Traumatic injuries of abdominal parenchymal organs. Medical search. Frequent questions

Spleen injuries are among the most frequent trauma-related injuries. (medscape.com)
Although protected under the bony rib cage, the spleen remains the most commonly affected organ in blunt injury and is affected in about 33% of patients with traumatic abdominal injuries. (medscape.com)
While penetrating trauma (eg, gunshot wounds, knife wounds) may involve the spleen, the incidence of injury is well below that of the small and large intestine. (medscape.com)
Most patients with minor focal injury to the spleen have left upper quadrant abdominal tenderness. (medscape.com)
The World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) classification divides spleen injuries into minor (I), moderate (II and III), and severe (IV) classes based on the AAST grades (see above), as follows. (medscape.com)
Minor spleen injuries: WSES class I includes hemodynamically stable AAST grade I-II blunt and penetrating lesions. (medscape.com)
In a child whose spleen is palpable without underlying disease, the organ will be elastic, soft, porous, homogenous, nontender, and less than 2 cm inferior to the left costal margin. (medscape.com)
Isolated injuries after blunt abdominal trauma are noted in only 20% of the patients with pancreatic injuries, and the most common associated injuries are to the duodenum, liver, and spleen. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Wounds of the tail of the pancreas are associated with injuries to the splenic flexure of the colon, splenic vessels, and the spleen. (basicmedicalkey.com)
The spleen is the largest lymphoid organ and has a crucial function in the immune system. (healthjade.net)
The normal position of the spleen is within the peritoneal cavity in the left upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity adjacent to ribs nine through 12, just beneath the left diaphragm. (healthjade.net)
Traumatic rupture of the spleen on contrast enhanced axial CT (portal venous phase). (wikem.org)
Hilar vascular injury which devascularizes spleen. (wikem.org)
The spleen is the most commonly injured organ in blunt abdominal trauma. (springeropen.com)
Transferrin-iron complex is carried to different organs including spleen, liver, and bone marrow. (foobrdigital.com)

Background: To assess the feasibility and safety of a pancreas preserving operative technique in the management of isolated complete pancreatic neck transection following blunt abdominal trauma. (gastrores.org)
A third mechanism for splenic trauma is explosive-type injuries, such as occurs in warfare and civilian bombing. (medscape.com)
The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) splenic injury scale is based on computed tomography (CT) findings, as follows. (medscape.com)
Splenic injury is commonly encountered in severe blunt abdominal trauma. (bvsalud.org)
The Association for Surgery for Trauma (AAST) Organ Injury Scale (OIS) is commonly used by both radiologists and clinicians to stratify injury severity, traditionally based on the degree of parenchymal disruption seen on CT, and guide management. (bvsalud.org)
This course will focus on the patterns of childhood trauma and measures to reduce the mortality and morbidity of these devastating injuries. (netce.com)
This review details the evaluation and management of traumatic injuries in pediatric patients and gives some recommendations for improvements to trauma care in LMICs. (frontiersin.org)
Intracranial birth trauma - traumatic damage to the central nervous system of the fetus and newborn, resulting in bleeding and destruction of brain tissue. (medicalformat.com)
An epidemiologic evaluation of traumatic deaths following trauma system implementation in San Diego reveals the majority of patients die within 6 hours from exsanguination. (medicosecuador.com)
Renal injury is considered one of the most common urinary tract injuries encountered in both blunt and penetrating trauma. (pediatricurologybook.com)
Children have a higher risk of blunt renal injuries than adults due to less supportive perinephric fat, and the thoracic ribs are more pliable, which lets the force of trauma transfer to the solid organs. (pediatricurologybook.com)
Renal trauma rarely occurs as an isolated injury and is more commonly associated with other solid organs or part of polytrauma. (pediatricurologybook.com)
Renal trauma is divided into 5 grades according to its severity, with most of the injuries being of low grades. (pediatricurologybook.com)
With this in mind, others recommend investigating any hematuria (microscopic or gross) in any child with blunt abdominal trauma associated with a decelerating mechanism ( MVC , pedestrian strike, fall from height). (pediatricurologybook.com)
As stated before, many renal injuries occur in the context of blunt abdominal trauma for whom current protocols include initial imaging as FAST ultrasound scan , 2,3 This ultrasound will give the initial picture that the kidney is possibly being affected by the traumatic event . (pediatricurologybook.com)
US (Ultrasound): the US with Doppler can be used for those with very mild trauma and lower suspicion for significant injury but cannot distinguish extravasated urine from blood and cannot accurately image the vascular pedicle. (pediatricurologybook.com)
The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Organ Injury Scale ( AAST - OIS ) is the most common grading system used for solid organ injuries, including the kidney. (pediatricurologybook.com)
Patients with blunt trauma to the liver have elevated levels of liver enzymes within a short time post injury, potentially useful in screening patients for computed tomography (CT). (biomedcentral.com)
All patients admitted from May 2006 to July 2013 to Teikyo University Hospital Trauma and Critical Care Center, and who underwent abdominal CE-MDCT within 3 h after blunt trauma, were retrospectively enrolled. (biomedcentral.com)
Based on the results from a previous study from our institution published in a Japanese journal [ 16 ], all blunt trauma patients admitted to Teikyo University Hospital Trauma and Critical Care Center who underwent initial evaluation with abdominal contrast enhanced (CE) multi detector-row computed tomography (MDCT) within 3 h after injury, were retrospectively enrolled between May 2006 and July 2013. (biomedcentral.com)
Admission data collected included the following: age, gender, mechanism of injury, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), and Revised Trauma Score (RTS). (biomedcentral.com)
Symptoms - There is usually a history of lower abdominal trauma. (freezingblue.com)
B. Management of bladder injury - Catheterization usually is required in patients with pelvic trauma but not if bloody urethral discharge is noted. (freezingblue.com)
CT is the primary imaging study for evaluation of most patients with major trauma and acute abdominal pain. (radiologykey.com)
In multiorgan trauma, a chest radiograph, pelvis radiograph, and focused abdominal ultrasound are usually performed during initial clinical assessment to determine whether surgical exploration should precede further imaging. (radiologykey.com)
Most patients with multiorgan trauma will require head, cervical spine, and abdominal CT. (radiologykey.com)
Oral contrast is not routinely administered in the trauma setting, although oral and/or rectal contrast can be given to evaluate suspected penetrating injuries to the bowel. (radiologykey.com)
Indications: Abdominal trauma. (radiologykey.com)
Injuries to the pancreas are noted in ∼5% to 6% of the patients undergoing laparotomy after sustaining blunt abdominal trauma or gunshot wounds of the abdomen and in 2% to 6% of those with stab wounds of the abdomen. (basicmedicalkey.com)
The proximity of the pancreas to all the major named vessels of the upper abdomen complicates operative management of injuries, especially in patients with penetrating trauma. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Many patients with blunt injuries to the pancreas have minimal clinical symptoms and signs when first evaluated after trauma. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Selective nonoperative management of blunt splenic injury: An Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma practice management guideline. (wikem.org)
In general, hemodynamically stable with significant blunt abdominal trauma are imaged with contrast enhanced computed tomography (CT). (springeropen.com)
A primary survey Primary Survey Thoracic Trauma in Children is the initial evaluation used to identify and manage life-threatening injuries in a trauma patient. (lecturio.com)
In a patient presenting with blunt trauma and obvious head involvement, a CT angiography of the head is obtained based on the Denver Modification Screening Criteria for blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI). (your-doctor.net)
The Biffl scale, first described in 1999, has been used to describe the spectrum of vascular injuries seen on angiography following blunt trauma to the head and neck. (your-doctor.net)
Blunt cerebrovascular injury practice management guidelines: the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. (your-doctor.net)
An estimated 1.5% to 2% of all patients sustaining blunt thoracic trauma have a blunt aortic injury (BAI). (your-doctor.net)
Although multiple theories exist to explain this phenomenon, anatomically this area represents the transition from the mobile ascending aorta to the fixed descending aorta, thereby predisposing it to injury in rapid deceleration events (Answer C). Diagnosis begins with a high clinical suspicion, followed by initial evaluation involving plain film of the chest in the trauma bay. (your-doctor.net)

Splenic hematoma (red arrow) resulting in free abdominal blood (blue arrow). (wikem.org)
Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue. (lecturio.com)

Technological improvements and the increasing availability of both diagnostic computed tomography (CT) and therapeutic splenic artery embolisation (SAE) are key factors in defining the high success rate of modern-day non-operative management (NOM) for blunt splenic injuries (BSIs). (bvsalud.org)
3. Characteristic findings on cross-sectional abdominal imaging, such as transabdominal ultrasonography, contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), MRCP, ERCP,or endoscopic ultrasound. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
28 , 32 ] To measure the total body skeletal muscle mass, psoas muscle cross-sectional area at the level of the third lumbar vertebra on the abdominal computed tomography (CT),[ 18 ] gait speed, and handgrip strength is usually used. (surgicalneurologyint.com)

Methods: Two patients with isolated blunt fracture of the pancreatic neck underwent pancreas preserving procedure comprising of oversewing of the proximal pancreas and Roux-en-Y pancreatico jejunostomy to the distal remnant. (gastrores.org)
These patients had pancreas parenchyma preserving surgery â€" internal drainage of the left remnant in a Roux-en-Y jejunal loop. (gastrores.org)
Conclusions: Pancreas preserving strategy - suture of head side of pancreas and an internal drainage of left remnant with a Roux-en-Y jejunal loop is feasible and safe and should be considered in selected cases. (gastrores.org)
Imaging in the arterial phase can be performed to evaluate mesenteric ischemia, aortic dissection, or aneurysm, and can also be used to improve visualization of the pancreas in patients with upper abdominal pain. (radiologykey.com)
The retroperitoneal pancreas crosses the upper abdomen at the level of the first and second lumbar vertebrae, and "post-traumatic pancreatitis" occasionally results from a spinal fracture at this level. (basicmedicalkey.com)
The neck of the pancreas overlies the superior mesenteric vein and may have to be divided to expose injuries to the confluence of this vein and the splenic vein or to the proximal portal vein. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Wounds of the head of the pancreas are most commonly associated with injuries to the liver, duodenum, and major vascular structures, whereas injuries to the body are frequently associated with perforations of the stomach and transverse colon. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Because the epigastric pain is usually mild, it was not uncommon in the pre-CT era for a patient with a major injury such as complete transection of the pancreas over the spine to be discharged from the emergency room with a missed diagnosis. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Patients with penetrating wounds to the abdomen that injure the pancreas almost always have associated intra-abdominal injuries as noted earlier and present with the classic indications for an emergency laparotomy, namely, peritonitis, hypotension, and, rarely, evisceration. (basicmedicalkey.com)
The main parenchymal cell of the pancreas, the acinar cell, secretes pancreatic enzymes, notably pancreatic proteases in their inactive, or zymogen, form. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)

Algorithms have been designed to help differentiate between high-risk and low-risk for intra-abdominal injury to guide abdominal CT usage and reduce radiation exposure. (medscape.com)
Ultrasonography will also rule out the presence of space-occupying lesions and will provide information about other intra-abdominal organs. (medscape.com)

In cases of free intraperitoneal blood, diffuse abdominal pain, peritoneal irritation, and rebound tenderness may be present. (medscape.com)

For the diagnosis is carried out X-ray, ultrasound, CT scan of the abdominal cavity, the ERCP and laparoscopy. (medicalformat.com)
Upon suspicion of renal injury, the ultrasound is the initial tool for management . (pediatricurologybook.com)
Ultrasound has significant limitations as a diagnostic tool since the overall sensitivity is as low as 72 % for detecting blunt liver injury based on detection of free fluid, parenchymal injury or both [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
For nontraumatic abdominal emergencies, ultrasound is used to investigate biliary colic, pelvic pain in women, scrotal pathology in men, suspected appendicitis or intussusception in children, and lower-extremity deep venous thrombosis. (radiologykey.com)
Therefore, the surgeon may not be able to rely on the traditional serial physical examinations, diagnostic peritoneal lavage, or surgeon-performed ultrasound to make an early diagnosis of a blunt injury. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Ultrasound-derived fat fraction (UDFF) is based on a combination of backscatter coefficient and attenuation parameter.The objectives of the study were to determine (1) agreement between UDFF/MRI proton density fat fraction (MR-PDFF) and (2) whether BMI and age are predictive for UDFF.This cross-sectional prospective study included a convenience sample of 46 children referred for clinically indicated abdominal MRI. (stanford.edu)

The classic presentation of splenic injury includes hemodynamic instability, severe abdominal pain, and symptoms of peritonitis. (medscape.com)

Nephrectomy is indicated in patients with an irreversibly damaged kidney due to symptomatic chronic infection, calculus disease, or severe traumatic injury. (urotoday.com)
Nephrectomy is also performed to treat malignant or benign tumors of the kidney, renovascular hypertention due to uncorrectable renal artery disease, or severe unilateral parenchymal damage from nephrosclerosis, pyelonephritis, reflux, or congenital dysplasia. (urotoday.com)
While such systems are currently unfeasible in many LMICs, it is essential that capabilities for managing acute onset, severe but reversible disease and injuries are available in any country around the world ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
These include severe head injuries, life threatening airway injuries, significant chest injuries to the heart and great vessels with exsanguination, massively disruptive abdominal visceral injuries with exsanguination and injuries with significant exsanguinating retroperitoneal bleeding such as massive pelvic fractures. (medicosecuador.com)
those stable patients with moderate to severe splenic injuries (grade III-V) benefit from endovascular splenic artery embolization. (springeropen.com)
First case clinical study records described the development of severe or mild respiratory distress in patients with severe pancreatitis, sepsis, nonthoracic injuries, massive transfusion, and other conditions. (ceufast.com)

The testicular vasculature originates near the renal arteries on the abdominal aorta, but the testis gains additional supporting blood supply through the arteries of the vas deferens and cremaster muscle. (abdominalkey.com)

This study was performed to define the optimal cut-off values for serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in patients with blunt liver injury diagnosed with contrast enhanced multi detector-row CT (CE-MDCT). (biomedcentral.com)
We have identified AST ≥ 109 U/l and ALT ≥ 97 U/l as optimal cut-off values in predicting the presence of liver injury, potentially useful as a screening tool for CT scan in patients otherwise eligible for observation only or as a transfer criterion to a facility with CT scan capability. (biomedcentral.com)
The purpose of this study was to establish optimal cut-off values for AST and ALT in patients with blunt liver injury. (biomedcentral.com)
Extremity CT can be added for patients with complex orthopedic or vascular injuries. (radiologykey.com)
Although it is controversial, some centers forgo the use of oral contrast material for abdominal CT in all emergency patients. (radiologykey.com)
Patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate of 30-60 or serum creatinine 1.5-2.0 are at increased risk of contrast-induced renal injury and should receive no more than 75 mL intravenous contrast and 500-1,000 mL oral or intravenous hydration before and after the examination. (radiologykey.com)
Associated injuries are almost always present in the patients undergoing laparotomy for penetrating wounds and depend on the location of the wound. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Cryonics patients frequently experience ischemic & reperfusion injury between the time when the heart stops and cryostorage begins. (benbest.com)
8 ] However, it is difficult to measure muscle mass or muscle function of the SAH patients in those ways, because we do not usually perform abdominal CT and the SAH patients often have impaired consciousness and need of rest considering the risk of rerupture. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
Patients with a long history of recurrent abdominal pain and who on imaging were found to have a diffusely thickened gall bladder wall, with cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis and submucosal hypoattenuated nodules were likely to have XGC while those with anorexia,weight loss,focal thickening of the gallbladder wall on imaging and dense local organ infiltration were more likely to have GBC. (medicinelakex1.com)

Hypotension in a patient with a suspected splenic injury can be a grave sign and a surgical emergency. (medscape.com)
In addition, the surgeon must have a detailed knowledge of previous surgical, traumatic, infectious, and radiation related perturbations to normal anatomy and physiology, along with an understanding of the time course and vulnerability of tissues after injury in order to properly plan for successful primary repair or tissue transfer to achieve restoration of function. (abdominalkey.com)
In any organ, matched arterial inflow and venous outflow are required for wound healing, and congestion of the venous outflow can just as certainly, although more slowly, doom the success of a tissue transfer or surgical procedure as arterial occlusion. (abdominalkey.com)

The second reason is the tamponading effect of the retroperitoneum which may prevent significant blood loss or extravasation of pancreatic juice from the injury in the absence of other vascular injuries. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Multi-organ dysfunction and/or pancreatic necrosis can occur. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)

This review divides imaging findings based on the AAST OIS definitions and categorises them into (1) parenchymal and (2) vascular injuries. (bvsalud.org)

A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. (lookformedical.com)

Although CT has become the "gold standard" for detecting injuries to the intraabdominal solid organs, CT is not always present in every institution worldwide, even in high-income countries such as Japan. (biomedcentral.com)

Its recent 2018 update takes splenic vascular injuries (i.e., active bleed, pseudoaneurysm, and traumatic arteriovenous fistulae) into consideration, the presence of which will indicate at least a grade IV (i.e., high-grade) injury. (bvsalud.org)

Intrauterine infection can lead to fetal death, spontaneous abortion, intrauterine growth retardation, premature birth, birth defects form, the defeat of the internal organs and the central nervous system. (medicalformat.com)

On that background the serum biomarkers such as serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) have received attention as markers of liver injury. (biomedcentral.com)
We infer that the variations might be related to biases such as the population studied, the detection method for liver injury, timing of blood sampling, and statistical analysis method. (biomedcentral.com)
Liver damage constitutes an important part of the pathology of exogenic poisons since the liver is the prime organ in metabolizing toxic agents and acts with the kidneys in detoxication processes. (cloudaccess.net)

When these processes do not follow their normal pattern, urological surgeons may be faced with complications including skin separation, wound dehiscence, tissue necrosis, and breakdown of vascular, urinary and parenchymal structures. (abdominalkey.com)
How to classify urinary bladder injury? (freezingblue.com)

gross anatomy with particular emphasis on the vascular supply of skin, subcutaneous tissue, fascia, muscle and individual organs. (abdominalkey.com)
Reperfusion injury refers to the tissue damage inflicted when blood flow is restored after an ischemic period of more than about ten minutes. (benbest.com)
The images were analyzed by an automated volumetric compression ratio (CR) defined as the volume ratio between the parenchymal tissue and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the basal cisterns. (ox.ac.uk)

Distal splenic artery embolization is preferred in cases of focal vascular injury (e.g. vessel truncation, pseudoaneurysm, focal extravasation) (Bessoud and Denys 2004 ). (springeropen.com)

In the hemodynamically stable patient, CT is the next step, and several imaging strategies can be pursued depending on the mechanism of injury and clinical findings. (radiologykey.com)

Distal injuries differ from more proximal injuries in that they are frequently associated with disruption of the blood supply from the iliac vessels and are thus best repaired with a ureteroneocystostomy. (freezingblue.com)

CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES AND INJURIES I. INFECTIOUS AND PARASITIC DISEASES (001-139) Includes: diseases generally recognized as communicable or transmissible as well as a few diseases of unknown but possibly infectious origin Excludes: acute respiratory infections (460-466) influenza (487. (cdc.gov)

The major reason for this is the retroperitoneal location of the organ, which precludes the early development of peritonitis. (basicmedicalkey.com)

Standard CT imaging obtains arterial phase and early cortical phase… which may miss some parenchymal or collecting system injuries. (pediatricurologybook.com)
Delayed (excretory phase) images are valuable for detection of vascular extravasation and renal collecting system injuries. (radiologykey.com)

1975 ). In cases of multifocal injury or when no focal angiographic abnormality is identified, but CT has demonstrated injury, proximal splenic artery embolization (PSAE) is performed (Imbrogno and Ray 2012 ). (springeropen.com)

It is essential to understand the anatomy of the kidney when diagnosing, grading, and to manage renal injury. (pediatricurologybook.com)

Hematuria alone, however, is not a reliable marker of renal injury. (pediatricurologybook.com)
Classify renal injury. (freezingblue.com)

He is taken to the CT scanner for further evaluation of his injuries. (your-doctor.net)

60.0% due to complications of peritoneal disease, most commonly intestinal obstruction (I/O). 14.3% required emergency surgery for I/O and 23.8% required abdominal cope loop and ureteric stent insertion. (medicinelakex1.com)

Traumatic Pneumothorax may result from insertion of a central venous line, thoracic surgery, or a penetrating chest injury, such as a gunshot or knife wound, or it may follow a transbronchial biopsy. (lifenurses.com)

Blunt injury is the usual cause. (freezingblue.com)

Complications such as hemorrhage, organ damage, infection, and reoperation were obtained from data in the patientâ€™s medical records. (urotoday.com)

If there is clinical or radiographic evidence of thoracic injury, the chest should be imaged with the abdomen in a single acquisition. (radiologykey.com)
However, there is no strict relationship between specific variants and disease manifestation, so clinical testing (ie, of organ function) rather than genotyping is a better guide to prognosis. (msdmanuals.com)

There are certain injuries that will be deadly and refractory to fluid therapy care. (medicosecuador.com)

Introduction To predict patient outcomes in traumatic brain injury (TBI) lesions, various scores have been proposed, which use objective assessments. (ox.ac.uk)

Oxygen therapy, correction of multiple organ failure symptoms. (medicalformat.com)

Genitourinary tract organs vary in their response to injury and "success" in wound healing in proportion to the density and/or redundancy of their blood supply. (abdominalkey.com)

A Novel Automated Calculation of Basal Cistern Effacement Status on Computed Tomographic Imaging in Traumatic Brain Injury. (ox.ac.uk)

When traumatic Pneumothorax follows a penetrating chest injury, hemothorax (blood in the pleural space) may also occur. (lifenurses.com)

Missed splenic rupture or delayed diagnosis is associated with a 10-fold increase in mortality over the rate associated with prompt recognition of injury. (medscape.com)

Large blood clots in the bladder or injuries involving the bladder neck should be managed surgically. (freezingblue.com)
Bladder dysfunction is a common complication after chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). (mdpi.com)

However, unintentional injury and death rates in children remain high. (netce.com)
Death from unintentional injury accounts for 65% of all injury deaths in children younger than 19 years. (medscape.com)

Indication - Injury, stricture, or obstruction of the distal 3-4 cm of the ureter. (freezingblue.com)
Distal embolization can be used in cases of focal injury. (springeropen.com)
Distal embolization is often precluded given the predominantly multifocal injury pattern of blunt splenic injury (Scatliff et al. (springeropen.com)
The main risk factor for this type of injury is a mechanism that involves a rapid deceleration event, with the most common cause being involvement in a motor vehicle collision (Answer A). The majority of blunt thoracic aortic injuries occur at the aortic isthmus, or just distal to the left subclavian. (your-doctor.net)

A direct blow with compression of the upper abdomen and its viscera/vessels against the spine is the most common blunt mechanism of injury. (basicmedicalkey.com)

Ischemia is the condition suffered by tissues & organs when deprived of blood flow -- mostly the effects of inadequate nutrient & oxygen. (benbest.com)

Treatment-related outcomes from blunt cerebrovascular injuries: importance of routine follow-up arteriography. (your-doctor.net)

An outbreak of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) started in 2019 among users of illegal, unregulated cannabis vaping products, almost exclusively in the United States. (wikipedia.org)
According to a systematic review article, "Initial case reports of vaping-related lung injury date back to 2012, but the ongoing outbreak of EVALI began in the summer of 2019. (wikipedia.org)

However, an epidemiologic shift has been noted, with relative increases in deaths from injuries and declines in deaths from poor nutrition and infections such as pneumonia and diarrheal diseases ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)

Anatomy35

Organisms12

Diseases99

Chemicals and Drugs17

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment46

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes29

Disciplines and Occupations3

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Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science5

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Health Care31

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Spleen15

Trauma39

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Pancreas10

Intra-abdominal2

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Aorta1

Patients10

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AAST1

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Hemodynamically stable1

Disruption1

Infectious1

Peritonitis1

System injuries2

Proximal1

Anatomy1

Renal injury2

Evaluation1

Peritoneal1

Gunshot1

Blunt injury1

Hemorrhage1

Clinical2

Fluid1

Lesions1

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Imaging1

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Unintentional injury2

Distal4

Mechanism1

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Outcomes1

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