Transported amino acid transport systems acidic. Medical search. Frequent questions

Triglycerides from plant oils or animal fats are hydrolyzed in this context to produce glycerol and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), which are the primary components of biodiesel. (initmagazine.com)

Considerable progress has been made in the characterisation of the various amino acid transport systems in bacteria and fungi, but the number and specificity of similar transport systems in mammalian cells is less clear. (docksci.com)
have been carried out to determine the characteristics of the active transport of neutral amino acids by either isolated mammalian cells or cells in culture. (docksci.com)
The new peptide system makes it clear that de novo design is a promising research approach in the search for methods that enable drug or dye molecules to be introduced into mammalian cells in a targeted and gentle manner,' adds Dr Guto Rhys, postdoc at the Protein Design research group and one of the three first authors. (eurekalert.org)

Cellular arginine uptake is mainly mediated by the cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) family, also known as y + transporters, which is involved in active transport [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Extracellular excitatory amino acids are mainly transported into cells by excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) expressed on astrocytes to avoid excessive excitation of neurons. (spandidos-publications.com)
This ability to exploit structure within a pre-protein is an unexplored area of protein transport, which may apply to other protein transporters, such as those of the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. (elifesciences.org)

Kinetic studies of the inhibition of L-alanine uptake also indicated the presence of a second neutral amino acid transport system capable of transporting this amino acid. (docksci.com)
However, it is unlikely that this second uptake system contributes greatly to L-alanine uptake. (docksci.com)
Inhibition of the uptake of L-leucine indicated that this transport system has a similar specificity to the '%''-system initially described for Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. (docksci.com)
Amino acids constitute one of the largest and most diverse groups of compounds commonly concentrated by active transport, and their uptake has been studied in a wide variety of microbial and mammalian systems. (docksci.com)
68) via uptake systems specific for single amino acids or groups of structurally related amino acids. (docksci.com)
D . M . SCOTT AND J. A. PATEMAN ever, L-alanine also appeared to be capable of transport via a second "leucine preferring" uptake system. (docksci.com)
Uptake assay procedure Amino acid uptake was examined using a modification of the method described by Hatanaka et al. (docksci.com)
EAAT2 accounts for 80-90% of this activity of extracellular excitatory amino acid uptake ( 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

The transport system presented in the journal Nature Chemical Biology exemplifies the promising potential of a de novo design of peptides and proteins. (eurekalert.org)
Peptides suitable for this purpose are rather small as they usually consist of less than 30 amino acids. (eurekalert.org)
Experiments with E. coli bacteria and eukaryotic cells revealed that the new peptide system is even suitable for transporting other peptides and proteins. (eurekalert.org)

Inhibition studies using other amino acids or their analogues provided information about the specificity of this system. (docksci.com)

Biogenic amine systems are damaged by amphetamine abuse and in Parkinson's disease. (stanford.edu)
Here we have taken advantage of the Caenorhabditis elegans nematode model system to investigate genetic modifiers of biogenic amine toxicity. (stanford.edu)
NSY-1 is in the highly conserved p38 MAP kinase pathway, which plays a crucial role in C. elegans innate immunity, suggesting that this pathway may play a role in biogenic amine toxicity system damage due to amphetamines and in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease in higher organisms. (stanford.edu)
At high concentrations carbon dioxide directly binds to amino acids and the amine groups of haemoglobin to create carbaminohaemoglobin . (teachmephysiology.com)

Glycosaminoglycans are polymers of forms of glucose (glucosamine, glucuronic acid, iduronic acid) suggesting that glycosaminoglycan synthesis may compete with the glucose needs of the developing fetus. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, recent placental epithelial transcriptome analysis identified several glucose, amino acid, lipid, vitamin, mineral and hormone transporter mechanisms within the placenta. (biomedcentral.com)
Our digestive system's enzymes, such as amylase for carbohydrates , trypsin for proteins, and lipase for lipids, catalyze reactions that transform these macromolecules into glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids, respectively. (initmagazine.com)

Until early 1990s, renal organic anion transport was thought to be carried out by a few carrier proteins that showed wide substrate specificity. (aspetjournals.org)
The transport may be active transport by carrier proteins with an energy source, or it may be facilitated diffusion or passive transport via channels. (wikibooks.org)
Furthermore, the complement system, a set of proteins found in the blood, can hydrolyze pathogen cell membranes to activate an immune response. (initmagazine.com)
Transport of proteins across membranes is a fundamental process, achieved in every cell by the 'Sec' translocon. (elifesciences.org)

After two months of feeding, the fish-containing diet resulted in significant observable effects as compared to the control and MeHg-containing diets, encompassing altered behavioral performances as monitored in a Y-shaped maze and an open field, and an increased dopamine metabolic turnover in hippocampus, despite the fact that the fish-containing diet was enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids and selenium compared to the fish-devoid diets. (hindawi.com)
Triglycerides, the major components of fats and oils, are hydrolyzed into glycerol and the sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids, which are the soap molecules, in this process. (initmagazine.com)

About 30% of all CO 2 is transported as carbamino compounds. (teachmephysiology.com)
Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as delta amino acids and derivatives. (foodb.ca)
Delta amino acids and derivatives are compounds containing a carboxylic acid group and an amino group at the C5 carbon atom. (foodb.ca)

first, organic anions are transported from the peritubular plasma by basolateral organic anion transporter(s) and subsequently effluxed into the tubular lumen by luminal transporter(s). (aspetjournals.org)
The transport properties of rOAT1 are nearly identical to those of the classic PAH transporter. (aspetjournals.org)

Stomach acid does not break down the wall of the stomach because gastric juice contains a powerful base that neutralizes the acid before it can cause damage. (savemyacademicgrades.com)
It has well been established that MeHg-cysteine was not hydrolyzed by gastric acidic juice and remained intact [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)

Arginine prevented C. perfringens challenge-induced circulated arginine deficiency, normalized intestinal arginine transport and catabolism, down-regulated JAK-STAT signalling pathway and attenuated the inflammatory response, which exerted protective effects on the intestine of broiler chickens. (biomedcentral.com)
L -arginine is an essential amino acid for chickens and turns out to be a conditionally essential amino acid for mammals under many stressful conditions [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
It is a basic peptide with a high content of arginine amino acids, and it has two components essential for its functionality. (eurekalert.org)

The Niemann-Pick group of diseases can be subclassified into two categories: (1) those with a primary deficiency in acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) activity (ie, types A and B) and (2) those with defective intracellular processing and transporting of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-derived cholesterol (ie, type C). (medscape.com)
Lysosomes are an important component of the inner membrane system and participate in numerous cell biological processes, such as macromolecular degradation, antigen presentation, intracellular pathogen destruction, plasma membrane repair, exosome release, cell adhesion/migration and apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
Emerging evidence suggests that lysosomes may also be the cellular center for intracellular transport (Fig. 1 ), signaling (Fig. 2 ), and metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
Lysosomes play a crucial role in intracellular transport. (biomedcentral.com)

In particular, the organic anion transport pathway has been shown to mediate the elimination of various drugs. (aspetjournals.org)
In this pathway, L-lysine is transported into the cell by basic amino acid transport systems. (foodb.ca)

As detailed in the reaction above only 1 HCO 3 - , is generated from every CO 2 therefore the blood pH will become more acidic due to the excess hydrogen ions. (teachmephysiology.com)
60% of all CO 2 is transported through production of HCO 3 - ions in the red blood cell. (teachmephysiology.com)

6) Lysosomes are the pools of metabolites in cells, including amino acids, sugars, lipids and nucleotides. (biomedcentral.com)

A novel peptide developed at the Universities of Bayreuth and Bristol is eminently suited for the targeted transport of molecules, for example of active substances and dyes, into the cells of mammals. (eurekalert.org)
The partner peptide has to be previously placed inside the cell exactly where the transported molecules are to take effect. (eurekalert.org)
This is because there are only a few areas in the diverse structures of the cell interior where they can dock and deliver the molecules they transport. (eurekalert.org)
The targeted placement of the acidic partner peptide is achieved by coupling it with molecules that are in turn introduced into the cell's DNA by transfection. (eurekalert.org)
Understanding free energy is the heart of understanding how molecules are transported and/or behave in a concentration gradient. (wikibooks.org)
When ΔG is positive the transport is active, an input of energy is needed to move a molecule up a concentration gradient, contrary to ΔG being negative the transport is passive, which means that such molecules will pass through a membrane down their own gradient, simple diffusion. (wikibooks.org)

Changes in EAAT2 function are closely related to excitotoxicity in the central nervous system. (spandidos-publications.com)

The hOAT3 cDNA consisted of 2179 base pairs that encoded a 543-amino-acid residue protein with 12 putative transmembrane domains. (aspetjournals.org)
Preexisting antivector immunity can severely compromise the ability of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium live vaccines to induce protective CD8 T-cell frequencies after type III secretion system-mediated heterologous protein translocation in orally immunized mice. (cipsm.de)
Usually, protein transport occurs before the nascent protein has folded. (elifesciences.org)

Depending on the specific reaction, the process requires the addition of water to the reactant and is frequently catalyzed by enzymes, acids, or bases. (initmagazine.com)

Fig 2 - Diagram showing methods of transporting carbon dioxide in the blood. (teachmephysiology.com)

This amino acid appears to be transported essentially via a relatively low affinity, high capacity, sodium ion dependent transport system. (docksci.com)
When expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, hOAT3 mediated the transport of estrone sulfate ( K m = 3.1 μM), p -aminohippurate ( K m = 87.2 μM), methotrexate ( K m = 10.9 μM), and cimetidine ( K m = 57.4 μM) in a sodium-independent manner. (aspetjournals.org)
OAT1 is a PAH/dicarboxylate exchanger and mediates the high-affinity transport of PAH in a sodium-independent manner. (aspetjournals.org)

This ATP drives a variety of cellular functions, including muscular contractions and active transport across cell membranes. (initmagazine.com)

Analysis of heterologous expression systems of rOAT1 in oocytes and culture cells revealed that rOAT1 has the ability to transport anionic drugs, such as β-lactam antibiotics, NSAIDs, methotrexate, and antiviral drugs, as well as various endogenous organic anions and exogenous substances. (aspetjournals.org)

The studies reported in this paper describe the transport characteristics of certain neutral amino acids in monolayer cultures of the baby hamster kidney cell line BHK21-Cl3.Lalanine, which has been previously shown to be transported via the three major neutral amino acid transport systems in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (Christensen, '69) was consequently examined in most detail. (docksci.com)
This amino acid was demonstrated to be preferentially transported into BHK2l -C13 cells via a relatively low affinity, high capacity active transport system of broad specificity. (docksci.com)
Prior to amino acid transport assay cells were harvested during exponential growth, inoculated into 60 mm petri dishes (Gibco-Biocult) a t a density of 5.3 x lo3 cells/cm' and incubated as above for 48 hours. (docksci.com)
Passive transport is the moving of biochemicals across membranes of cells without the use of chemical energy. (wikibooks.org)

Further elucidation of mechanisms of placental morphogenesis and solute transport could provide clues to improving nutrient transport to the pig fetus, potentially increasing litter size and piglet birth weights. (biomedcentral.com)

Endonucleases and exonucleases are enzymes that cleave the phosphate-sugar backbone of nucleic acids, allowing for diverse genetic processes. (initmagazine.com)

Osmosis is very important in biological systems because many membranes are semipermeable. (wikibooks.org)
In biological systems, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the basic energy currency. (initmagazine.com)

The transport of L-alanine by the hamster kidney cell line BHK-21-C13. (docksci.com)
One allows the peptide to enter the cell interior, and the other is able to interact with an acidic partner peptide. (eurekalert.org)
Lysozyme and other enzymes hydrolyze bacteria's cell walls, making them vulnerable to immune system destruction. (initmagazine.com)

Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are required for genetic information storage and transfer. (initmagazine.com)

Like a key in a lock, the basic peptide latches on to the acidic peptide. (eurekalert.org)
When the cations or anions of a salt react with water, they form either acidic or basic solutions. (initmagazine.com)

Because hOAT1 has been suggested to show rather limited capacity for organic anion transport, hOAT3 might play a large role in the human kidney. (aspetjournals.org)

This type of common during digestion, where the stomach's acidic environment aids in the breakdown of food into simpler components for absorption. (initmagazine.com)

This enzyme defect explains the massive deposition of sphingomyelin in tissues of the reticuloendothelial systems. (medscape.com)

Lysosomes are an important component of the inner membrane system. (biomedcentral.com)

Previously, we proposed a Brownian ratchet model for transport, whereby the free energy of ATP-turnover favours the directional diffusion of the polypeptide (Allen et al. (elifesciences.org)

About 10% of all CO 2 is transported dissolved in plasma. (teachmephysiology.com)

The uncoated transport vesicles can fuse with autophagosome or heterophagosome to form autophagolysosome, heterophagic lysosome or phagolysosome. (biomedcentral.com)

This alanine transport system was shown to exhibit a broad substrate specificity and appeared to be capable of transporting most naturally occurring neutral a-amino acids. (docksci.com)

At 25° (298K), ΔG is +11.4 kJ mol −1 (+2.7 kcal mol −1 ), indicating that this transport process requires an input of energy. (wikibooks.org)

It is very useful to have well characterized systems for which one can test the validity and usefulness of the methods. (lu.se)

The disease is clinically characterized by progressive degeneration of the central nervous system with visceral accumulation of cholesterol and sphingomyelin. (medscape.com)

On the next level carefully selected model systems are studied experimentally. (lu.se)

This article will consider CO 2 transport in the blood, its role in maintaining blood pH and conclude by discussing its clinical relevance. (teachmephysiology.com)

This allows more O 2 to be picked up and transported in the blood. (teachmephysiology.com)
This HCO 3 - is transported back into the blood via a chloride-bicarbonate exchanger (aka anion exchanger/AE). (teachmephysiology.com)

But this by no means guarantees transport to the desired site of action. (eurekalert.org)

Hydrolysis aids in the destruction of infections in the immune system. (initmagazine.com)

Anatomy26

Organisms12

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs135

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Phenomena and Processes57

Information Science4

Health Care1

Glycerol and fatty1

Mammalian cells3

Transporters3

Uptake8

Peptides3

Analogues1

Amine4

Glucose3

Proteins4

Fatty2

Compounds3

Transporter2

Gastric2

Arginine3

Intracellular4

Pathway2

Ions2

Lipids1

Molecules6

Closely related1

Protein3

Bases1

Carbon1

Sodium3

Cellular1

Heterologous1

Cells4

Solute1

Processes1

Biological2

Cell3

Genetic1

Basic2

Organic1

Type1

Tissues1

Important1

Previously1

Plasma1

Form1

Shown1

Process1

Methods1

Central nervou1

Model1

Role1

Blood2

Means1

Aids1