponsible for this breakdown are located in the mitochondria, while in procaryotes they are in the cytoplasm. (encyclopedia.com)
Compounds like Methyl Jasmonate isolated from plants have shown to disrupt the association between mitochondria and hexokinases (HKI & HKII) involved in regulating apoptosis [6] and have shown to be lethal to cancer cells in vitro [7]. (assignbuster.com)
CnHsf3 acts in nuclei and mitochondria, and nuclear- and mitochondrial-targeting signals are required for its organelle-specific functions. (lu.se)
In addition to supplying energy to cellular, mitochondria are also involved in a range of processes, such as signaling, cellular differentiation and growth, and cell death. (goldengoosesneakersaustralia.com)
As one of the most important organelles of hepatocytes, mitochondria are the main site of fatty acid β-oxidation, tricarboxylic acid cycle, adenine nucleoside triphosphate (ATP) synthesis and ROS formation. (goldengoosesneakersaustralia.com)
At the cellular level, weaning, disease and fatty liver problems are all the oxidative stress of cells and mitochondria is the target of oxidative stress. (goldengoosesneakersaustralia.com)
A large number of studies have reported that in the process of fatty liver formation, with the massive production of ROS, the accumulation of mitochondrial oxidative damage products such as malondialdehyde (MDA) starts to rise up, and the levels of the main antioxidant proteins GSH, SOD2 and GPX in the mitochondria are significantly reduced. (goldengoosesneakersaustralia.com)

The next stage known as glucose oxidation is possible due to this cycle. (brighthub.com)
This finding suggests that constitutively activated GDH enhances oxidation of glutamate, which is intracellularly converted from glutamine to α-ketoglutarate, a tricarboxylic acid cycle substrate, which thereby stimulates insulin secretion. (diabetesjournals.org)
In contrast to normal cells, most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactate fermentation, even in the presence of oxygen, a less efficient metabolism compared to a low rate of glycolysis followed by mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
The enzymatic steps of glycolysis and the subsequent synthesis of acetyl-CoA involve a linear sequence, whereas the oxidation of acetyl-CoA in the Krebs cycle is a cyclic sequence of reactions in which the starting substrate is subsequently regenerated with each turn of the cycle. (encyclopedia.com)
The rate of aerobic oxidation of free fatty acids and glucose in cardiomyocytes is decreased, yet the rate of anaerobic glycolysis is enhanced. (dirjournal.org)
Figure 1 summarises the major steps of carbohydrate oxidation in mammalian cells. (bmj.com)
Three mitochondrial metabolic pathways are required for efficient energy production in eukaryotic cells: the electron transfer chain (ETC), fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO), and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. (oroboros.at)
VLCAD is a homodimer containing a FAD cofactor that is the first step in the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation of the acyl-CoA substrate. (oroboros.at)
The formation of fatty liver is related to a disorder of the fat metabolism that the fatty synthesis of liver cells are increased and the oxidation are decreased. (goldengoosesneakersaustralia.com)
Mitochondrial fatty acid's β oxidation is the rate-limiting step of fat metabolism, the mitochondrial dysfunction causes the oxidative phosphorylation of free fatty acids consumed by hepatocytes, the decreasing of β-oxidation, the increasing of the synthesization and ingestion of triglycerides, and that's how the fatty liver is caused. (goldengoosesneakersaustralia.com)
Consequently, fatty acid oxidation becomes favored, and the liver converts fat into fatty acids and ketone bodies that serve as an efficient alternative fuel for brain cells. (nationalacademies.org)

The protein encoded by this gene is a Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of citrate from oxaloacetate and acetyl coenzyme A. The enzyme is found in nearly all cells capable of oxidative metabolism. (thermofisher.com)
Suppression of NDA-Type Alternative Mitochondrial NAD(P)H Dehydrogenases in Arabidopsis thaliana Modifies Growth and Metabolism, but not High Light Stimulation of Mitochondrial Electron Transport. (mpg.de)
Suppression of the External Mitochondrial NADPH Dehydrogenase, NDB1, in Arabidopsis thaliana Affects Central Metabolism and Vegetative Growth. (mpg.de)
On the role of the mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in amino acid metabolism. (mpg.de)
In the last few years, it has been evidenced different metabolic pathways driving the phenotype of Treg cells, which require mitochondrial integrity and metabolism for exerting their functions. (fapesp.br)
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1a) acts as an important regulator of oxidative metabolism, biogenesis and mitochondrial dynamics through the activation of different transcription factors, being widely described in tissues with high energy demand. (fapesp.br)
Taking into account the relevance of PGC1a in the regulation of mitochondrial activity and integrity, in addition to the importance of oxidative metabolism for Treg cell function, this project aims to investigate how PGC1a connects the regulation of cellular metabolism to the generation and function of Treg cells in homeostasis and tumor context. (fapesp.br)
Predisposition to PGL is due to inheritance of surprising mutations - errors in the nuclear genes that encode subunits of the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex, part of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle of oxidative energy metabolism. (mayo.edu)
In addition to its role in glucose metabolism, this pathway also regulates the redirection of free amino acids to protein synthesis via the mTOR-signaling pathway. (hindawi.com)
In contrast, cancer cells shift their metabolism toward lactate production even in the presence of oxygen [ 4 ], partly through genetic modifications that stabilize the transcription factor Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) involved in the adaptation of the cells to hypoxia, under nonhypoxic conditions as well as generating an adaptive response to the hypoxic microenvironment (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)
Furthermore, HIF-1 actively limits the mitochondrial consumption of pyruvate at two levels: (i) through the enzyme PDK (PDH-kinase), which in turn inhibits PDH activity preventing the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA, and thereby limiting mitochondrial metabolism of pyruvate [ 6 ] and (ii) through the direct activation of LDH [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
This review will discuss the metabolic reprogramming of cancer, possible explanations for the high glucose consumption in cancer cells observed by Warburg, and suggest key experimental practices we should consider when studying the metabolism of cancer. (researchgate.net)
Identification of bioactive metabolites in human iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons with PARK2 mutation: Altered mitochondrial and energy metabolism. (ox.ac.uk)
PARK2 KO neurons displayed increased tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity, perturbed mitochondrial ultrastructure, ATP depletion, and dysregulation of glycolysis and carnitine metabolism. (ox.ac.uk)
To address this, I used models of mitochondrial dysfunction in isogenic cancer cell lines and studied their metabolism using a combination of Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy. (tdl.org)
FH encodes an enzyme that is part of the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle involved in cellular energy metabolism and appears to function as a tumor suppressor since its activity is very low or absent in tumors from individuals with HLRCC. (biomedcentral.com)
Scientists working in basic, translational, and clinical cancer metabolism research are invited to join the Academy in New York on April 17th to discuss the intersection between cell signaling and metabolism. (nyas.org)
Cancer Cell Metabolism: Unique Features Inform New Therapeutic Opportunities. (nyas.org)
In addition, previous studies have shown that lysosomes may play important roles in cancer development and progression through the abovementioned biological processes and that the functional status and spatial distribution of lysosomes are closely related to cancer cell proliferation, energy metabolism, invasion and metastasis, immune escape and tumor-associated angiogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
The higher dependency of cancer cells upon glycolytic metabolism for the production of ATP [3] provides a loftier motive to target glycolytic enzymes. (assignbuster.com)
1,2,3 As one of the most common pathological mechanisms after the ROSC, energy metabolism disorder in the myocardium leads to a series of detrimental changes in the energy supply and substrate metabolism related to the regulation of mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and inflammation. (dirjournal.org)
Glucose and fatty acids are important energy substrates for myocardial metabolism. (dirjournal.org)
6 Sixty to seventy percent of the energy required for cardiac contraction under normal physiological conditions is mainly furnished by the oxidative metabolism of fatty acids, with the remainder predominantly from glucose. (dirjournal.org)
7 The metabolism of fatty acids and glucose undergoes adaptive changes in the myocardium due to ischemia-reperfusion injury after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). (dirjournal.org)
The term congenital lactic acidosis (CLA) refers to a group of inborn errors of mitochondrial metabolism variably characterised by progressive neuromuscular deterioration and accumulation of lactate and hydrogen ions in blood, urine and/or cerebrospinal fluid, frequently resulting in early death. (bmj.com)
Hyperlactataemia is the defining biochemical abnormality in children with CLA and, in the absence of hypoxia, should be considered a surrogate marker for underlying failure of mitochondrial energy metabolism. (bmj.com)
Taken together, the results indicate that LW1564 inhibits the growth of cancer cells by targeting mitochondrial ETC complex I and impairing cancer cell metabolism. (biomed.news)
β-Catenin Knockdown Affects Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Lipid Metabolism in Breast Cancer Cells. (unich.it)
beta-catenin plays an important role as regulatory hub in several cellular processes including cell adhesion, metabolism, and epithelial mesenchymal transition. (unich.it)
In detail, proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism and tricarboxylic acid cycle were found to be down-regulated, whereas proteins associated to lipid metabolism were found up-regulated in sh beta cat compared to shCTR. (unich.it)
Our data highlight a role of beta-catenin in the regulation of metabolism and energy homeostasis in breast cancer cells. (unich.it)
Recent research has revealed the importance of primary metabolism in several areas including oncology, stem cell biology, bioprocessing etc. (humanmetabolome.com)
Central carbon metabolism is essential for cancer cell proliferation and survival. (humanmetabolome.com)
Cancer cells have significant heterogeneity in glucose metabolism. (humanmetabolome.com)
So, cancer cells plunder more glucose from microenvironment and secrete more lactic acid to meet requirement of energy and material metabolism. (humanmetabolome.com)
One of the end products of central carbon metabolism, pyruvate, is central energy metabolism, or the TCA cycle. (humanmetabolome.com)
With absolute quantitation of 116 target metabolites engaged in central metabolism, Carcinoscope or C-SCOPE provides basic biochemical parameters which enable researchers to better understand cellular status such as bioenergetics, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function covering the glycolytic pathway, pentose phosphate pathway, TCA cycle, urea cycle and glutathione metabolism. (humanmetabolome.com)
While CARCINOSCOPE focuses on central carbon and energy metabolism, Q353 expands the quantitative coverage to many other pathways involved in amino acid metabolism, immune response, transmethylation and transsulfuration pathway . (humanmetabolome.com)
The susceptibility of CD4 T cells to human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection is regulated by glucose and glutamine metabolism, but the relative contributions of these nutrients to infection are not known. (gla.ac.uk)
Some studies in arsenic metabolism suggest that methylation of inorganic arsenic may be a toxification, rather than a detoxification pathway and that trivalent methylated arsenic metabolites, particularly monomethylarsonous acid and dimethylarsinous acid, have a great deal of biological activity [Kitchin 2001]. (cdc.gov)
In the patients with ME/CFS, there was a specific reduction of amino acids that fuel oxidative metabolism, pointing to functional impairment of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), a key enzyme for the conversion of carbohydrates to energy. (medscape.com)

Our study reveals that a monoallelic mutation in ACO2 is sufficient to promote mitochondrial dysfunction and increased vulnerability to oxidative stress as main drivers of cell death related to optic nerve atrophy. (huji.ac.il)
These pathways are core to understanding mitochondrial dysfunction, cancer and cell proliferation. (humanmetabolome.com)
Neurodegenerative disorders and other CNS injuries share some common pathophysiological events with the metabolic injury cascade that follows TBI, such as the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial dysfunction. (nationalacademies.org)
A Syntenic Cross Species Aneuploidy Genetic Screen Links RCAN1 Expression to β-Cell Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes. (lu.se)

Fatty acids also fuel it. (brighthub.com)
These fuel molecules, glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, are broken down and fed into the Krebs cycle, becoming oxidized to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) before entering the cycle. (encyclopedia.com)
Before glucose, fatty acids, and most amino acids can be oxidized to CO2 and H2O in the Krebs cycle, they must first be broken down to acetyl CoA. (encyclopedia.com)
The lipid portion of a phospholipid contains two fatty acids, which are long chains of hydrocarbons with specific types of bonds that leave the whole molecule without a charge gradient. (sciencing.com)
Furthermore, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1), a transcriptional target of SREBP1, mediates the ferroptosis-suppressing activity of SREBP1 by producing monounsaturated fatty acids. (biomed.news)
Although fatty acids cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, these three ketone bodies can enter the brain and serve as an energy source. (nationalacademies.org)
Nervous and muscle tissues preferentially oxidize ketones over fatty acids, glucose, or amino acids under normal conditions. (medscape.com)
These are formed in the liver and kidneys from the breakdown of fatty acids and a few amino acids. (medscape.com)

Two pyruvic acid molecules are produced from glycolysis, requiring the Krebs cycle to occur two times per glucose molecule. (brighthub.com)
Methods Phenotype and function of BOXR1030 and Control CAR-T cells (n=3 donors) were assessed at the end of standard CAR-T cell manufacturing process, after repetitive stimulation with anti-idiotype antibody (up to 5 stimulations over 15 days) and co-culturing with GPC3-expressing Hep3B cells (2D) or Hep3B spheroids (3D) in standard or low glucose culture conditions. (bmj.com)
Following in vitro stimulation or Hep3B co-culture in standard and low glucose culture conditions, BOXR1030 T cells showed preservation of early memory populations, reduced CD27-CD28- senescent cells and improved cytotoxic function relative to Control CAR-T cells. (bmj.com)
In low glucose culture conditions, BOXR1030 T cells showed reduced ROS levels and reduced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential compared to Control CAR-T cells. (bmj.com)
In normal cells, glucose participates in cellular energy production through glycolysis as well as through its complete catabolism via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (hindawi.com)
In addition to glucose, glutamine is also required to feed the TCA cycle. (hindawi.com)
This activation is necessary for both cell proliferation as well as glucose uptake and use. (hindawi.com)
Glucose and glutamine are the 2 major substrates used by cancer cells. (hindawi.com)
In the absence of oxygen, when anaerobic respiration occurs, such as in fermentation, glucose is degraded to lactate and lactic acid , and only a small fraction of the available energy of the original glucose molecule is released. (encyclopedia.com)
Much more energy is released if glucose is fully degraded by the Krebs cycle, where it is completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O. (encyclopedia.com)
Each turn of the Krebs cycle therefore begins when one of the two acetyl-CoA molecules derived from the original 6-carbon glucose molecule yields its acetyl group to the 4-carbon compound oxaloacetate to form the 6-carbon tricarboxylic acid (citrate) molecule. (encyclopedia.com)
Under aerobic conditions, the activity of PDC determines the rate at which all cells oxidise glucose, pyruvate, and lactate. (bmj.com)
SIL-CE-ESI-MS enables the accurate monitoring of InsPs and PP-InsPs arising from compartmentalized cellular synthesis pathways, by feeding cells with either [13C6]-myo-inositol or [13C6]-D-glucose. (biomed.news)
Compared to controls, beta-catenin knockout cells showed increased incorporation of [1-C-14] acetate and decreased utilization of [U-C-14] glucose for fatty acid synthesis. (unich.it)

Background To overcome the challenges of a hostile solid tumor microenvironment, we have engineered CAR-T cells to co-express mitochondrial enzyme glutamic-oxaloacetic-transaminase 2 (GOT2). (bmj.com)
Background Loss of function of fumarate hydratase (FH), the mitochondrial tumor suppressor and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzyme, is associated with a highly malignant form of papillary and collecting duct renal cell malignancy. (immune-source.com)
In this pathway, NA is first converted into nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NAMN) by the enzyme nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT). (allbe.ca)
NAMN is then converted into nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NAAD) by the enzyme nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT). (allbe.ca)
Cell proliferation and aerobic glycolysis in tumors are greatly dependent on this ability to inhibit the activity of PKM2 enzyme. (assignbuster.com)
5 This concept is most readily appreciated by considering mitochondrial enzyme deficiencies. (bmj.com)
Our findings indicate an impaired function of the PDH enzyme complex, resulting in reduced flux of pyruvate to the [tricarboxylic acid ( TCA )] cycle. (medscape.com)
Citrate synthase encodes the first enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and is highly conserved among all Rickettsia species, serving as a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) target to identify any rickettsial infection. (cdc.gov)

The Krebs cycle, or the tricarboxylic acid cycle or citric acid cycle, is the second stage of cellular respiration. (brighthub.com)
Recently, single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis has been used to examine cellular fate and function during cellular differentiation and has contributed to elucidating the mechanisms of various diseases. (hindawi.com)
GOT2 is hypothesized to improve CAR-T cell fitness by maintaining cellular redox balance under oxidative stress and fueling the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle via glutaminolysis. (bmj.com)
In this study, we have characterized the cellular phenotype and mitochondrial function of BOXR1030 T cells compared to Control CAR-T cells to better understand the contribution of GOT2 to improved CAR-T function. (bmj.com)
Cell proliferation involves the replication of all cellular contents with the required energy for this to happen. (hindawi.com)
Parkin is an ubiquitin E3 ligase that participates in several cellular functions, including mitochondrial homeostasis. (ox.ac.uk)
The Krebs cycle, also called the citric acid cycle and tricarboxylic acid cycle, is the common pathway by which organic fuel molecules of the cell are oxidized during cellular respiration. (encyclopedia.com)
The Krebs cycle is part of the aerobic degradative process in eukaryotes known as cellular respiration, which is a process that generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by oxidizing energy-rich fuel molecules. (encyclopedia.com)
This also allows for exquisite control of the immediate cellular environment, which can be distinct from the cytoplasm of the cell at large. (sciencing.com)

This stage is primarily fueled by the product of glycolysis, known as pyruvic acid. (brighthub.com)
Glycolysis is an important metabolic pathway that generates energy in various cells of the blood vessel wall. (wjgnet.com)
When oxygen is limited, as in muscles that have undergone prolonged exercise, pyruvate is not consumed in the TCA cycle but is rather converted into lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in a process termed anaerobic glycolysis. (hindawi.com)
The metabolic shift towards aerobic glycolysis with reprogramming of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, regardless of oxygen availability, is a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. (upmc.edu)
The breakdown of pyruvate irreversibly funnels the products of glycolysis into the Krebs cycle. (encyclopedia.com)
Thus, the transformation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is the link between the metabolic reactions of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. (encyclopedia.com)
Isotype PDK3 is induced by upregulation of HIF-1α under hypoxic conditions and results in cells to undergo glycolysis instead of TCA for energy production. (assignbuster.com)
The pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex is a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial multienzymecomplex that catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2), andprovides the primary link between glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. (researchtoactionforum.org)
Most cancer cells rely largely on aerobic glycolysis as it accounts for 56-63% of their ATP budget . (humanmetabolome.com)

Once the acetyl CoA is produced, it has to be completely broken down by entering the Krebs cycle. (brighthub.com)
Oxaloacetate is regenerated and the formation of two carbon dioxide molecules occurs during each Krebs cycle. (brighthub.com)
Han A. Krebs, during the year of 1937, proposed that cells had a specific metabolic pathway. (brighthub.com)
Later work completed by Krebs showed that this cycle is not exclusive to only animals, but that almost all aerobic cells have it. (brighthub.com)
It plays a crucial role in the Krebs cycle, which produces energy in our cells. (igelsparks.com)
The Krebs cycle, first postulated in 1937 by Hans Krebs, is an efficient way for cells to produce energy during the degradation of energy-rich molecules. (encyclopedia.com)
Electrons removed from intermediate metabolic products during the Krebs cycle are used to reduce coenzyme molecules nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [NAD + ] and flavin mononucleotide [FAD]) to NADH and FADH 2 , respectively. (encyclopedia.com)
The importance of the Krebs cycle lies in both the efficiency with which it captures energy released from nutrient molecules and stores it in a usable form, and in the raw materials it provides for the biosynthesis of certain amino acids and of purines and pyrimidines. (encyclopedia.com)
In step two of the Krebs cycle, citrate is isomerized to isocitrate by means of a dehydration reaction that yields cis -aconitate, followed by a hydration reaction that replaces the H + and OH- to form isocitrate. (encyclopedia.com)
The tricarboxylic acid cycle (or Krebs cycle) is the central metabolic pathway that links together carbohydrate, amino acid, and fatty acid degradation and supplies precursors for various biosynthetic pathways including NAHD and FADH2 to the electron transport chain in normal cells who rely primarily on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation ( OXPHOS ) to generate ATP for energy. (humanmetabolome.com)

Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and mitochondrial membrane potential were assessed using flow cytometry. (nature.com)
Upon LPS stimulation, the expression of key TCA enzymes, including citrate synthase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase 2, and the mitochondrial membrane potential decreased, whereas the levels of LC3b and ROS increased. (nature.com)
Cells' status can be inferred by examining autophagy proteins such as ATG8, as well as measuring ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential. (nature.com)
Mitochondrial health was measured by analyzing mitochondrial mass, membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. (bmj.com)
Lysosomes are an important component of the inner membrane system and participate in numerous cell biological processes, such as macromolecular degradation, antigen presentation, intracellular pathogen destruction, plasma membrane repair, exosome release, cell adhesion/migration and apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
5) Lysosomes can also fuse with the plasma membrane to mediate membrane repair or discharge contents outside the cell, such as cathepsins or immune factors. (biomedcentral.com)
The cell membrane , also called the plasma membrane, forms the outer boundary of animal cells. (sciencing.com)
Plant cells have cell walls directly outside the cell membrane for added protection and firmness. (sciencing.com)
The cell membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer, or lipid bilayer. (sciencing.com)
The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane, a double later analogous to the cell membrane. (sciencing.com)
This reaction is catalysed by PDC, a series of linked enzymes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane (fig 2 ). (bmj.com)
A loss of mitochondrial mass and membrane potential was also assessed by fluorescent probes in sh beta cat cells with respect to the controls. (unich.it)
Several parameters of mitochondrial function, including mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential or mitochondrial superoxide production, were not changed under baseline conditions. (huji.ac.il)
The ETC is organized into inner mitochondrial membrane supercomplexes that promote substrate channeling and catalytic efficiency. (oroboros.at)

What Promotes Mitochondrial Biogenesis? (totalhealthmagazine.com)
Many of the mechanisms that activate mitochondrial biogenesis in the face of hormesis have been elucidated. (totalhealthmagazine.com)
These data are consistent with the reduced expression of transcriptional factors regulating mitochondrial biogenesis detected in sh beta cat cells. (unich.it)

Downregulation of the delta-Subunit Reduces Mitochondrial ATP Synthase Levels, Alters Respiration, and Restricts Growth and Gametophyte Development in Arabidopsis. (mpg.de)
Measurements of the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and ATP production rate revealed that LW1564 suppressed mitochondrial respiration, thereby increasing the intracellular oxygen concentration to stimulate HIF-1α degradation. (biomed.news)
However, basal respiration, maximal respiration, and spare respiratory capacity were reduced in mutant cells. (huji.ac.il)
Replacing the stable phosphorus anion in phosphate with the less stable As (V) anion leads to rapid hydrolysis of high energy bonds in compounds such as ATP, a process that leads to loss of high energy phosphate bonds and effectively "uncouples" mitochondrial respiration [Rossman 2007]. (cdc.gov)

Mitochondrial quality control prevents accumulation of intramitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species (mtROS), thereby protecting cells against DNA damage, genome instability, and programmed cell death. (lu.se)

To prevent aberrant cell proliferation, these pathways are tightly regulated. (hindawi.com)
CD10 is a regulator of B cell growth and proliferation. (antiviralbiologic.com)
The characteristic hallmark of these diseases is a dysregulated MYC oncogene with both downstream effects on proliferation and a high metabolic fluxes which use tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates as biosynthetic precursors. (bvsalud.org)
These include modes that are predominately genotoxic (i.e., chromosomal abnormalities, oxidative stress, and gene amplification) vs. more nongenotoxic (i.e., altered growth factors, enhanced cell proliferation and promotion of carcinogenesis, and altered DNA repair). (cdc.gov)

Autophagy is one of the major digestive processes in cells and plays a critical role in maintaining cell homeostasis through delivering cytoplasmic materials, such as lipids, proteins, and organelles to lysosomes, for degradation 13 . (nature.com)
Lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides necessary for the biosynthesis of the daughter cells are mostly provided by intermediate metabolites of these pathways. (hindawi.com)
6) Lysosomes are the pools of metabolites in cells, including amino acids, sugars, lipids and nucleotides. (biomedcentral.com)
These precursors are then used to generate the entire biomass of the cell (e.g. protein, steroids, lipids). (humanmetabolome.com)

The de novo synthesis pathway produces NAD+ from the amino acid tryptophan. (allbe.ca)
The Preiss-Handler pathway synthesizes NAD+ from nicotinic acid (NA), a form of vitamin B3. (allbe.ca)
To gain mechanistic insight into how this unusual pathway was regulated I carried out a targeted metabolomics analysis in our isogenic tumor cell models. (tdl.org)
This led to the striking discovery that cells engaged in the reductive carboxylation pathway also operate an additional metabolic pathway that, at first glance, would appear to be superfluous and inefficient. (tdl.org)
These enzymes help in mediating the aberrant metabolic pathway of cancer cells and could serve as a promising source of novel drug targets [1, 2]. (assignbuster.com)
Isoforms of many of these metabolic enzymes are found to be specifically expressed in tumor cells, the current research is being refocused on interventions to specially target these isoforms of various important metabolic pathway. (assignbuster.com)
Glycolytic pathway serves as the principal energetic source for the cell. (assignbuster.com)
Linked to this glycolytic pathway is the pentose phosphate pathway leading to nucleic acid synthesis. (humanmetabolome.com)
Here we show that glutaminolysis is the major pathway fuelling the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in T-cell receptor-stimulated naïve, as well as memory CD4, subsets and is required for optimal HIV-1 infection. (gla.ac.uk)

Moreover, HIV-1 infection is significantly higher in CD4 T cells selected on the basis of high mitochondrial biomass and OXPHOS activity. (gla.ac.uk)

Typically, rapidly proliferating tumor cells have glycolytic rates up to 200 times higher than those of their normal tissue of origin, even in the presence of oxygen [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
In addition to the Warburg effect, glioblastoma tumor cells also utilize the tricarboxylic acid cycle/oxidative phosphorylation in a different capacity than normal tissue. (upmc.edu)
Many isoforms of these enzymes have been found to be specifically expressed in tumor cells and are being exploited as a potential candidates to be used as drug targets. (assignbuster.com)

Yet, a subset tumors harbor genetic mutations in the electron transport chain or tricarboxylic acid cycle that disable normal oxidative mitochondrial function. (tdl.org)
LW1564 also significantly decreased overall ATP levels by inhibiting mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complex I and downregulated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling by increasing the AMP/ATP ratio, which increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. (biomed.news)
It represses the expression of genes involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle while promoting expression of genes involved in electron transfer chain. (lu.se)

Increased lactic acid accumulates upon limited exertion, and there is a compensatory use of alternative substrates to fuel the TCA cycle. (medscape.com)
Based on the findings in the study, we can understand why patients need to stay at rest, minimizing the energy deficiency and reducing the symptoms caused by lactic acid accumulation. (medscape.com)

Yet numerous challenges remain in understanding mitochondrial biology and translating this knowledge into the medical context. (nature.com)
Systems biology of gibberellin induced plant cell growth. (mpg.de)
Today, the importance of mitochondrial biology linking basic aspects of aging and the pathogenesis of age-related diseases remains strong, yet the emphasis has changed. (totalhealthmagazine.com)
Avantor® can help equip your life sciences lab with the products, equipment, and supplies you need - whether you work in cell biology, genomics, proteomics, or other fields. (vwr.com)

Finally, we found that transcription factors Jun , Fos , Atf3 , and Egr1 were upregulated in protective cells, especially Egr1 was predicted to be involved in the regulation of genes related to antioxidant stress and angiogenesis, suggesting a role in promoting differentiation into this cell phenotype. (hindawi.com)
Our results directly illustrate the importance of GDH in the regulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
Regulation of the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle. (mpg.de)
Metabolic control and regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in photosynthetic and heterotrophic plant tissues. (mpg.de)
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, are increasingly implicated in the regulation of brain health and disease. (biomedcentral.com)
They perform many functions, including biochemical control of endothelial cells that form the blood-brain barrier , [1] provision of nutrients to the nervous tissue, maintenance of extracellular ion balance, regulation of cerebral blood flow, and a role in the repair and scarring process of the brain and spinal cord following infection and traumatic injuries. (atozwiki.com)

One aspect of this hypothesis is an associated modification of the tricarboxylic acid cycle to increase the synthesis of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), leading to neuronal hyperpolarization (Bough and Rho, 2007). (nationalacademies.org)
2004). Other mechanisms that possibly contribute to neuroprotection and enhanced mitochondrial function include, but are not limited to, promoting synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), interfering with glutamate toxicity, and bypassing the inhibition of complex I in the mitochondrial respiratory chain (Gasior et al. (nationalacademies.org)

2010). The Citric Acid Cycle. (brighthub.com)

The build up of TCA cycle metabolites in UOK262 and UOKpFH cell lines were acquired and cultured as previously explained [10]. (immune-source.com)
For the intracellular metabolomic analysis, cells were quickly washed three instances with PBS to remove contaminations from the metabolites in the press. (immune-source.com)
It is also one of the few metabolites that can act as a precursor to other metabolites of both the urea cycle and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. (hmdb.ca)

Expression levels of key TCA cycle enzymes and the autophagy-related protein light chain 3b (LC3b) were determined in raw 264.7 cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and metformin (Met). (nature.com)
Citrate synthase (CS), α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2), and malic dehydrogenase 2 (MDH2) are key enzymes in the TCA cycle. (nature.com)
Changes in τ bound imply changes in the specific enzymes to which NAD(P)H is binding and, therefore, the metabolic state of the cell. (elifesciences.org)
NAD+ is synthesized in our cells through multiple pathways, each utilizing different precursors and enzymes. (allbe.ca)
Many metabolic enzymes which are specific to important metabolic pathways and which are altered in cancer cells have been identified. (assignbuster.com)
2 4 A few cases have been reported that involve deficiencies in enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, such as fumarase, or of gluconeogenesis, such as pyruvate carboxylase (PC) or phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). (bmj.com)
CPI-613 (devimistat) is a non-redox active analogue of lipoic acid, a required cofactor for two key mitochondrial enzymes of the TCA cycle, pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. (bvsalud.org)

Their diverse functions are enabled by a sophisticated set of protein components encoded by the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. (nature.com)
In this Roadmap, we propose a path forward for refining the mitochondrial protein map to enhance its discovery and therapeutic potential. (nature.com)
Fig. 1: Comparison of the three main mitochondrial protein compendia. (nature.com)
Fig. 3: Examples of innovative uses of mitochondrial protein maps. (nature.com)
Fig. 4: Translational utility of the mitochondrial protein map. (nature.com)
Fig. 5: The future mitochondrial protein map. (nature.com)
This protein is nuclear encoded and transported into the mitochondrial matrix, where the mature form is found. (thermofisher.com)
From development to aging and disease, the brain parenchyma is under the constant threat of debris accumulation, in the form of dead cells and protein aggregates. (frontiersin.org)
many of these cells express the intermediate filament glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). (atozwiki.com)
Genes are simply lengths of DNA that contain the code for a particular protein product, which the DNA delivers to the cell's protein-assembly machinery through the molecule RNA (ribonucleic acid). (sciencing.com)
ACO2 is a mitochondrial protein, which is critically involved in the function of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), the maintenance of iron homeostasis, oxidative stress defense and the integrity of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). (huji.ac.il)
rOmpA encodes a surface-expressed protein of SFG-rickettsiae that is important for adhesion to host cells ( 10 ). (cdc.gov)

These analyses include complex metabolic tracing and immune cell response assessment. (upmc.edu)
Reducing equivalents (NADH, FADH 2 ) are generated by reactions catalysed by the PDC and the tricarboxylic acid cycle and donate electrons (e - ) that enter the respiratory chain at NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) or at succinate ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex II). (bmj.com)
So, the results indicate an impaired mitochondrial PDH complex function, we believe induced by the immune system," Dr Fluge told Medscape Medical News . (medscape.com)

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) phosphorylates pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and inhibits the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, thus preventing acetyl-CoA from entering the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. (assignbuster.com)

In the ensuing decades, further technological and computational advances helped to refine these 'maps', with current estimates of the core mammalian mitochondrial proteome ranging from 1,000 to 1,500 proteins. (nature.com)
The method is validated in wild-type and knockout mammalian cell lines and in model organisms. (biomed.news)

GDH is ubiquitously expressed, and its oxidative deamination reaction feeds the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle by converting l -glutamate to α-ketoglutarate, whereas the reductive amination reaction supplies nitrogen for several biosynthetic pathways. (diabetesjournals.org)
Importantly, it has been unknown how these cells generate the biosynthetic precursors required for growth. (tdl.org)
providing a plausible mechanism for how cancer cells with mitochondrial defects generate biosynthetic precursors required for growth. (tdl.org)
Disruption of mitochondrial function by CPI-613 results in a shutdown of ATP and biosynthetic-intermediate production, leading to cancer cell death by apoptosis or necrosis. (bvsalud.org)

Our cells can also utilize two well-known NAD+ precursors, nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), to produce NAD+. (allbe.ca)
Mouse monoclonal to CD10.COCL reacts with CD10, 100 kDa common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA), which is expressed on lymphoid precursors, germinal center B cells, and peripheral blood granulocytes. (antiviralbiologic.com)

A small molecule that can easily get into cells, arsenic can cause cell injury and death by multiple mechanisms. (cdc.gov)

However, how inflammatory and anti-inflammatory environments affect macrophage mitochondrial function is poorly understood. (nature.com)
Therefore, studying the correlation between inflammation and macrophage mitochondrial function could lead to a better understanding of the link between inflammation and diseases. (nature.com)
Downregulation of mitochondrial alternative oxidase affects chloroplast function, redox status and stress response in a marine diatom. (mpg.de)
Cytotoxic function in terms of tumor cell killing and Granzyme B secretion in culture supernatant were measured by Incucyte and MSD respectively. (bmj.com)
Since changes in mitochondrial function are associated with T cell differentiation and senescence, we explored mitochondrial health of BOXR1030 T cells in vitro . (bmj.com)
The transcription factor Foxp3 is essential for the development, stability and suppressive function of Treg cells. (fapesp.br)
Here, we used isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with and without PARK2 knockout (KO) to investigate the effect of parkin loss of function by comparative metabolomics supplemented with ultrastructural and functional analyses. (ox.ac.uk)
If their number is reduced or their function is impaired, free radicals are produced and damaging toxins accumulate in the cells. (totalhealthmagazine.com)
In this study, we found that activating mutation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) or loss of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) function, highly frequent events in human cancer, confers ferroptosis resistance in cancer cells, and that inhibition of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling axis sensitizes cancer cells to ferroptosis induction. (biomed.news)

A successful therapy must therefore eliminate these cells known to be highly resistant to apoptosis. (hindawi.com)
In this paper, we describe the metabolic changes as well as the mechanisms of resistance to apoptosis occurring in cancer cells and cancer stem cells, underlying the connection between these two processes. (hindawi.com)
Then, we will discuss several principles that govern macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis), including the existence of redundant recognition mechanisms ("find-me" and "eat-me") that lead to a tight coupling between apoptosis and phagocytosis. (frontiersin.org)

We discuss how emerging technologies can assist the detection of new mitochondrial proteins, reveal their patterns of expression across diverse tissues and cell types, and provide key information on proteoforms. (nature.com)
Fig. 2: Potential sources of new mitochondrial proteins. (nature.com)
for 5 min and resuspended in CelLytic M Cell Lysis Reagent (Sigma-Aldrich) containing Halt Protease Inhibitor Cocktail and Halt Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA) and 5 mM EDTA at 4 C. Proteins concentrations were established with Bio-Rad Proteins Assay Reagent (Hercules, CA) and examples had been diluted with 1/3 quantity 4X SDS test buffer and warmed at 95 C for 5 min. (antiviralbiologic.com)
Importantly, the amino acid diversity of EMAs is distributed throughout the length of the proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Both proteins are present in large amounts in the intermediate filaments of this cell, so the cell appears yellow. (atozwiki.com)
Here, we applied a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach to identify proteins modulated after beta-catenin knockdown in the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. (unich.it)
We used a label free analysis to compare trypsin-digested proteins from CTR (shCTR) and beta-catenin knockout cells (sh beta cat). (unich.it)
Explore our solutions for multiple applications - vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, cell or gene therapy. (vwr.com)
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels are likewise increased in patients on the ketogenic diet, and consequently induce the expression of neuronal uncoupling proteins (UCPs) (Fraser et al. (nationalacademies.org)

While the mechanisms of tumorigenesis in FH-deficient cells have been extensively looked into, the metabolic changes caused by the loss of FH activity have only been partially tackled. (immune-source.com)

The storage of iron or copper can prevent their harmful accumulation in cells. (biomedcentral.com)
One such compound, LW1564, significantly suppressed HIF-1α accumulation and inhibited the growth of various cancer cell lines, including HepG2, A549, and HCT116. (biomed.news)

This cycle was created to explain how animal tissues oxidized carbohydrates. (brighthub.com)
A neurotoxin causes damage to nerve cells and nerve tissues. (hmdb.ca)

The Urea Cycle Disorders Consortium (UCDC) and the European registry and network for Intoxication type Metabolic Diseases (E-IMD) are the worldwide largest databases for individuals with urea cycle disorders (UCDs) comprising longitudinal data from more than 1100 individuals with an overall long-term follow-up of approximately 25 years. (bvsalud.org)

During this phase, pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl coenzyme A. The transitional phase has three steps. (brighthub.com)
Lastly, acetyl CoA is produced when coenzyme A and acetic acid are combined. (brighthub.com)

Resected samples showed two thirds tumor tissue necrosis as well as high expression of serine/threonine kinase Akt and low expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) which activates anti-oxidant response and protects against oxidative stress in viable cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)

By using Fh1-deficient mouse epithelial kidney cells we have recently demonstrated that in the absence of Fh1, the TCA cycle is definitely truncated causing an build up of fumarate and succinate paralleled by a decrease of malate and citrate. (immune-source.com)

The importance of correct diagnosis of cutaneous leiomyoma lies in the association of multiple cutaneous leiomyomas with uterine fibroids and papillary renal cell carcinoma in what is known as Reed syndrome, or hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC), an autosomal dominant disorder. (medscape.com)

The effect of the unregulated increase in GDH activity on insulin secretion was examined by overexpressing GDH266C in an insulinoma cell line, MIN6. (diabetesjournals.org)
Daneshpajooh M, Bacos K, Bysani M, Bagge A, Ottosson Laakso E, Vikman P, Eliasson L, Mulder H, Ling C. HDAC7 is overexpressed in human diabetic islets and impairs insulin secretion in rat islets and clonal beta cells. (lu.se)

Because the TCA cycle is crucial for generating ATP, mutations that break the TCA cycle drastically reduce the ability of a cell to generate useful energy from blood nutrients. (mayo.edu)
Influential research by Warburg and Cori in the 1920s ignited interest in how cancer cells' energy generation is different from that of normal cells. (researchgate.net)
energy generation is different from that of normal cells. (researchgate.net)
In aging and many disease states, the energy production capacity of the body's cells is diminished. (totalhealthmagazine.com)
Impairment of PDH could result in the cells switching to consumption of alternative fuels, causing a sudden shortage of energy in the muscles and a buildup of lactate, experienced by patients as a burning sensation in their muscles after even minor exertion. (medscape.com)
Asked to comment, Anthony L. Komaroff, MD, professor of medicine at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, and editor-in-chief of the Harvard Health Letter, told Medscape Medical News , "This is the latest of many research studies that are pursuing a simple idea: That the human being who says 'I don't have enough energy' could have a problem with their cells producing enough energy. (medscape.com)

Mitochondrial response to inflammation is crucial in the metabolic adaptation to infection. (nature.com)

Also, the cytoplasm of prokaryotes contains no organelles, which eukaryotic cells boast in abundance. (sciencing.com)

This process happens in the cells of the body, in the cell's mitochondrial matrix. (brighthub.com)

Different cell fates and groups were fully characterized by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) analysis and Transcription factor (TF) activity analysis. (hindawi.com)
Finally, we used Cytoscape (3.9.1) to extensively examine the gene regulatory network related to cell fate. (hindawi.com)
Analysis of dynamic gene expression revealed that Gpx3 was significantly upregulated during cell differentiation into protective cells. (hindawi.com)
Nonetheless, SDH mutations inherited from a parent set the stage for random and accidental loss of the remaining healthy SDH gene copy in somatic cells. (mayo.edu)
When the remaining healthy SDH gene is lost from a neuroendocrine cell (part of the involuntary nervous system), a PGL tumor results. (mayo.edu)
Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) is an autosomal dominant tumor susceptibility syndrome, and the disease-related gene has been identified as fumarate hydratase (fumarase, FH ). (biomedcentral.com)
Gene-drug level of sensitivity analyses and medication combination studies reveal synergism of BRD4 and kinase inhibition like a plausible reason behind the superior strength in cell eliminating. (antiviralbiologic.com)

This began to change 20 years ago when, driven by the emergence of mass spectrometry-based proteomics, the first draft mitochondrial proteomes were established. (nature.com)
Furthermore, in this chapter, we provide a protocol for mitochondrial enrichments from Drosophila larvae and flies together with a procedure to generate high-quality peptides for further analysis by mass spectrometry. (biomed.news)

Comparative genomic analysis of T . equi revealed the phylogenetic positioning relative to seven apicomplexan parasites using deduced amino acid sequences from 150 genes placed it as a sister taxon to Theileria spp . (biomedcentral.com)

Because it is such a diverse population of cells, a fundamental question is whether they have a common precursor or whether each macrophage population develops from a different precursor. (frontiersin.org)

Anatomy15

Organisms19

Chemicals and Drugs133

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment16

Phenomena and Processes67

Disciplines and Occupations4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Health Care2

Mitochondria26

Oxidation11

Metabolism41

Dysfunction4

Fatty acids8

Glucose14

Enzyme8

Cellular9

Glycolysis9

Krebs10

Membrane14

Biogenesis3

Respiration4

Reactive1

Proliferation4

Lipids4

Pathway9

OXPHOS1

Tumor cells3

Electron3

Lactic acid2

Biology4

Regulation6

Synthesis2

Citric1

Metabolites3

Enzymes7

Protein12

Complex3

Pyruvate dehydrogenase1

Mammalian2

Biosynthetic4

Precursors2

Molecule1

Function9

Apoptosis3

Proteins9

Mechanisms1

Accumulation2

Tissues2

Urea1

Acetyl2

Nuclear1

Citrate1

Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell c1

Insulin secretion2

Energy6

Inflammation1

Eukaryotic cells1

Cell's1

Gene7

Mass spectrometry2

Amino acid1

Macrophage1