Treating bladder cancer. Medical search. Frequent questions

During a 12-week period, investigators gave a chemotherapy regimen of three cycles of presurgical methotrexate, Velban (vinblastine), doxorubicin and cisplatin (a drug containing platinum) to patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. (curetoday.com)
A study of treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer with ultrahypofractionated radiation therapy found that plan-of-the-day (image-guided) therapy was less toxic than a standard plan but still had effective local disease control. (medpagetoday.com)
2 Other reports have stated that between 23% and 50% of patients 65 years of age and older who have muscle-invasive bladder cancer do not receive treatment, or only receive non-aggressive treatments. (medpagetoday.com)
1 In this study, a multicentre randomised phase II study of hypofractionated bladder radiotherapy with or without image guided adaptive radiotherapy (the HYBRID trial), is a noncomparative, multicenter, randomized, phase 2 trial investigating the treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer with ultrahypofractionated bladder radiation therapy, with or without image-guided adaptive planning. (medpagetoday.com)
Preoperative chemotherapy is underused in conjunction with radical cystectomy (RC) for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) due to concerns for complications and delay of surgery. (diva-portal.org)
I. To estimate complete response at 25 weeks after registration for those with a carcinoma in situ (CIS) component and to evaluate event-free survival at 18 months in patients with BCG-unresponsive high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (Ta/T1/CIS) treated with atezolizumab. (clinicaltrialsgps.com)
To identify markers that predict response to atezolizumab in the CIS population and that are associated with event-free survival (EFS) in patients with Ta/T1/CIS BCG-unresponsive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. (clinicaltrialsgps.com)
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration on Friday approved a gene therapy called Adstiladrin, which is designed to work for patients who have what's called high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) that hasn't responded to the standard treatment, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), but hasn't spread. (thehealthcast.com)
In the latest podcast in the "Clinical Trials in Genitourinary Cancers" series, experts discuss 3 clinical trials testing new treatment options for kidney cancer, muscle-invasive bladder cancer, and metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer. (cancer.net)
Best Poster in the non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: Diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic factors. (mayoclinic.org)
Also, because of data paucity, it remains unclear what is the clinical history of bacillus Calmette-Guérin ( BCG ) treated T1LG tumors and if it differs from other NMIBC ( non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer ) representatives. (bvsalud.org)
Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) can be treated with surgery followed by bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy . (mskcc.org)
Overall, genetic urinary biomarkers are a very heterogeneous group of tests that currently cannot replace cystoscopy and cytology, which remain the gold standard for surveillance of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). (medscape.com)
For muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), a consensus on molecular classification has emerged. (medscape.com)
An extended lymphadenectomy - removal of additional lymph nodes beyond the extent of the standard procedure - in patients undergoing radical cystectomy (removal of bladder and nearby tissues) because of clinically localized muscle-invasive bladder cancer provides no patient benefit as measured by disease-free survival or overall survival times. (news-medical.net)
In about one-quarter of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer, the disease has already spread to regional lymph nodes. (news-medical.net)
Perform the first surveillance cystoscopy within 3 to 4 months after completion of the initial evaluation and treatment of patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). (medscape.com)
There are no established biomarkers to guide patient selection for neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. (lu.se)
We find that there is not sufficient evidence to conclude that the basal subtype of muscle-invasive bladder cancer responds well to chemotherapy, since only a minority of studies support this conclusion. (lu.se)
The treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (Ta, T1, carcinoma in situ [CIS]) begins with transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). (medscape.com)
A risk score for the prognosis prediction of the muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients who received gemcitabine plus cisplatin chemotherapy. (cdc.gov)
Inherited Germline Cancer Susceptibility Gene Variants in Individuals with Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. (cdc.gov)
Prognostic and Predictive Value of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Alterations in High-grade Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Treated with and Without Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Immunotherapy. (cdc.gov)

The use of immunotherapeutic agents, which harness our own immune system to attack tumors, has been shown to be beneficial in patients with more advanced bladder cancers. (scripps.org)
If your vet can manage to surgically remove bladder cancer tumors, your dog's prognosis will be much better. (vetinfo.com)
Chemotherapy can help slow and stop the growth and spread of tumors in your dog's bladder and other organs. (vetinfo.com)
Research shows that in up to 75 percent of dogs with bladder cancer, piroxicam slows, stops or regresses the growth of bladder cancer tumors. (vetinfo.com)
They will insert a cutting tool into the bladder to remove small tumors and abnormal tissue. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Chemotherapy uses drugs to target and kill cancer cells or to shrink tumors and allow a surgeon to use a less invasive procedure. (medicalnewstoday.com)
In the current study, the CU researchers conjugated gold nanoparticles to an antibody that binds to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on the surface of bladder tumors. (genengnews.com)
Since the mouse bladder tumors were very small, the investigators incorporated the use of bioluminescence to measure the new methods efficiency at destroying the cancerous tissue. (genengnews.com)
Researchers compared mice injected with EGFR-directed nanoparticles and laser light to mice only treated with laser light and found that, indeed, tumors in mice with targeted gold nanoparticles glowed less than their counterparts in the control group. (genengnews.com)
As the sixth most common type of cancer in the US, bladder cancer is not a rare disease, but within the scope of bladder cancer, there are rare variations that are more challenging to diagnose and treat known as tumors with variant histology. (bcan.org)
There are also 2 checkpoint inhibitors that are used to treat tumors anywhere in the body if they have specific genetic changes. (cancer.net)
For instance, pembrolizumab (Keytruda) is approved to treat any tumors that have spread to distant parts of the body if they have a specific molecular change called microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or DNA mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR). (cancer.net)
These standardized feasibility questionnaires highlighted that all 8 patients preferred at-home to in-office treatment, and 5 of 6 patients recommended UGN-102 home instillation instead of transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT). (yahoo.com)
Unfortunately, bladder cancer has a high rate of recurrence so most of those who receive diagnoses must return to their urologist at regular intervals for surveillance using cystoscopy to see if the tumors return. (curetoday.com)
The procedure may include removing or treating abnormal tissue, polyps and sometimes tumors. (cancercenter.com)
Our urologic oncologists have decades of experience treating all types of bladder tumors. (mhs.net)
Bladder tumors in two young males occupationally exposed to MBOCA. (cdc.gov)
The case studies of bladder tumors occurring in two young men occupationally exposed to 4,4'-methylenebis(2-chloroanaline) (101144) (MBOCA) were reported. (cdc.gov)
Radiation Therapy for Cancer Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses beams of radiation to destroy cancer cells and shrink cancer tumors. (msdmanuals.com)
Prevalence of Germline Findings Among Tumors From Cancer Types Lacking Hereditary Testing Guidelines. (cdc.gov)

After chemotherapy, immunotherapy has become the standard treatment for bladder cancer. (curetoday.com)
By shrinking the cancer, chemotherapy makes surgery less extensive and more likely to result in the removal of the whole tumor. (curetoday.com)
For example, the POUT study, a phase 3 randomized trial of adjuvant chemotherapy versus surveillance in upper tract urothelial cancer, was stopped early because it achieved a measure of success: The disease-free survival endpoint was met, with patients who took chemotherapy 1 ½ times more likely to remain free of disease than those in the surveillance group. (curetoday.com)
They might also receive chemotherapy along with radiation, such as a regimen of 5-fluorouracil plus mitomycin C in patients with locally advanced bladder cancer. (curetoday.com)
The standard of care for deeply invasive bladder cancer should remain neoadjuvant chemotherapy with MVAC. (ascopost.com)
Minimum two cycles of preoperative chemotherapy were given to 519 (39%) of the patients, who on average tended to be younger, have higher education, better physical status, and more advanced bladder cancer than patients not receiving chemotherapy. (diva-portal.org)
This nation-wide population-based observational study does not suggest that preoperative chemotherapy, in a setting with high utilisation of such treatment, is associated with an increased risk of short-term complications in MIBC patients treated with radical cystectomy. (diva-portal.org)
Chemotherapy is another treatment for canine bladder cancer. (vetinfo.com)
The problem with chemotherapy is although it works quite well initially, resistance occurs quickly, and the median survival for metastatic bladder cancer has been about a year," said Dr. Thomas Powles, a professor of urology cancer at the University of London and director of the Barts Cancer Centre in the United Kingdom, who presented the research this weekend. (quotesshine.com)
Almost all bladder cancers are urothelial carcinomas.The study, published Saturday in the New England Journal of Medicine, compared overall survival among 136 patients who were given the anti-cancer medication erdafitinib as an oral pill versus 130 who were given standard chemotherapy. (quotesshine.com)
Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is the standard treatment for newly diagnosed advanced and metastatic urothelial cancer. (quotesshine.com)
However, more than 50% of patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma are ineligible for cisplatin treatment, and those who receive chemotherapy typically have progression within a few months," the researchers, from the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and other U.S. institutions, wrote in the study. (quotesshine.com)
Treatment varies depending on how advanced the cancer is, and may include surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy. (dailymail.co.uk)
Chemotherapy -- The chemotherapy drug cyclophosphamide may increase the risk for bladder cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
For early disease (stages 0 and I), chemotherapy is usually given directly into the bladder. (medlineplus.gov)
Chemotherapy can also treat cancer before or after surgery. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Many are also treated with intravesical therapy, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. (hartfordhealthcare.org)
Healthy cells typically rebound from the effects of chemotherapy, but cancer cells usually do not. (medicalnewstoday.com)
This article discusses some of the most common chemotherapy medications for use during cancer treatment. (medicalnewstoday.com)
There are several main types of chemotherapy drugs that doctors use to target different types of cancer. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The following sections look at some common chemotherapy medications for each common type of cancer. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Doctors only use chemotherapy for prostate cancer if it spreads outside of the prostate and if hormone therapy is unsuccessful. (medicalnewstoday.com)
According to the American Cancer Society , the standard first-line therapy for all types of bladder cancer is chemotherapy. (healthline.com)
In 2023 , the FDA provided accelerated approval of enfortumab vedotin-ejfv (Padcev) with pembrolizumab (Keytruda) for treatment of locally advanced or metastatic bladder cancers in people who are ineligible for cisplatin-containing chemotherapy. (healthline.com)
These newer treatments may be used outside of or along with more conventional cancer treatments, like chemotherapy and radiation therapy . (healthline.com)
On July 1, 2020, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved avelumab (Bavencio) for people with advanced bladder cancer that has shrunk or stopped growing after chemotherapy using a platinum-based drug. (cancer.gov)
For most people with advanced bladder cancer , starting immunotherapy shortly after initial treatment with chemotherapy is better than taking an extended break from cancer treatment, according to results from a new study. (cancer.gov)
Although most bladder cancers stop growing, shrink, or even disappear in response to chemotherapy that uses a platinum-based drug (such as cisplatin), the cancer almost always returns rapidly, sometimes within just a few weeks or months, and grows aggressively. (cancer.gov)
Several of these drugs were approved as initial therapies ( first-line therapy ) for some people with advanced bladder cancer who, for various health reasons, cannot receive platinum-based chemotherapy. (cancer.gov)
Other approvals were for bladder cancer that recurs after platinum-based chemotherapy ( second-line therapy ). (cancer.gov)
It can be used alone or in combination with chemotherapy and/or other cancer treatments. (cancer.net)
Systemic chemotherapy is medicine that treats cancer throughout the whole body. (curetoday.com)
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is chemotherapy patients get before bladder removal surgery. (curetoday.com)
Clinical trials have shown that cisplatin chemotherapy before bladder removal improves survival for patients with MIBC because it helps kill bladder cancer cells that may be outside the bladder. (curetoday.com)
Some patients may benefit from combined modality therapy, which uses surgery to remove the tumor, plus chemotherapy and radiation to help kill the cancer while keeping the bladder intact. (curetoday.com)
Those with advanced or metastatic disease may benefit from chemotherapy and a variety of immunotherapies that can help the body fight off the cancer. (curetoday.com)
Here, we summarize and discuss the scientific literature examining transcriptomic or panel-based molecular subtyping applied to neoadjuvant chemotherapy-treated patient cohorts. (lu.se)
Chemotherapy Chemotherapy is a drug that destroys cancer cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Treatment protocols for bladder cancer are provided below, including those for chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and systemic neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy. (medscape.com)
Alternatively, a bladder-sparing approach of TURBT followed by concurrent radiation therapy and systemic chemotherapy (trimodality therapy) may be used. (medscape.com)

IMMUNOTHERAPY HAS RECENTLY ASSUMED an important role across a spectrum of cancer types, including genitourinary malignancies in general and, specifically, bladder cancer. (curetoday.com)
Please talk about the role of immunotherapy in bladder cancer. (ascopost.com)
We also know that PD-L1 is heavily expressed in urothelial malignancy, which gives a basis for some immunotherapy trials in invasive and metastatic bladder cancers. (ascopost.com)
Immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies, such as atezolizumab, may help the body's immune system attack the cancer, and may interfere with the ability of tumor cells to grow and spread. (clinicaltrialsgps.com)
Learn more about research presented at the 2021 Genitourinary Cancers Symposium, including immunotherapy for people with high-risk bladder cancer and a link between less PSA screening and diagnoses of metastatic prostate cancer. (cancer.net)
Prognosis of patients with T1 low-grade urothelial bladder cancer treated with bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy. (bvsalud.org)
The aim of this study was to analyse recurrence -free survival (RFS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with T1LG bladder cancers treated with BCG immunotherapy . (bvsalud.org)
Immunotherapy is a newer way to treat bladder cancer. (mskcc.org)
Immunotherapy, including Bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy (BCG), is delivered this way as it directs the body's immune system to attack low-stage bladder cancer. (hartfordhealthcare.org)
Cancer immunotherapy is a type of treatment that helps the immune system fight cancer cells. (healthline.com)
In the study, people who received the immunotherapy drug avelumab (Bavencio) before any sign of cancer recurrence lived substantially longer than people who received supportive care alone until their cancer returned. (cancer.gov)
Since 2016, the Food and Drug Administration has approved five different immunotherapy drugs for the treatment of metastatic bladder cancer. (cancer.gov)
But the aggressive nature of bladder cancer when it recurs means that many people never have the opportunity to receive immunotherapy-or any other second-line therapy, explained Thomas Powles, M.D., of the CRUK Barts Cancer Centre in London, who led the new study and presented the results at the ASCO meeting. (cancer.gov)
Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment. (cancer.net)
Immunotherapy can treat many different types of cancer. (cancer.net)
This article will help you understand the basics of how immunotherapy works to treat cancer. (cancer.net)
Some immunotherapy treatments help the immune system stop or slow the growth of cancer cells. (cancer.net)
Assessment of Tumor Mutational Burden and Outcomes in Patients With Diverse Advanced Cancers Treated With Immunotherapy. (cdc.gov)
One treatment to help combat this is immunotherapy, a type of cancer treatment that helps strengthen patients' immune systems and fight off cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
NIH and the National Cancer Institute are working to research and improve immunotherapy to help save lives. (medlineplus.gov)
How does immunotherapy combat cancer? (medlineplus.gov)
Some types of immunotherapy help find extra cancer cells so that they can be destroyed. (medlineplus.gov)
For patients with early skin cancer, there is an immunotherapy cream you can rub on your skin. (medlineplus.gov)
NIH and the National Cancer Institute are leading the way in immunotherapy research and development. (medlineplus.gov)
NCI's Center for Cancer Research is dedicated to finding new and better treatments for cancer, including immunotherapy. (medlineplus.gov)
Just recently, Dr. Rosenberg and his team saw a complete cancer regression in a late-stage breast cancer patient thanks to an experimental immunotherapy treatment they are working on. (medlineplus.gov)

Therefore, a larger dose is used over a greater area in order to treat as much of the tumor as possible. (medpagetoday.com)
The therapy targets were the visible tumor, whole bladder, and potential areas of extravesical spread. (medpagetoday.com)
In the 1980s, Dr. Alvaro Morales and others postulated that you could stimulate the immunity of the mucosa of the bladder to help reject tumor cells. (ascopost.com)
It was found that in noninvasive bladder cancer, administering intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) would delay tumor recurrence, and some studies suggested that BCG actually improves survival. (ascopost.com)
In terms of technologic advances, there's a new type of fluorescence cystoscopy that uses light to identify mossy patches on the mucosal lining of the bladder, which frequently connotes a tumor site. (ascopost.com)
That is a procedure where a urologist will actually evaluate the bladder and often times identify a tumor during that procedure. (scripps.org)
Starting from 2016, patients who underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) in our hospital and who received post-surgery diagnosis of having intermediate or high risks for NMIBC were enrolled in the study. (physiciansweekly.com)
Treatment typically involves removing the tumor and using BCG to reduce the risk that the cancer will recur. (thehealthcast.com)
A mass of cancerous cells is called a malignant tumor or cancer . (emedicinehealth.com)
Using this in vivo model, NIR light combined with CNR demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in tumor-associated bioluminescent activity ( n = 16) compared to mice treated with laser alone ( n = 14) at the end of the study ( p = 0.035). (genengnews.com)
This is also considered a type of targeted therapy , which is a cancer treatment using medication that targets a cancer's specific genes, proteins, or the tissue environment that helps the tumor grow and survive. (cancer.net)
Dr. Vuky specializes in treating patients with solid tumor malignancies. (ohsu.edu)
The origin of the traditional timing (ie, beginning 3 months following bladder tumor removal) is not clear. (medscape.com)
When bladder cancer is classified as NMIBC, surgery to remove the tumor is often the first step. (curetoday.com)
A transurethral resection of the bladder tumor uses a special instrument inserted through the urethra to remove the tumor. (curetoday.com)
If the tumor is low risk/grade and has not invaded the muscle wall of the bladder, it may not require more treatment. (curetoday.com)
If the tumor cells appear aggressive under the microscope and the pathologist determines that the cancer is high risk/grade, it is more likely to return or worsen. (curetoday.com)
If they see anything suspicious, like a growth or tumor, they can remove a small piece of the tissue and bring it to a lab where it can be tested for cancer. (cancercenter.com)

Unfortunately, we do not have good adjuvant trials for bladder cancer postradical cystectomy. (curetoday.com)
Many patients with invasive bladder cancer are older and have comorbidities and/or performance status that make them poor candidates for radical cystectomy. (medpagetoday.com)
The trial included patients ≥18 years of age who had stage T2 to T4a N0 M0 bladder cancer and were not able to receive radical cystectomy or daily fractionated radiation therapy. (medpagetoday.com)
Cystectomy is the procedure to remove all or part of the bladder. (somerseturological.com)
Partial cystectomy is the removal of only part of the bladder. (somerseturological.com)
Partial cystectomy is possible only if the cancer is not near the openings where urine enters or leaves the bladder. (somerseturological.com)
Radical cystectomy is the removal of the entire bladder, nearby lymph nodes, part of the urethra, and nearby organs that may contain cancer cells. (somerseturological.com)
To estimate progression-free survival, cystectomy-free survival, bladder cancer-specific survival, overall survival in all patients. (clinicaltrialsgps.com)
If the cancer is larger or has spread deeper into the bladder, a surgeon can perform a cystectomy, removing the whole bladder or just the cancerous tissue. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Delaying cystectomy (removal of the bladder) could lead to development of metastatic bladder cancer , which is lethal. (rxwiki.com)
Discuss with your doctor the relative risk of cystectomy versus the risk of metastatic bladder cancer. (rxwiki.com)
In many cases, a urologist may suggest radial cystectomy, which is surgery to remove your bladder. (curetoday.com)

To explore the best treatment plan of intravesical instillation for patients with non-muscular invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), to explore recurrence-related clinicopathological factors after intravesical instillation, and to evaluate the value of the prognosis and prediction models currently used for NMIBC patients. (physiciansweekly.com)
Among the subjects of this study, the recurrence rate of bladder cancer in the intravesical BCG instillation groups was lower than that of the epirubicin group. (physiciansweekly.com)
Third Prize for the Best Abstract (Oncology): 11C-choline versus 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT scan for the detection of nodal recurrence from prostate cancer: Results from a large, multi-institutional salvage lymph node dissection series. (mayoclinic.org)
The fairly high rate of progression to muscle-invasive disease (30%) in patients with high-risk NMIBC require more frequent monitoring by urine cytology and cystoscopy, the gold standard for detection of bladder cancer recurrence. (medscape.com)
May increase risk of cancer recurrence. (cdc.gov)
Bladder cancer is a common urologic cancer that has the highest recurrence rate of any malignancy. (medscape.com)
Multi-Omics analysis identifies a lncRNA-related prognostic signature to predict bladder cancer recurrence. (cdc.gov)

The diagnosis of bladder cancer has relied on cystoscopy and brush biopsy. (ascopost.com)
Typically bladder cancer is diagnosed on cystoscopy. (scripps.org)
For the present, cystoscopy remains the gold standard for detecting bladder cancers. (medscape.com)
For more information, see Bladder Cancer , as well as Cystoscopy in Bladder Carcinoma and Surveillance for Recurrent Bladder Cancer . (medscape.com)
If bladder cancer is suspected, you will have a test called a cystoscopy , which allows your urologist to see inside your bladder using a thin, lighted tool. (hartfordhealthcare.org)
A cystoscopy is a test that allows doctors to see the inside of your bladder. (spirehealthcare.com)
Cystoscopy involves looking inside your bladder to check for any problems, including bladder cancer . (spirehealthcare.com)
Cystoscopy is a medical procedure that provides an up-close, detailed look at the inside of the bladder and urethra (the tube that transports urine from the bladder when you urinate). (cancercenter.com)
During a cystoscopy, the doctor can check for any abnormal areas that may indicate cancer. (cancercenter.com)
Kidney or bladder stones: If there are kidney or bladder stones in the bladder, your doctor can remove them during a cystoscopy. (cancercenter.com)
In cystoscopy, doctors look inside your bladder with a small viewing tube. (msdmanuals.com)

Another approach with longer survivalSome other new studies have evaluated new ways to treat a different set of advanced bladder cancer patients - those whose disease continued to progress after trying one or two previous treatments.Another Phase 3 trial found that a targeted therapy was effective for patients with advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer who had specific gene mutations. (quotesshine.com)
In May 2016, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted accelerated approval for injections of atezolizumab (Tecentriq) to treat locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Padcev is one of the most recent additions to locally advanced or metastatic bladder cancer treatments, gaining accelerated approval in 2019 . (healthline.com)
In other words, researchers found enough evidence to suggest that it could help people with locally advanced or metastatic bladder cancer. (healthline.com)

in high-risk, locally advanced or muscleinvasive bladder carcinoma, Sonpavde said. (curetoday.com)
Transitional cell carcinoma, also called urothelial carcinoma, is the most common type of bladder cancer. (emedicinehealth.com)
Urothelial carcinoma (transitional cell carcinoma): This is by far the most common type of bladder cancer in the United States. (emedicinehealth.com)
In transitional cell carcinoma, these normal lining cells undergo changes that lead to the uncontrolled cell growth characteristic of cancer. (emedicinehealth.com)
Urine cytology is still the most accurate noninvasive test for bladder cancer that is in routine clinical use, with a sensitivity of 80-90% and a specificity of 98-100% for detection of high-grade lesions and carcinoma in situ (CIS). (medscape.com)
They include any bladder malignancy other than pure urothelial carcinoma. (bcan.org)
And then there are variants of urothelial carcinoma in which it will have a lot of similarities and components of the traditional conventional bladder cancer that urothelial carcinoma. (bcan.org)
So broadly grouped, the non-urothelial cancers and the ones I'll discuss today are going to be squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder, and adenocarcinoma of the bladder. (bcan.org)
But broadly speaking, they're going to be treated very similarly to if it was in a different part of the body, whereas squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder and adenocarcinoma of the bladder, I'll discuss a little bit in detail because they may be particularly unique by being in the bladder. (bcan.org)
A man was diagnosed with a high-grade bladder cancer and carcinoma in situ. (hdc.org.nz)
Cross-section through the bladder, uterus, and vagina with squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder infiltrating through the bladder wall into the vaginal wall. (medscape.com)
Interaction between blood pressure and genetic risk score for bladder cancer, and risk of urothelial carcinoma in men. (cdc.gov)

MONDAY, Dec. 19, 2022 (HealthDay News) - Patients with a high-risk bladder cancer now have a new option to treat it. (thehealthcast.com)
In this webinar, experts discuss new research in bladder cancer, kidney cancer, prostate cancer, and testicular cancer presented at the 2022 ASCO Annual Meeting and the 2022 Genitourinary Cancers Symposium. (cancer.net)

In this webinar, experts discuss new research in genitourinary cancers presented at the 2021 ASCO Annual Meeting and the 2021 Genitourinary Cancers Symposium that highlighted advances in treating prostate, bladder, kidney, and testicular cancers. (cancer.net)
In the latest podcast in the "Clinical Trials in Genitourinary Cancers" series, experts discuss 3 clinical trials testing new treatments for prostate, bladder, and kidney cancers. (cancer.net)
Dr. Neeraj Agarwal discusses 3 clinical trials presented at the 2020 ESMO Virtual Congress that studied new treatments for advanced kidney cancer, prostate cancer, and bladder cancer. (cancer.net)
I'm one of the urologic oncologists with a subspecialty interest in prostate and bladder cancer. (mayoclinic.org)
Best Poster: Does prostate cancer represent the main cause of death in all node positive prostate cancer patients? (mayoclinic.org)
Second Prize of the XXXVI Edition Perez Castro awards of Archivos Espanoles De Urologia: Current role for surgery for high risk prostate cancer. (mayoclinic.org)
European Urology Best Clinical Research Paper Published in 2011 - Salvage radical prostatectomy for radiation-recurrent prostate cancer: A multi-institutional collaboration. (mayoclinic.org)
Radiation treatment -- Radiation therapy to the pelvis region for treatment of cancers of the prostate, testes, cervix, or uterus increases the risk of developing bladder cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
Advances with androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. (nih.gov)
Angiogenesis inhibitors in prostate cancer therapy. (nih.gov)
It's called Sipuleucel-T (Provenge) and is used to treat advanced prostate cancer that hasn't responded to other treatments. (healthline.com)
Immune cells are removed from the body and sent to a laboratory, where they're modified to recognize prostate cancer cells. (healthline.com)
She has an extensive clinical research background and has published in testis, kidney, and prostate cancers and is very experienced in enrolling and managing patients on clinical trials. (ohsu.edu)
Their years of experience enable them to provide safe and effective care for cancers of the bladder, kidneys, prostate, and male genitals. (mhs.net)
Some types of prostate cancer need treatment, but others don't. (mhs.net)
Our prostate cancer specialists provide the latest surgical and radiation techniques while avoiding unnecessary procedures. (mhs.net)
Learn how we provide personalized treatment for prostate cancer care . (mhs.net)
The purpose of the questions is to assess how many men already knew their PSA status, what they know about the PSA test, prostate disease, including prostate cancer and what actions they took after being notified of their PSA results. (cdc.gov)
Maximum of 1 course of radiation and 1 surgical intervention for symptomatic control of prostate cancer (example, uncontrolled pain, impending spinal cord compression or obstructive symptoms). (who.int)
Up to a maximum of 2 weeks of ketoconazole for prostate cancer prior to randomization. (who.int)
Prognostic Role of RNA Expression Molecular Biomarkers in Prostate and Bladder Cancers. (cdc.gov)

Urothelial cancer is a type of bladder cancer that begins in the urothelial cells, which line the inside of the bladder. (quotesshine.com)
The drug became the first therapy targeting a genetic alteration to be approved by the FDA to treat patients with the most common type of bladder cancer, metastatic urothelial cancer.Erdafitinib, a kinase inhibitor drug, works by blocking the action of the protein that signals cancer cells to multiply, essentially slowing or halting the spread of cancer cells, according to the National Library of Medicine. (quotesshine.com)
Bladder infection -- A long-term (chronic) bladder infection or irritation may lead to a certain type of bladder cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
This type of bladder cancer starts in the cells that line the inside of the bladder. (medicalnewstoday.com)
This is a rare type of bladder cancer that originates in the muscle cells of the bladder. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Your vet will need a complete medical history and thorough physical exam in order to make a diagnosis of bladder cancer. (vetinfo.com)
Use of urine biomarkers in the initial diagnosis of bladder cancer is controversial. (medscape.com)
In 2019, the American Cancer Society (ACS) predict that around 80,470 people will receive a diagnosis of bladder cancer and 17,670 will die from it in the United States. (medicalnewstoday.com)

A Randomized Controlled Study of Intravesical Instillation Therapy of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vs. Epirubicinin Treating Non-muscular Invasive Bladder Cancer]. (physiciansweekly.com)
Invasive cancers are harder to treat. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Most squamous cell cancers are invasive. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Most bladder adenocarcinomas are invasive. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The anti-cancer effect was monitored by an in vivo imaging system in a non-invasive manner, which was the primary outcome of our study. (genengnews.com)
Learn about the treatments we offer for penile cancer care , including our minimally invasive treatment options. (mhs.net)
The urine biomarker discussed in the video showed promising results as a simple, non-invasive test to detect bladder cancer at early stages of development, potentially leading to improvements in the clinical management of bladder cancer and in screening of high-risk populations, such as smokers or workers exposed to bladder carcinogens. (who.int)
TERT Promoter Mutations as Simple and Non-Invasive Urinary Biomarkers for the Detection of Urothelial Bladder Cancer in a High-Risk Region. (cdc.gov)

Our urologic cancer specialists are leaders in Connecticut for treating bladder cancer, from low-risk through high-risk bladder cancer. (hartfordhealthcare.org)

The ASCO Post recently spoke with Derek Raghavan, MD, PhD, FACP, FRACP, FASCO , President of the Levine Cancer Center, Charlotte, North Carolina, about the current state of bladder cancer treatment and what the future clinical picture might look like in this persistently difficult disease. (ascopost.com)
Información confiable y compasiva para personas con cáncer, sus familiares y sus cuidadores, de parte de expertos de la American Society of Clinical Oncology (la Sociedad Estadounidense de Oncología Clínica, ASCO por sus siglas en inglés), la voz de los médicos del cáncer y los profesionales oncológicos del mundo. (cancer.net)
Well, in bladder cancer there are already lights on the scopes used in clinical practice that could do the job. (genengnews.com)
A urologic oncologist leads our team of bladder cancer specialists: medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, pathologists, radiologists and clinical research nurses. (hartfordhealthcare.org)
The clinical trial leading to the approval, called the JAVELIN Bladder 100 study, is described in the Cancer Currents post below. (cancer.gov)
Patients who received avelumab as maintenance therapy had "the longest overall survival ever documented" in a clinical trial for patients with metastatic bladder cancer, said Elizabeth Plimack, M.D., head of bladder cancer research at Fox Chase Cancer Center, who was not involved with the study, speaking at the ASCO meeting. (cancer.gov)
It's great to see positive results" in a clinical trial for bladder cancer, said Andrea Apolo, M.D., head of the Bladder Cancer Section at NCI's Center for Cancer Research . (cancer.gov)
Moving healthcare out of the clinical setting and into a patient's home would represent a new treatment paradigm for bladder cancer, which may reduce clinic and hospital costs while increasing patient comfort and convenience. (yahoo.com)
The results will be presented by S1011 principal investigator Seth P. Lerner, MD, the Beth and Dave Swalm Chair in Urologic Oncology at Baylor College of Medicine and an investigator with the SWOG Cancer Research Network that led the study, a clinical trials group funded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). (news-medical.net)
The results of S1011 are expected to change clinical practice in treating these patients. (news-medical.net)
Clinical trials are an essential part of bladder cancer research. (curetoday.com)
NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Bladder Cancer. (medscape.com)
Detection of Cancer Mutations by Urine Liquid Biopsy as a Potential Tool in the Clinical Management of Bladder Cancer Patients. (cdc.gov)
The conditions for which surgery is one of the primary clinical solutions are expected to become increasingly common in the coming years, with a rising volume of more than 45% expected for common conditions such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes and road traffic injuries between now and 2030. (who.int)
But immunotherapies have treated people with many types of cancer and are being tested in clinical trials. (medlineplus.gov)
They also work with patients at the NIH Clinical Center to test new immunotherapies and improve cancer patients' lives. (medlineplus.gov)
The patient, who is part of an ongoing clinical trial at NCI's Center for Cancer Research, was not responsive to other treatments. (medlineplus.gov)

Early stage bladder cancers may be treated with intravesical therapy, placing drugs directly into the bladder while sparing side effects for surrounding tissues. (hartfordhealthcare.org)
Most often, patients with high-grade NMIBC receive intravesical (inside the bladder) treatments. (curetoday.com)
No blood tests are specific for bladder cancer, but a general evaluation is necessary prior to initiating therapy with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. (medscape.com)

during a presentation at the 2018 OncLive® State of the Science Summit™ on Genitourinary Cancers. (curetoday.com)

Treatment for early stage bladder cancer might involve encouraging the immune system to fight cancer cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Your vet will palpitate your dog's bladder, urethra, rectum, and, if your dog is male, prostrate to check for signs of bladder cancer. (vetinfo.com)
The kidney's internal collecting system, the ureters (narrow tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder), the bladder, and the urethra are lined with these cells. (emedicinehealth.com)
The procedure can be used to treat certain problems too, like a blockage in the urethra that is disrupting the flow of urine. (cancercenter.com)
Leakage of urine: An injection into the urethra or bladder wall during the procedure can help treat urinary leakage (incontinence). (cancercenter.com)
After you're appropriately numbed or sedated, your doctor will slowly insert the cystoscope into the urethra, examining the lining of the urethra as they move the instrument up into your bladder. (cancercenter.com)
TCC can arise anywhere in the urinary tract, including the renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, and urethra, but it is usually found in the urinary bladder. (medscape.com)

A biopsy can be done with this tool, in which small tissue samples are removed and evaluated under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present. (hartfordhealthcare.org)
If they see something that might be cancer, they do a biopsy. (msdmanuals.com)

The bladder is connected to the kidneys by a tube from each kidney called a ureter. (emedicinehealth.com)
Kidney cancer is common, but your care should be exceptional. (mhs.net)
Learn more about kidney cancer care . (mhs.net)
10 years after quitting: risk of cancers of the bladder, esophagus, and kidney decreases. (cdc.gov)
Relative Risk of Bladder and Kidney Cancer in Lynch Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (cdc.gov)

Is This a Better Approach to Treating Bladder Cancer? (medpagetoday.com)

With the passage of time, it became clear that mutations in a number of genes such as RAS and TP53 were associated with different types of bladder cancer. (ascopost.com)
Adding an effective method to treat these two types of bladder cancer may improve outcomes for people who have had few options and generally poor responses to treatment. (healthline.com)
You can read the full transcript of Less Common Types of Bladder Cancer: Understanding Variant Histologies at the bottom of this page. (bcan.org)
Welcome to Less Common Types of Bladder Cancer. (bcan.org)
Advances in medicine and genomic testing are helping to identify more of these uncommon types of bladder cancer. (bcan.org)
When you're asked to give a webinar on less common types of bladder cancer to a group of patients and patient advocates, what you worry about is, "Oh, goodness, there's a hundred types of less common bladder cancers. (bcan.org)

This is usually a procedure for patients with bladder cancer who have not had success with other treatments. (somerseturological.com)
A 7-gene signature predicts the prognosis of patients with bladder cancer. (cdc.gov)

3 In the absence of treatment, patients can experience local or distant progression of their disease as well as significant symptoms related to their cancer, including hematuria, increased urinary frequency, dysuria, pelvic pain, incontinence, and obstruction. (medpagetoday.com)
Munveer Bhangoo, MD, a hematologist and oncologist at the Scripps MD Anderson Cancer Center, discusses bladder cancer, its symptoms, how it is diagnosed and new treatments. (scripps.org)
What are the symptoms of bladder cancer? (scripps.org)
If you think your dog may be at high risk for bladder cancer, you should watch for the symptoms and seek veterinary care as soon as they appear. (vetinfo.com)
If symptoms don't resolve, it could be a sign of bladder cancer. (vetinfo.com)
Treatment depends on the stage of the cancer, the severity of your symptoms, and your overall health. (medlineplus.gov)
Major toxicities from Valstar are related to irritable bladder symptoms that may occur during use of Valstar. (rxwiki.com)
Report prolonged irritable bladder symptoms or prolonged passage of red-colored urine immediately to your doctor. (rxwiki.com)

Shown here is a pseudo-colored scanning electron micrograph of an oral squamous cancer cell (white) being attacked by two cytotoxic T cells (red), part of a natural immune response. (medlineplus.gov)

We do not know exactly what causes bladder cancer. (emedicinehealth.com)
As Bloomberg reported on March 13th, 2012, Takeda may face as many as 10,000 claims that Actos causes bladder cancer. (benzinga.com)
What causes bladder cancer? (msdmanuals.com)

Female dogs appear more likely than male dogs to develop bladder cancer. (vetinfo.com)
Smokers are at least three times more likely to develop bladder cancer than nonsmokers. (emedicinehealth.com)
And in the US, around 80,470 people are expected to develop bladder cancer in 2019, according to the National Cancer Institute. (dailymail.co.uk)

Treatment of advanced bladder cancer continues to prove challenging, and therapies that offer long-term survival remain elusive. (ascopost.com)
They point to emerging evidence that cancer survival rates are influenced by a patient's mental state. (cbc.ca)
By cross-referencing the records, they were able to see the bigger picture of how cancer survival related to use of psychiatric services in the five years leading up to the cancer diagnosis. (cbc.ca)
I. To estimate event-free survival at 18 months for the subset of patients with papillary cancer (Ta/T1). (clinicaltrialsgps.com)
The drug manufacturer Hamlet Pharma Ltd plans to test if the chemical shrinks bladder tumours and improves patient survival. (dailymail.co.uk)
The cancer is more common in men and has a 10-year survival rate of about 50 per cent. (dailymail.co.uk)
Analyses of brain tumours reveal how cancer cells enhance the strength of synapses with neurons to promote tumour survival. (nature.com)
Development and validation of a novel model for predicting the survival of bladder cancer based on ferroptosis-related genes. (cdc.gov)

In early 2023, the combination therapy gained accelerated approval for use in locally advanced and metastasized bladder cancer cases due to the effectiveness it showed in treating these types of cancer. (healthline.com)

What Causes and Risk Factors of Bladder Cancer? (emedicinehealth.com)
Create healthcare diagrams like this example called Risk Factors of Bladder Cancer in minutes with SmartDraw. (smartdraw.com)

It can effect the bladder, but also extend into the upper urinary tract. (scripps.org)
Thus, individuals with transitional cell cancers of the bladder are at risk for transitional cell cancers of the kidneys/ureter (upper urinary tract). (emedicinehealth.com)
tell your doctor if you have a urinary tract infection , or if you urinate frequently because you have small bladder. (rxwiki.com)
This procedure can help with diagnosing certain bladder or urinary problems, from frequent urinary tract infections to bladder cancer . (cancercenter.com)

Common side effects of Valstar include an increase need to urinate, pain when urinating, and bladder spasms. (rxwiki.com)
In 2016, Mr B, then aged in his fifties, was experiencing pain when passing urine, and difficulty with bladder control, with a frequent urge to urinate and often needing to urinate several times throughout the night. (hdc.org.nz)
Your bladder is a hollow balloon-like organ that holds urine until you urinate (pee). (msdmanuals.com)
Bladder Infection Your bladder is the hollow organ that holds urine until you're ready to urinate (pee). (msdmanuals.com)

Smoking and exposure to chemicals in plastics and paints at work can increase the risk of getting bladder cancer. (dailymail.co.uk)

According to a 2021 review , researchers are currently working on developing and testing new vaccines to treat certain types of cancer. (healthline.com)

U.K.-based investigators compared a standard planning approach for the treatment of bladder cancer to a "plan-of-the-day" (adaptive) approach, which includes a collection of plans. (medpagetoday.com)
Fortunately, there have been major advances in the treatment of bladder cancer in the last few years. (scripps.org)
Fortunately, it is highly effective in the treatment of bladder cancer. (somerseturological.com)

Cigarette smoking -- Smoking greatly increases the risk of developing bladder cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
Smoking increases the risk of bladder cancer. (hartfordhealthcare.org)
Increases the risk of death, including death from cancer. (cdc.gov)
Increases the risk for development of additional primary cancers which are smoking-related. (cdc.gov)
also increases the risk of bladder cancer. (msdmanuals.com)

At Memorial Cancer Institute, you can receive care from doctors who have dedicated their lives to treating urologic cancer. (mhs.net)
A urologic cancer diagnosis can be difficult to cope with. (mhs.net)
Our team includes a world-leading urologic cancer specialist and the only active surgeon in Florida who is a member of the American Association of Genitourinary Surgeons (AAGUS), a group of leading academic urologists from around the world. (mhs.net)
Our urologic cancer specialists see patients throughout South Florida. (mhs.net)
Bladder cancer is a common urologic cancer. (medscape.com)

GSK has announced that the FDA has approved Jemperli (dostarlimab) in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel for the treatment of adult patients with primary advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer that is mismatch repair deficient (DMMR) or microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H). (pharmafocus.com)
[ 13 ] Halling et al established that a threshold of 5 or more cells with polysomy was 84% sensitive and 92% specific for detecting recurrent urothelial cancer. (medscape.com)
It is a complex and highly recurrent disease, and one of the most challenging and most expensive cancer types to diagnose and treat. (who.int)

Blood in the urine is the main symptom of bladder cancer. (hartfordhealthcare.org)

In the 1970s, Drs. Paul Lange and Catherine Limas did some elegant studies showing that the prognosis of noninvasive bladder cancer-or what used to be called superficial bladder cancer-was associated with the elaboration of blood group antigens on the surface of the bladder cancer cells. (ascopost.com)
Smoking cessation is key to lessening the risk of relapse, especially in superficial bladder cancer. (emedicinehealth.com)

EORTC risk tables and CUETO scoring model exhibited higher predictive accuracies in BCG-treated patients than its performance for the whole NMIBC cohort. (physiciansweekly.com)

Extended lymphadenectomy is considered a standard of care and is increasingly used, especially for patients with locally advanced bladder cancer, who have a higher risk of lymph node metastases. (news-medical.net)
Once cancer invades the muscle of the bladder, it can also get into the blood and lymphatic system and can lodge in the lymph nodes. (news-medical.net)
For this reason, after removing the bladder in these patients, surgeons will also remove all of the lymph nodes in the primary landing zone from around the bladder. (news-medical.net)
Removing those lymph nodes - known as a lymphadenectomy - significantly reduces the chances of the cancer returning within the pelvis. (news-medical.net)
Removing the bladder also involves removing lymph nodes around the organ. (curetoday.com)
Identification of Lymph Node Metastasis-Related Key Genes and Prognostic Risk Model in Bladder Cancer by Co-Expression Analysis. (cdc.gov)

The bladder collects urine from the kidneys before expelling it from the body through urination. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Most cases of noninvasive bladder cancer remain clinically indolent with even a modicum of urologic intervention. (medscape.com)

What are new treatments for bladder cancer? (scripps.org)

The role of switch maintenance therapy in urothelial cancers. (nih.gov)
So the way I think about less common bladder cancers is there are distinct non-urothelial cancers. (bcan.org)
When I say non-urothelial cancers, I think of the lining, the main cells, these urothelial cells that line the urinary system. (bcan.org)
This study is another example of how UroGen continues to advance its mission to pioneer the way urothelial cancers are treated,' says Liz Barrett, President and Chief Executive Officer, UroGen. (yahoo.com)

Flexible cystography allows a much better view of the whole bladder. (ascopost.com)

Water or salt water will then flow up through the cystoscope and fill the bladder, stretching it out and enabling the doctor to see the entire bladder wall. (cancercenter.com)

It uses the immune system to attack cancer cells. (mskcc.org)
The bacterium attracts and activates immune system cells, which are then able to fight any bladder cancer cells that are present. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The immune system makes this protein to fight infection, and a synthetic version is able to fight bladder cancer, sometimes in combination with BCG. (medicalnewstoday.com)
To increase their effectiveness, researchers are looking into developing biomarkers that may help the immune system target the cancer cells. (healthline.com)
Researchers have also been trying to make a vaccine that helps the immune system fight cancer directly. (healthline.com)
A vaccine containing these molecules may help the immune system better recognize and destroy cancer cells. (healthline.com)
They're then injected back into the body, where they help the immune system find and destroy cancer cells. (healthline.com)
It uses substances made by the body or in a laboratory to boost the immune system and help the body find and destroy cancer cells. (cancer.net)
How does the immune system fight cancer? (cancer.net)
The immune system consists of a complex process that your body uses to fight cancer. (cancer.net)
Others help the immune system destroy cancer cells or stop the cancer from spreading to other parts of the body. (cancer.net)
Cancer cells can find ways to hide from the immune system by activating these checkpoints. (cancer.net)
Checkpoint inhibitors prevent cancer cells from blocking the immune system. (cancer.net)
Non-specific immunotherapies, also called non-specific immunomodulating agents, help your immune system destroy cancer cells. (cancer.net)
Interferons can be made in a laboratory to help your immune system fight cancer. (cancer.net)
When these bacteria are put into the bladder, the immune system goes on alert. (curetoday.com)
Others boost your immune system to work better against cancer. (medlineplus.gov)

Anatomy13

Organisms4

Diseases54

Chemicals and Drugs56

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment70

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes44

Disciplines and Occupations3

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Humanities1

Information Science7

Named Groups2

Health Care30

Geographicals6

Muscle-invasive bladder cancer23

Tumors20

Chemotherapy40

Immunotherapy26

Tumor18

Cystectomy12

Recurrence7

Cystoscopy11

Advanced or metastatic4

Carcinoma12

20222

Prostate21

Type of bladder cancer5

Diagnosis of bladder cancer3

Invasive8

High-risk bladder cancer1

Clinical17

Intravesical3

Genitourinary Cancers1

Stage bladder cancer1

Urethra6

Biopsy2

Kidney5

Approach to Treating Bladder Cancer1

Types of bladder cancer6

Patients with bladder cancer2

Symptoms8

Squamous1

Causes bladder cancer3

Develop bladder cancer3

Survival8

20231

Risk Factors of Bladder Cancer2

Urinary tract4

Urinate4

Increase the risk of getting bladde1

20211

Treatment of bladder3

Increases the risk5

Urologic cancer5

Recurrent3

Blood in th1

Superficial bladder cancer2

NMIBC1

Lymph6

Urine from the kidneys1

Noninvasive1

Treatments for bladder cancer1

Urothelial cancers4

Whole bladder1

Entire bladder1

Immune system17