Transporting molecules. Medical search. Frequent questions

If these peptides are also attached to the cell surface, then proteins or antibodies are transported much better into the cell interior. (tu-darmstadt.de)
Cell-penetrating peptides (green) on the cell surface act as door opener to transport proteins (blue) inside living cells. (tu-darmstadt.de)
The rate of passive transport depends on the permeability of the cell membrane, which, in turn, depends on the organization and characteristics of the membrane lipids and proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Facilitated diffusion, also called carrier-mediated osmosis, is the movement of molecules across the cell membrane via special transport proteins that are embedded in the plasma membrane by actively taking up or excluding ions. (wikipedia.org)
There are many other types of glucose transport proteins, some that do require energy, and are therefore not examples of passive transport. (wikipedia.org)
The transport system presented in the journal Nature Chemical Biology exemplifies the promising potential of a de novo design of peptides and proteins. (eurekalert.org)
Experiments with E. coli bacteria and eukaryotic cells revealed that the new peptide system is even suitable for transporting other peptides and proteins. (eurekalert.org)
Dyneins are large microtubule motor proteins required for mitosis intracellular transport and ciliary and flagellar motility1 2 They generate force through a powerstroke mechanism which is an ATP-consuming cycle of pre- and post-powerstroke conformational changes that cause relative motion between different dynein domains3-5. (researchensemble.com)
V-ATPases also play a key role in a complex process called glycosylation, in which proteins are modified by adding sugar molecules. (medlineplus.gov)
ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. (nih.gov)
These proteins, which have similar structures, help transport molecules within cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Myosin VIIA is also found in other parts of the retina, where it likely carries additional proteins and molecules that are important for vision. (medlineplus.gov)
In cells, some molecules can move down their concentration gradients by crossing the lipid portion of the membrane directly, while others must pass through membrane proteins in a process called facilitated diffusion. (khanacademy.org)
This means that ions like sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride cannot cross membranes to any significant degree by simple diffusion, and must instead be transported by specialized proteins (which we'll discuss later). (khanacademy.org)
Larger charged and polar molecules, like sugars and amino acids, also need help from proteins to efficiently cross the membrane. (khanacademy.org)
These proteins regulate selective transport, but exactly how they do this is still unclear. (rug.nl)
These proteins are made up of domains comprising phenylalanine (F) and glycine (G) amino acids in tandem, and these play an essential role in transport. (rug.nl)
The nucleoporins were tested for interactions with non-specific proteins and with chaperones, which are proteins that act as transport tickets through the pore. (rug.nl)
Proteins are also used as transport molecules, such protein is haemoglobin which transports oxygen in red blood cells all around the body. (bartleby.com)
These proteins are constantly at work assembling molecules, metabolizing energy, and fighting off infections. (bartleby.com)
Proteins also act transport. (bartleby.com)
Work-related asthma may be triggered by large molecules (such as proteins from fish or from natural rubber latex) as well as by small, highly reactive molecules, such as diisoccyanates (including TDI and MDI). (cdc.gov)
While prior information suggests that small molecules cause allergic responses by binding to large proteins in the body, the exact mechanism is not known. (cdc.gov)
Sometimes various globular proteins embedded in the matrix function as receptors and help transport molecules across the membrane. (msdmanuals.com)

The quantification of the energy rectification and origin of the energy diode characteristics were estimated for the small organic molecules, alkylbenzenes, in the liquid phase. (unr.edu)
Our polymers with a high electron affinity display long wavelength NIR absorption with air stable electron transport in solution processed organic thin film transistors. (nature.com)
Here we use DFT to investigate the relationship between electronic structure and charge transport in an organic compound known as 4,4'-bipyridine (BPD) when it is held between conducting metal leads to form a metal-molecule-metal (M--m--M) junction. (bard.edu)
13. How are organic molecules classified? (fsu.edu)
Therefore, the research team from Osaka University devised an improved water-removal method, the first step of which is to form an 'organogel', a type of gel consisting partly of organic molecules. (nanowerk.com)
This symposium will provide a forum to share and discuss recent advances in the development and application of organic small molecule and polymeric materials in electrochemical energy storage devices, including but not limited to lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and redox flow systems. (mrs.org)
The first part of the symposium will focus on the design and synthesis of new materials, and the second part of the symposium will cover advances in understanding of charge transport and reactivity in organic and polymeric materials. (mrs.org)
The synthesis focused portion of this symposium will highlight efforts to develop new molecules for liquid electrolytes, new polymeric materials for solid state ion conduction, and new organic redox active materials. (mrs.org)
The second part of this symposium will cover advances in the understanding of charge transport and reactivity of organic materials in electrochemical energy storage devices. (mrs.org)
Symposium contributions should address the use of analytical techniques, theoretical analysis, or computational studies of ion transport or reactivity of organic materials in devices, including but not limited to lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and redox flow systems. (mrs.org)
It is important in maintaining the colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic molecules. (bvsalud.org)

Guwahati: Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati researchers have shown how some specialised protein molecules found on the cell membranes of all biological cells carry carbohydrate molecules into cells from outside. (indiaeducationdiary.in)
They have studied specific protein molecules called ABC transporters, present in bacterial cell membranes and have shown that these transporters are selective about the type of carbohydrates they transport into cells. (indiaeducationdiary.in)
These carbohydrates are large molecules that cannot penetrate the membranes that surround the cell by themselves and depend on some special helpers or transporting molecules to carry them across. (indiaeducationdiary.in)
Passive transport is a type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes. (wikipedia.org)
Instead of using cellular energy, like active transport, passive transport relies on the second law of thermodynamics to drive the movement of substances across cell membranes. (wikipedia.org)
Since glucose is a large molecule, it requires a specific channel to facilitate its entry across plasma membranes and into cells. (wikipedia.org)
Nanowerk News ) Researchers at The University of Manchester have discovered another new and unexpected physical effect in graphene - membranes that could be used in devices to artificially mimic photosynthesis ( Nature Nanotechnology , 'Giant photoeffect in proton transport through graphene membranes' ). (nanowerk.com)
V-ATPases are embedded in the membranes surrounding cells, where they transport protons into and out of cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. (jove.com)
Cell membranes are biologic barriers that selectively inhibit passage of drug molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
Small molecules tend to penetrate membranes more rapidly than larger ones. (msdmanuals.com)
Transport of small molecules across membranes. (lu.se)

For a series of alkanes with 1-4 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain, our results show an exponential decrease in conductance with increasing molecule length characterized by a decay constant of 0.9 ± 0.1 per methylene group . (rsc.org)
We synthesize structurally well-defined coronene molecules (consisting of 13 benzene rings) terminated with linker groups, bridge each molecule to source and drain electrodes through the linkers, measure conductance and demonstrate the FET behaviour of the molecule. (nature.com)
We determined the conductance of the molecules, studied charge transport in single coronene molecules as a function of electrochemical gate voltage and observed pronounced n-type gating effect in these single coronene devices. (nature.com)
Quantum transport calculations provided insight into the conductance pathway through the molecules and confirmed the decoupling between surface binding and electronic coupling. (lancs.ac.uk)

However, the connection between molecular ordering and device performance is difficult to predict due to the current need for a mathematical theory of the physics that dictates charge transport in semiconducting polymers. (aiche.org)
Though PolyILs offer the possibility to combine the high conductivity of ILs and the high mechanical strength of polymers, their conductivities are typically much lower than that of the corresponding small molecule ILs. (osti.gov)
This thesis describes a series of studies of the energetics, structure, sorption and electronic transport of polymers and single molecules at the nanoscale. (lancs.ac.uk)
The first of these relates to hypercrosslinked porous polymers, which are of technological and commercial interest for their ability to efficiently absorb molecules in a wide range of contexts from pharmaceuticals to gas storage. (lancs.ac.uk)

Within this series, the structures 1 and 2 expose terminal methylsulfanyl anchor groups, enabling their integration in a single-molecule junction. (thieme-connect.com)
This is because there are only a few areas in the diverse structures of the cell interior where they can dock and deliver the molecules they transport. (eurekalert.org)
Density functional theory was used to simulate the structures of the molecules and the nature of their binding to the Au surface. (lancs.ac.uk)

Density functional theory (DFT) is a computational method for modeling multi-electron systems, such as atoms and molecules, using a quantum mechanical approach. (bard.edu)
They help bind atoms and molecules and transmit them throughout cells and the body. (bartleby.com)
Our research concerns the fundamental interaction of light with atoms, molecules and clusters, based on a bottom-up approach. (lu.se)

Ciliary development and maintenance depend critically on a specific, microtubule-based intracellular transport mechanism, intraflagellar transport (IFT). (europa.eu)

Towards Electrical Transport on Single Molecules. (mpg.de)

Graphene is considered to be a large aromatic molecule, the limiting case of the family of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. (nature.com)
An alternative approach to fabricate graphene nano-FETs is to synthesize graphene molecules, starting from small building blocks. (nature.com)
The first one is to synthesize large enough graphene molecules, which has been a difficult task of synthesis. (nature.com)

Gradually, the ammonia molecules will diffuse, or spread, away from the place where they were released, and eventually you'll be able to smell ammonia at the edges of the room. (khanacademy.org)
The more lipid soluble and non-polar the molecules are, the more readily they will diffuse. (jove.com)
Odorants diffuse into the mucous and are transported to the olfactory receptor. (medscape.com)

If there are different solutions at the two sides of the membrane with different equilibrium solubility of the drug, the difference in the degree of saturation is the driving force of passive membrane transport. (wikipedia.org)
19. Which types of membrane transport requires energy? (fsu.edu)

We characterize electron transport across Au-molecule-Au junctions of heterogeneous carboxyl and methyl sulfide terminated saturated and conjugated molecules. (rsc.org)
Electron transport is attributed to the combination of a delocalised LUMO level along the polymer backbone, and a sufficiently large electron affinity to facilitate electron injection. (nature.com)
The second challenge is to assemble individual molecules into a device, and measure the electron transport in the devices. (nature.com)
10. Review of GENERAL principles of glycolysis, TCA, electron transport chain? (fsu.edu)

Water molecules, for instance, cannot cross the membrane rapidly (although thanks to their small size and lack of a full charge, they can cross at a slow rate). (khanacademy.org)
The proton-conducting pathway of bacteriorhodopsin (BR) contains at University, PO Box 124 least nine internal water molecules that are thought to be key players in SE-22100 Lund, Sweden the proton translocation mechanism. (lu.se)
22 water molecules with bulk water. (lu.se)
The relevance of water exchange kinetics is underscored by recent crystallographic ®ndings of substantial variations in the number and locations of internal water molecules during the photocycle. (lu.se)
While the locations and inferred H-bond connec- water molecules in a membrane protein, despite tivities of these internal water molecules are essen- being deeply buried and extensively H-bonded to tial, one would also like to quantify their mobility. (lu.se)

Without the help of the many different protein molecules, the human body would not be able to function properly. (bartleby.com)

This is not only highly relevant for biological research, but also opens the doors for therapeutic targeting of intracellular components, which has been largely limited to small molecules with self-permeable properties. (tu-darmstadt.de)
A modular access to 2,5-diaryl 6-hydroxyphenalenone derivatives is developed and demonstrated by a small series of 5 molecules. (thieme-connect.com)
By exploiting the permeability of PDMS fabricated on the microfluidic system, it is possible to deliver hormone-like small molecules into stored microdroplets encapsulating cells, which are harbouring a plasmid to detect quorum sensing molecules. (umn.edu)
The intermediary metabolism of small molecules is the meat and potatoes of cell function. (cshlpress.com)
However, the amount of CNF needed in water is very small, so the most efficient way of transporting CNFs is as a dry powder. (nanowerk.com)
The GEN-PROBE TMA reaction replicates a specific region of the small ribosomal subunit from trichomonas vaginalis via DNA and RNA intermediates and generates RNA amplicon molecules. (cdc.gov)

Triglycerides are fats consisting of 3 fatty acids covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule. (medscape.com)

The potential applications of cellular molecular transport are broad. (tu-darmstadt.de)
Understanding and controlling the molecular features that impart a favourable backbone orientation and facilitate close intermolecular interactions are required to optimise morphology and long-range order for efficient charge transport. (nature.com)
Central to many of these design approaches is to introduce molecular functionality that can induce dipole−dipole interactions, facilitating close intermolecular packing, short π−π distances, and therefore potentially optimal morphology for transport 8 . (nature.com)
The intention behind the molecular design is to profit from the various redox states of the structure (including the neutral radical) as a molecular switch in an electrochemically triggered single-molecule transport experiment. (thieme-connect.com)
Single-molecule electronic or thermal transport properties and the related logical functions are most often investigated using molecular break junction (MBJ) experiments. (thieme-connect.com)
The stochastic nature of single-molecule charge transport measurements requires collection of large data sets to capture the full complexity of a molecular system. (imperial.ac.uk)
However, differences in molecular conformation or electrode contact geometry, the number of molecules in the junction or dynamic effects may lead to very different molecular signatures. (imperial.ac.uk)
Molecular dynamics simulations of the polymer pores with PAH molecules in a heptane solution highlighted the significance of polymer flexibility and pore size in the sorption process. (lancs.ac.uk)
The third project is in the field of molecular electronics, where a crucial area of research aims to identify molecular anchor groups to bind molecules to electrodes. (lancs.ac.uk)

This temperature reduction allows hybridization to occur between the deoxyadenosine region on the capture oligomer and the poly-deoxythymidine molecules that are covalently attached to the magnetic particles. (cdc.gov)

The key finding: the researchers link the molecules not only to the cell-penetrating peptides but also the cell surface. (tu-darmstadt.de)
Using electrical measurements and mass spectrometry, the researchers say that they measured a photoresponsivity of around 10 4 A/W, which translates into around 5000 hydrogen molecules being formed in response to every solar photon (light particle) incident on the membrane. (nanowerk.com)
Researchers believe that myosins use long filaments of actin as tracks along which to transport other molecules. (medlineplus.gov)
Researchers explored one potential mechanism for transporting MDI by testing chemical reactions in laboratory conditions simulating conditions in the human body. (cdc.gov)

tein, and neuronal cell adhesion molecule mRNA were also increased in olfactory bulb. (cdc.gov)

Here, we have used single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer to directly observe conformational changes associated with the functional transitions in the Listeria monocytogenes Ca 2+ -ATPase (LMCA1), an orthologue of eukaryotic Ca 2+ -ATPases. (au.dk)

But despite worldwide efforts, many of these approaches fail when it comes to transporting such large biomolecules. (tu-darmstadt.de)
The research team from Darmstadt and Berlin has taken a decisive step toward transporting even large molecules into the cell interior. (tu-darmstadt.de)
In the cell, large molecules that must be transported into or out of the nucleus can only do so when they are attached to such a chaperone. (rug.nl)
The immune system consists of a large number of molecules and processes, and immunodeficiencies can therefore be caused by genetic alterations at many loci. (lu.se)

These should be able to penetrate into the cell interior from the outside and take attached active substances or dye molecules with them. (eurekalert.org)

Over the past years, we have developed a unique set of quantitative, single-molecule fluorescence microscopy tools that allow us to visualize and quantify IFT dynamics with unprecedented detail in living animals. (europa.eu)

Polar and charged molecules have much more trouble crossing the membrane. (khanacademy.org)
Polar molecules can easily interact with the outer face of the membrane, where the negatively charged head groups are found, but they have difficulty passing through its hydrophobic core. (khanacademy.org)
Other uncharged but polar molecules, such as water, and larger ones, like glucose, will pass through, although at a much slower rate. (jove.com)

To stimulate the olfactory receptors, airborne molecules must pass through the nasal cavity with relatively turbulent air currents and contact the receptors. (medscape.com)

By establishing reliable, in situ junction formation, these experiments provide a new approach to probe electronic properties of carboxyl groups at the single molecule level. (rsc.org)
Preliminary mechanical break junction experiments with 1 display the structureʼs ability to form transient single-molecule junctions. (thieme-connect.com)

A novel peptide developed at the Universities of Bayreuth and Bristol is eminently suited for the targeted transport of molecules, for example of active substances and dyes, into the cells of mammals. (eurekalert.org)
However, transporting these substances exactly to where they are required is still a challenge in many cases. (eurekalert.org)

A particular PID can be caused by defects in any one of several molecules that are required for certain responses, because a defect in any of the sequential steps can impair the system. (lu.se)

Adaptive immune mechanisms recognize and neutralize foreign molecules or microorganisms in a specific manner. (lu.se)

Structural investigations suggest that the transport mechanism is defined by conformational changes in the cytoplasmic domains of the protein that are allosterically coupled to transmembrane helices so as to expose ion binding sites to alternate sides of the membrane. (au.dk)
Depolarized dynamic light scattering, broadband dielectric spectroscopy, rheology, and differential scanning calorimetry were employed to systematically study the influence of MW on the mechanism of ionic transport and segmental dynamics in these materials. (osti.gov)

With interaction between molecules, electrons and heat as energy carriers. (tudelft.nl)

We present an analytical and computational description of semicrystalline conjugated polymer materials that captures the impact of polymer conformation on charge transport in heterogeneous thin films. (aiche.org)

This is a huge number if compared with the existing photovoltaic devices where many thousands of photons are needed to produce just a single hydrogen molecule. (nanowerk.com)

This demonstrated that the NupX pores are fully functional: they are able to facilitate selective transport. (rug.nl)

We focus on nanowires because they already provide much of the required confinement and offer built-in contacts for transport measurements. (lu.se)

Active transport of protons by H+ ATPases alters membrane potential allowing for facilitated passive transport of particular ions such as potassium down their charge gradient through high affinity transporters and channels. (wikipedia.org)

We focus on experimental and theoretical studies of transport and quantum many-body physics, as well as on application aspects of nanostructures and quantum devices made from semiconductor heterostructures and nanowires, and emerging new materials. (lu.se)

For the derivatives 1 and 2 suitable for single-molecule junctions, the corresponding oxophenalenoxyl radicals 1R and 2R were obtained by oxidation and analysed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. (thieme-connect.com)

The nucleus is the headquarters of a cell and molecules constantly move across the nuclear membrane through pores. (rug.nl)
We previously studied the pores in all their complexity, but for this study, we created a drastically simplified 'designer' pore to investigate the essential physical mechanisms of transport. (rug.nl)
De Vries: 'However, the experiments showed that transport through the artificial pores occurs but not what happens inside the pore. (rug.nl)

Defective transport of carbohydrates into cells is associated with a range of disorders, including cystic fibrosis, hypercholesterolaemia and diabetes. (indiaeducationdiary.in)
The new peptide system makes it clear that de novo design is a promising research approach in the search for methods that enable drug or dye molecules to be introduced into mammalian cells in a targeted and gentle manner,' adds Dr Guto Rhys, postdoc at the Protein Design research group and one of the three first authors. (eurekalert.org)
Vesicles transport many types of molecules within cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Therefore, the dissemination rate suggests the possible engagement of macrophages or other immune cells involved in inflammatory responses, which can serve as vehicles transporting microsporidia to foci outside of the intestine ( 9 , 10 ). (cdc.gov)
Deficiencies are highly variable with regard to symptoms, phenotype, genotype, severity, etc, because many cells and molecules are required for both natural and adaptive immunity . (lu.se)

It is widely accepted that the polymer ordering impacts charge transport in such devices. (aiche.org)
This research explores a new type of epoxy-amine-borate (EAB) hybrid material for control of penetrant solvent molecules into cross-linked thermoset polymer networks. (northumbria.ac.uk)

Nevertheless, evidence for intercellular transport of Arc in the mammalian brain is still lacking. (lu.se)

We develop numerical tools for a quantitative simulation for electrical transport in nano-devices. (lu.se)

On the atomic scale level, we can describe these photo-chemical reactions, through a multitude of elementary processes occurring on the ultrafast time scale (from sub femtosecond to picosecond) where the initial energy/light harvesting process is followed by energy conversion and transport processes. (lu.se)
Despite the ever-increasing need to understand these energy conversion and transport processes in many fields of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, many challenges must be addressed due to the multiscale nature of the problem - from atomic to nanoscopic length and time scale. (lu.se)

Decarbonised and renewable molecules will help us reach the EU Commission's 2050 Climate Neutrality Ambition in a more cost effective way than a pathway based on high levels of electrification. (eurogas.org)

During the hybridization step, the sequence specific regions of the capture oligomers bind to specific regions of the target molecules. (cdc.gov)

The transport process involves reversible steps and an irreversible step that follows release of ADP and extracellular release of Ca 2+ . (au.dk)

We then establish a charge transport model that predicts the multi-scale charge transport. (aiche.org)
This model is used to identify the speed limits of charge transport at short and long time scales for varying fraction of crystallinity. (aiche.org)
Here we present such an approach based on multivariate pattern analysis and apply it to simulated and experimental single-molecule charge transport data. (imperial.ac.uk)
As the interaction free energies between the redox centres scale linearly with overall ring charge and in conjunction with fast intramolecular electron transfer (∼107 s−1), these molecules can be considered as uniformly charged nanorings (diameter ∼1-2 nm). (imperial.ac.uk)
Therefore, the goal of this project is to determine the charge transport characteristics of BPD junctions when alternative metals, such as aluminum (Al), are used as leads. (bard.edu)
Stolt, Ingrid, "A Study of Charge Transport Properties of Single-Molecule Junctions using Density Functional Theory" (2015). (bard.edu)

A single-stranded chemiluminescent DNA probe, which is complementary to a region of the target amplicon, is labeled with different acridinium ester molecule. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy32

Organisms11

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs91

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment41

Phenomena and Processes77

Disciplines and Occupations6

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Information Science5

Health Care1

Proteins24

Organic11

Membranes12

Conductance4

Polymers4

Structures3

Atoms3

Intracellular transport1

Single molecules1

Graphene3

Diffuse3

Membrane transport2

Electron transport4

Water molecules5

Protein molecules1

Small6

Glycerol1

Molecular9

Covalently1

Researchers4

MRNA1

ATPase1

Large4

Penetrate1

Visualize1

Polar3

Olfactory1

Junction2

Substances2

Defect1

Microorganisms1

Mechanism2

Electrons1

Heterogeneous1

Hydrogen1

Selective Transport1

Measurements1

Ions1

Quantum1

Derivatives1

Pores3

Cells5

Polymer2

Mammalian1

Quantitative1

Processes2

Renewable1

Bind1

Process involves1

Charge6

Probe1