Nasal SpraysAnalgesics, OpioidAnesthetics, IntravenousAnalgesia, EpiduralAerosolsOral SpraysAdministration, CutaneousSufentanilAdjuvants, AnesthesiaAnesthesia, IntravenousPaintAlfentanilPain, PostoperativeBupivacainePreanesthetic MedicationAnesthetics, CombinedAnalgesia, ObstetricalPropofolAnesthesia, GeneralAnesthetics, LocalMorphineDouble-Blind MethodAnalgesia, Patient-ControlledAdministration, IntranasalPain MeasurementAnesthesia Recovery PeriodMidazolamReceptors, Opioid, muNitrous OxideBreakthrough PainNarcoticsPainIsofluraneConscious SedationAnesthetics, InhalationAnesthesia, EpiduralCryoanesthesiaNaloxonePowdersAnesthesia, ObstetricalMethyl EthersDroperidolAnalgesiaInjections, SpinalDose-Response Relationship, DrugAnesthesiaMeperidineAnesthesia, InhalationHypnotics and SedativesInsecticidesExcipientsDesiccationLidocaineDrug InteractionsAnestheticsInjections, IntravenousTransdermal PatchDrug CompoundingNarcotic AntagonistsParticle SizeAdministration, BuccalAnalgesicsCesarean SectionInfusion PumpsPostoperative Nausea and VomitingEnfluraneInfusions, IntravenousNeuromuscular Nondepolarizing AgentsAnesthesia, SpinalHemodynamicsRiot Control Agents, ChemicalThiopentalTechnology, PharmaceuticalOxycodoneLaryngismusIntubation, IntratrachealInsect ControlAmbulatory Surgical ProceduresKetamineEthyl ChlorideAnesthesia, IntratrachealSuccinylcholineDexmedetomidineMethylcellulosePiperidinesDrug ToleranceChemistry, PharmaceuticalSkin AbsorptionMosquito ControlProspective StudiesNalbuphineThoracotomyAir Pollutants, OccupationalOxymorphoneTime FactorsDeep SedationDermatologic Surgical ProceduresCross-Over StudiesLoperamideRespiration