TransportersMetabolismProteinsGLUTStimulated glucose uptakeCell membraneIntoleranceSmall intestineAbsorptionSGLT1Plasma glucoseGlycogenHomeostasisSkeletal muscleFacilitative glucose transporterLipidConcentrationsMoleculesMechanismIncrease in glucoseGLUT2Regulates glucose transportStimulates glucose transportRegulationMRNASugarsHyperglycemiaInduced by high glucoseAdiposeFructoseMiceMonosaccharideMalabsorptionUptake of glucoseGLUT1Insulin secretionBloodAdipocytesPhosphorylationOral glucose toleranceGlycolysisLiverSGLT2Amino AcidsEnergy and glucoseTissuesPancreasPhysiologicalRegulate glucoseSubstrateKidneyMoleculeSerum glucose
Transporters22
- These co-transporters are an example of secondary active transport. (wikipedia.org)
- "There is recent evidence that some bioactive compounds, in particular polyphenols, phenolic acids and tannins (PPTs), can affect the shape of the blood glucose curve … Some studies have shown that these compounds may result in an altered pattern of intestinal glucose uptake, possibly due to interactions between compounds and sugar transporters," said the authors. (nutraingredients.com)
- They said that PPTs have the potential to "readily affect glucose absorption in the small intestine," noting that many polyphenols, phenolic acids and tannins can interact with certain sugar transporters - for example, inhibition of sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1 - an active transport mechanism in which glucose is co-transported with sodium ion) or by inhibition of GLUT2. (nutraingredients.com)
- By using sodium-containing (to activate both SGLT1 and GLUT2 glucose transporters) and sodium-free (activating GLUT2 only) conditions, the researchers showed that PPTs inhibit the action of GLUT2 receptors more than SGLT1. (nutraingredients.com)
- "The results obtained demonstrate that polyphenols, phenolic acids and tannin-rich extracts from strawberry and apple were able to influence glucose uptake into the cells and transport … by inhibiting activities of the glucose transporters," said the authors. (nutraingredients.com)
- Glucose is removed from ASL in proximal airways via facilitative glucose transporters, down a concentration gradient generated by intracellular glucose metabolism. (ersjournals.com)
- In the distal lung, glucose transport via sodium-coupled glucose transporters predominates. (ersjournals.com)
- The anti-diabetic action is through the competitive inhibition of the sodium-dependent blood transporters (SGLT1 and SGLT2) of metabolites such as glucose (Ehrenkranz et al. (aphios.com)
- Glucose transporters (GLUTs) and sodium-glucose co-transporters (SGLTs) are overexpressed in multiple malignancies, and are correlated with treatment resistance, clinical factors, and poor overall survival (OS). (nih.gov)
- We tested the hypothesis that mRNA and protein expression of intestinal glucose transporters and mRNA expression of enzymes related to gluconeogenesis are affected by variable starch supply. (nih.gov)
- A mixed model was used to examine feeding and time-related changes on feed intake and milk yield and to test feeding and gut site effects on gene or protein expression of glucose transporters and enzymes in the intestinal mucosa. (nih.gov)
- In conclusion, our investigations on glucose transporters and gluconeogenic enzymes in the small intestinal mucosa of dairy cows did not show significant diet regulation when TMR with different amounts of intestinal starch were fed. (nih.gov)
- Therefore, predicted intestinal glucose absorption after enhanced starch feeding is probably not supported by changes of intestinal glucose transporters in dairy cows. (nih.gov)
- Dysregulation of insulin-sensitive glucose transporters during insulin resistance-induced atrial fibrillation. (ouhsc.edu)
- The laforin-malin complex negatively regulates glycogen synthesis by modulating cellular glucose uptake via glucose transporters. (ouhsc.edu)
- The EcoCyc database describes 532 transport reactions, 480 transporters, and 97 proteins involved in sugar transport. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Nevertheless, due to the high number of sugar transporters, E. coli uses preferentially few systems to grow in glucose as the sole carbon source. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Once in periplasmic space, glucose is transported into the cytoplasm by several systems, including the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS), the ATP-dependent cassette (ABC) transporters, and the major facilitator (MFS) superfamily proton symporters. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Transport comprises 532 reactions, including 480 transporters (EcoCyc database https://biocyc.org/ECOLI/organism-summary , accessed on 1 May 2023) [ 11 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
- Additionally, numerous transporters with overlapping sugar specificities for monosaccharides increase the potential capability to transport glucose [ 6 ] , indicating the extraordinary capability and plasticity of transporting and growing glucose as a carbon source. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation experiments in C2C12 cells showed that TERT was constitutively associated with glucose transporters (GLUTs) 1, 4 and 12 via an insulin insensitive interaction that also did not require intact PI3-K and mTOR pathways. (telomerescience.com)
- Instead, fructose is transported by Glut2 and Glut5 transporters across the cell membrane. (medscape.com)
Metabolism13
- Membrane Transport and Metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
- Glucose removal is determined by cellular glucose uptake and metabolism ( fig. 1 ) [ 4 , 12 - 14 ]. (ersjournals.com)
- Glucose measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic islet cell carcinoma and of carbohydrate metabolism disorders, including diabetes mellitus, neonatal hypoglycemia, and idiopathic hypoglycemia. (cdc.gov)
- Impaired insulin secretion and free radical formation are the initial events triggering the development of insulin resistance and its causal relations with dysregulation of glucose and fatty acids metabolism. (wiley.com)
- Accumulated evidence from genetic animal models suggests that the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, has a key role in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
- The brain modulates various aspects of metabolism, such as food intake, energy expenditure, insulin secretion, hepatic glucose production and glucose/fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. (nature.com)
- Here we comprehensively review the above topics, discussing the main findings related to the role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
- Mueckler's work was centered around the mechanisms of glucose metabolism regulation and identifying factors that interfere with the process, leading to diabetes, certain cancers, and other conditions. (the-scientist.com)
- In addition to the histological examination, glucose metabolism was assessed by measuring parameters on glucose/insulin tolerance tests. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
- Impaired glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity have been linked to the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). (hindawi.com)
- Taken together, the inhibition of hsa_circ_0046060 expression in exosomes from GDM-derived UMSCs can alleviate GDM by reversing abnormal glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in vivo and in vitro . (hindawi.com)
- Although the precise pathogenic mechanism of GDM has not been fully elucidated, it may occur as a result of abnormal glucose regulation and increased IR, inducing the disorders of glucose metabolism. (hindawi.com)
- Thus, during aerobic metabolism, each molecule of glucose can generate 36 ATPs. (medscape.com)
Proteins10
- The SGLT proteins use the energy from this downhill sodium ion gradient created by the ATPase pump to transport glucose across the apical membrane, against an uphill glucose gradient. (wikipedia.org)
- however, other proteins in the kidneys are able to absorb enough glucose into the bloodstream, so that glucosuria is mild, if present at all, in people with glucose-galactose malabsorption. (medlineplus.gov)
- Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (ouhsc.edu)
- A family of monosaccharide transport proteins characterized by 12 membrane spanning helices. (ouhsc.edu)
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative" by people in this website by year, and whether "Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (ouhsc.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative" by people in Profiles. (ouhsc.edu)
- Among them, 97 proteins are involved in sugar transport ( Table 1 ). (encyclopedia.pub)
- Globulins are a diverse group of proteins that transport various substances in the blood. (cdc.gov)
- Aims/introduction: Double C2 domain protein b (DOC2b), one of the synaptotagmins, has been shown to translocate to the plasma membrane, and to initiate membrane-fusion processes of vesicles containing glucose transporter 4 proteins on insulin stimulation. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
- The transport may be active transport by carrier proteins with an energy source, or it may be facilitated diffusion or passive transport via channels. (wikibooks.org)
GLUT5
- Members of the GLUT family of glucose uniporters then transport the glucose across the basolateral membrane, and into the peritubular capillaries. (wikipedia.org)
- Since the mid-1960s, it has been known that there are energy-dependent, sodium-coupled glucose transporter (SGLT) and energy-independent, facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT) pathways for glucose uptake in the lung [ 1 ], and that glucose can permeate the alveolar epithelial barrier [ 2 ]. (ersjournals.com)
- Moreover, Vitamin D favors glucose uptake within the muscle by intensifying the intracellular expression on the insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and enhancing the insulindependent glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4) on fat tissues [11]. (atminhibitor.com)
- Glucose enters via GLUT receptors. (medscape.com)
- Of the 10 GLUT receptors, GLUT-4 receptors are present in muscle and adipose tissues and require insulin for glucose transport. (medscape.com)
Stimulated glucose uptake10
- Glu-4, a relatively inactive IL-1 beta analogue in most cells, stimulated glucose uptake in a time and dose dependent manner with kinetics indistinguishable from those of IL-1 beta. (eurekamag.com)
- Maternal WSD reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and impaired insulin signaling at the level of Akt phosphorylation in fetal muscle. (diabetesjournals.org)
- In juvenile offspring, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was similarly reduced by both maternal and postweaning WSD and corresponded to modest reductions in insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation relative to controls. (diabetesjournals.org)
- abstract = 'Conventional (c) protein kinase C (PKC) activity has been shown to increase with skeletal muscle contraction, and numerous studies using primarily pharmacological inhibitors have implicated cPKCs in contraction-stimulated glucose uptake. (ku.dk)
- Here, to confirm that cPKC activity is required for contraction-stimulated glucose uptake in mouse muscles, contraction-stimulated glucose uptake ex vivo was first evaluated in the presence of three commonly used cPKC inhibitors (calphostin C, G{\'o}-6976, and G{\'o}-6983) in incubated mouse soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. (ku.dk)
- All potently inhibited contraction-stimulated glucose uptake by 50-100%, whereas both G{\'o} compounds, but not calphostin C, inhibited insulin-stimulated glucose uptake modestly. (ku.dk)
- However, in muscles from PKCalpha knockout (KO) mice, neither contraction- nor phorbol ester-stimulated glucose uptake ex vivo differed compared with the wild type. (ku.dk)
- It can be concluded that PKCalpha, representing approximately 97% of cPKC in skeletal muscle, is not required for contraction-stimulated glucose uptake. (ku.dk)
- Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was also measured using isolated soleus muscle and epididymal adipose tissue. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
- Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was impaired in isolated soleus muscle and epididymal adipose tissues from DOC2b KO mice. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
Cell membrane2
- Sodium and water are transported across the cell membrane along with the sugars in this process. (medlineplus.gov)
- They facilitate passive diffusion of GLUCOSE across the CELL MEMBRANE. (ouhsc.edu)
Intolerance2
- Although young PTG heterozygous mice initially demonstrate normal glucose tolerance, progressive glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance develop with aging. (jci.org)
- GDM characterized by irregular glucose intolerance was initially reported during pregnancy [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Small intestine8
- Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters (or sodium-glucose linked transporter, SGLT) are a family of glucose transporter found in the intestinal mucosa (enterocytes) of the small intestine (SGLT1) and the proximal tubule of the nephron (SGLT2 in PCT and SGLT1 in PST). (wikipedia.org)
- Dietary Phloridzin reduces blood glucose levels and reverses Sglt1 expression in the small intestine in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. (aphios.com)
- that is, sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter-1 (SGLT1) and facilitated glucose transporter (GLUT2), which are usually downregulated in the small intestine of functional ruminants but are upregulated when luminal glucose is available. (nih.gov)
- The body extracts carbohydrates from food sources through a process known as hydrolysis, whereby the warm fluids, commencing with the saliva in the mouth and concluding with the action of the small intestine, break down the carbohydrates in the food into glucose. (encyclopedia.com)
- As it is a simple sugar, glucose is able to be transported through the wall of the small intestine to be stored by the body in the liver. (encyclopedia.com)
- The first and most direct route into the body for recently converted glucose from the small intestine is the bloodstream, where glucose is immediately available to be converted into ATP, in combination with the oxygen received into the bloodstream from the cardiorespiratory system. (encyclopedia.com)
- Characterization of a Na+/glucose cotransporter cloned from rabbit small intestine . (xenbase.org)
- In glycogen storage disease type I, the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase is defective in the liver, kidney, and small intestine, where it normally functions. (lu.se)
Absorption5
- In August 1960, in Prague, Robert K. Crane presented for the first time his discovery of the sodium-glucose cotransport as the mechanism for intestinal glucose absorption. (wikipedia.org)
- Therefore, the consumption of strawberry and apple juices could affect glucose absorption via the inhibition of glucose transport," said the researchers. (nutraingredients.com)
- However, as many as 10 percent of the population may have a somewhat reduced capacity for glucose absorption without associated health problems. (medlineplus.gov)
- Diets containing corn starch may improve glucose supply by providing significant amounts of intestinal starch and increasing intestinal glucose absorption in dairy cows. (nih.gov)
- Drosophila Solute Carrier 5A5 Regulates Systemic Glucose Homeostasis by Mediating Glucose Absorption in the Midgut. (ouhsc.edu)
SGLT18
- SGLT2 is only found in kidney tubules and in conjunction with SGLT1 resorbs glucose into the blood from the forming urine. (wikipedia.org)
- By inhibiting SGLT2, and not targeting SGLT1, glucose is excreted which in turn lowers blood glucose levels. (wikipedia.org)
- Because sodium and glucose are moved in the same direction across the membrane, SGLT1 and SGLT2 are known as symporters. (wikipedia.org)
- The SLC5A1 gene provides instructions for producing a protein called sodium/glucose cotransporter protein 1 (SGLT1). (medlineplus.gov)
- In the intestinal tract, the SGLT1 protein helps the body absorb glucose and galactose from the diet so the body can use them. (medlineplus.gov)
- The SGLT1 protein in kidney cells plays a role in maintaining normal blood glucose levels. (medlineplus.gov)
- The SGLT1 protein transports glucose into specialized kidney cells, ensuring that the sugar goes back into the bloodstream and is not released into the urine. (medlineplus.gov)
- After slaughter, tissue samples of the small intestinal mucosa (mid-duodenum and mid-jejunum) were taken for determination of mRNA concentrations of SGLT1 and GLUT2 as well as pyruvate carboxylase, cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and glucose-6-phosphatase by real-time reverse transcription PCR relative to a housekeeping gene. (nih.gov)
Plasma glucose8
- If the plasma glucose concentration is too high (hyperglycemia), glucose passes into the urine (glucosuria) because SGLT are saturated with the filtered glucose. (wikipedia.org)
- Repeated high post meal (post-prandial) blood plasma glucose 'spikes' are associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes. (nutraingredients.com)
- This is in contrast to conditions in the gut and kidney, where luminal glucose concentrations regularly exceed plasma glucose concentrations [ 6 , 7 ]. (ersjournals.com)
- 0.01 mM and plasma glucose 0.19 mM [ 3 ]. (ersjournals.com)
- Renal glucosuria is the excretion of glucose in the urine in the presence of normal plasma glucose levels. (msdmanuals.com)
- Serum glucose values are 1.15% lower than plasma glucose values. (medscape.com)
- Morning fasting plasma glucose values are higher than afternoon glucose levels. (medscape.com)
- In heparinized plasma, glucose concentrations are 5% lower than plasma. (medscape.com)
Glycogen11
- In conclusion, AEG enhances glucose transport by modulating the proximal and distal markers involved in glucose uptake and its transformation into glycogen. (wiley.com)
- The energy required to power the human body begins with the consumption of food, and the subsequent extraction by the body of the carbohydrate-based sugars, known as glucose and glycogen. (encyclopedia.com)
- When the intake of carbohydrates exceeds that which can be stored and converted to energy as glycogen or glucose, the body will store the excess carbohydrates as fat, often leading to weight gain. (encyclopedia.com)
- Glucose is converted into its storage form, glycogen, which is a long string of single sugars stored as a starch, a complex sugar. (encyclopedia.com)
- As the largest organ in the body, the liver performs a number of purifying and metabolic functions within the body, one of which is to store glucose in its glycogen form. (encyclopedia.com)
- The liver both releases glycogen when it is needed for energy production, as well as regulates the amount of glucose present in the blood, critical to health (known as the blood sugar level). (encyclopedia.com)
- The process by which liver glycogen is converted into blood glucose is related to the actions of the pancreas, which monitors blood glucose levels. (encyclopedia.com)
- When the pancreas determines that blood glucose levels are too low, causing a condition known as hypoglycemia, the pancreas produces a hormone, glucagen, to stimulate a release of stored glycogen from the liver, in the form of glucose, into the blood to restore balance. (encyclopedia.com)
- The intracellular glucose intake and glycogen content were measured using a High Sensitivity Glucose Assay Kit and Glycogen Assay Kit, respectively. (hindawi.com)
- A glycogen storage disease (GSD) is the result of an enzymatic defect among various reactions that produce glucose, either by glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis. (medscape.com)
- Glucose is primarily stored as glycogen in muscles and liver. (medscape.com)
Homeostasis6
- Understanding of mechanisms underlying lung glucose homeostasis could identify new therapeutic targets for control of ASL glucose and prevention and treatment of lung infection. (ersjournals.com)
- Langerhans islets are micro-organs in the pancreas, which secrete hormones that help maintain glucose homeostasis in the human body. (frontiersin.org)
- Drosophila transmembrane protein 214 (dTMEM214) regulates midgut glucose uptake and systemic glucose homeostasis. (ouhsc.edu)
- Highly coordinated interactions between the brain and peripheral metabolic organs are critical for the maintenance of energy and glucose homeostasis. (nature.com)
- Also, Vitamin C impacts lipid and glucose homeostasis and suppresses visceral obesity and NAFLD by activating PPAR [25]. (atminhibitor.com)
- The present results also showed DOC2b to play important roles in systemic glucose homeostasis. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
Skeletal muscle5
- Extra-nuclear telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) regulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle cells. (telomerescience.com)
- We investigated the role of TERT, in regulating cellular glucose utilisation by using the myoblastoma cell line C2C12, as well as primary mouse and human skeletal muscle cells. (telomerescience.com)
- Collectively, these findings identified a novel extra-nuclear function of TERT that regulates an insulin-insensitive pathway involved in glucose uptake in human and mouse skeletal muscle cells. (telomerescience.com)
- The second repository for glucose is the skeletal muscle system. (encyclopedia.com)
- Expressed mainly in skeletal muscle it dramatically increases the muscle's uptake of glucose from the blood in response to insulin or metabolic demand. (cdc.gov)
Facilitative glucose transporter1
Lipid3
- More than 90% of diabetes cases are type 2 diabetes characterized by persistent increase in glucose (hyperglycemia), lipid, and protein metabolic disorders that may induce insulin resistance. (nioh.ac.za)
- Individuals who suffer from type 2 diabetes are partly characterized by down-regulation of glucose transport and mitochondrial lipid oxidizing genes. (nioh.ac.za)
- In this study, we accessed NRF-1 and its target gene expression crucial in glucose transport and lipid oxidation during exercise. (nioh.ac.za)
Concentrations8
- Here, we consider a newly identified role for pulmonary glucose transport in maintaining low airway surface liquid (ASL) glucose concentrations and propose that this contributes to lung defence against infection. (ersjournals.com)
- These processes vary between species but universally maintain ASL glucose at 3-20-fold lower concentrations than plasma. (ersjournals.com)
- ASL glucose concentrations are increased in respiratory disease and by hyperglycaemia. (ersjournals.com)
- ASL glucose concentrations are the net result of diffusion of glucose from blood and interstitial fluid across the respiratory epithelium into the ASL, and removal of glucose from ASL by epithelial glucose transport processes. (ersjournals.com)
- Current model of the mechanisms controlling glucose concentrations in the surface liquid lining the airway and distal lung epithelium. (ersjournals.com)
- In contrast to the vertebrates, the use of non-reducing disaccharides as transport fuels in the circulation systems of insects and higher plants may be an adaptation to allow transport of relatively high concentrations of sugar without the problems caused by glycation. (mcmaster.ca)
- P. aeruginosa ingestion by macrophages occurs only in the presence of D-glucose or D-mannose, sugars present in low concentrations in the endobronchial space. (aai.org)
- Physicians now recognize that zinc supplementation can reduce the incidence and severity of diarrheal disease, and an ORS of reduced osmolarity (i.e., proportionally reduced concentrations of sodium and glucose) has been developed for global use. (cdc.gov)
Molecules9
- Hyperpermeability, the increased transport of large molecules including AGE and lipoproteins to the subendothelial space is the early response of ECs to insults such as hyperglycemia or dyslipidemia (Simionescu 2007 ). (springer.com)
- Caveolae-mediated permeability plays a major role in the transport of large molecules across endothelium (Komarova and Malik 2010 ). (springer.com)
- Subsequent entry of the final monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, fructose) into the enterocytes through the brush border occurs via carrier molecules. (medscape.com)
- 18. How are molecules transported across and through the membrane? (fsu.edu)
- The glycolytic pathway converts one hexose (a six-carbon carbohydrate such as glucose) into two triose molecules (three-carbon carbohydrate) such as pyruvate, to produce a net total of two molecules of ATP (four produced, two consumed) and two molecules of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). (jove.com)
- Understanding free energy is the heart of understanding how molecules are transported and/or behave in a concentration gradient. (wikibooks.org)
- When ΔG is positive the transport is active, an input of energy is needed to move a molecule up a concentration gradient, contrary to ΔG being negative the transport is passive, which means that such molecules will pass through a membrane down their own gradient, simple diffusion. (wikibooks.org)
- These free radicals react to normal molecules and oxidize them and when glucose is chronically higher than normal this oxidization happens more readily and more free radicals are created. (naturalnews.com)
- Introduction to Renal Transport Abnormalities Many substances are secreted or reabsorbed in the renal tubule system, including electrolytes, protons, bicarbonate molecules, glucose, uric acid, amino acids, and free water. (msdmanuals.com)
Mechanism5
- It is only recently that we and others have begun to investigate glucose transport as an important mechanism for maintaining a nutrient-depleted environment in the lung lumen to limit the growth of pathogenic organisms. (ersjournals.com)
- Immunoblot analysis revealed an insulin-like glucose transporting mechanism of AEG by activating key markers involved in the insulin signaling cascade such as insulin receptor beta IRβ, insulin receptor substrate1, 85 phosphatidyl inositol 3′ kinase (PI3K) and PKB. (wiley.com)
- The most important storage mechanism of processed glucose is performed by the liver. (encyclopedia.com)
- Kinetic analysis of mechanism of intestinal Na+-dependent sugar transport. (xenbase.org)
- Conclusions: We propose a novel insulin signaling mechanism by which protein kinase C iota phosphorylates DOC2b, leading to glucose transporter 4 vesicle translocation, fusion and facilitation of glucose uptake in response to insulin. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
Increase in glucose2
- Dose-dependent increase in glucose uptake activity (GUA) was observed in both cell lines. (wiley.com)
- Phosphorylation of S226 is required for the rapid increase in glucose uptake and enhanced cell surface localization of GLUT1 induced by the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). (elsevierpure.com)
GLUT21
- Although Glut2 can transport both glucose and fructose, Glut5 is a fructose-specific transporter, working only down a concentration gradient (facilitated diffusion). (medscape.com)
Regulates glucose transport1
- We demonstrate that the phosphorylation of GLUT1 on S226 regulates glucose transport and propose that this modification is important in the physiological regulation of glucose transport. (elsevierpure.com)
Stimulates glucose transport1
- Interleukin-1 stimulates glucose transport in rat adipose cells. (eurekamag.com)
Regulation2
- Simpson, IA & Cushman, SW 1986, ' Hormonal regulation of mammalian glucose transport ', Annual review of biochemistry , vol. (psu.edu)
- M ichael Mueckler, a cellular biologist who studied glucose transport and blood sugar regulation, has died at the age of 67. (the-scientist.com)
MRNA2
- No diet-dependent differences were found concerning mRNA and protein contents of glucose transporter or mRNA level of gluconeogenic enzymes. (nih.gov)
- Expression of size-selected mRNA encoding the intestinal Na/glucose cotransporter in Xenopus laevis oocytes. (xenbase.org)
Sugars6
- Glucose-galactose malabsorption is a condition in which the body cannot take in (absorb) the sugars glucose and galactose, which primarily results in severe diarrhea. (medlineplus.gov)
- These foods contain glucose, galactose, and another sugar called lactose that gets broken down into these two sugars. (medlineplus.gov)
- During the digestion of food, the protein transports the sugars into the cells that line the wall of the intestine (intestinal epithelial cells) as food passes through. (medlineplus.gov)
- In addition, water that normally would have been transported with the sugars remains in the intestinal tract, resulting in dehydration of the body's tissues and severe diarrhea. (medlineplus.gov)
- Several transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms control the preferential use of glucose over other sugars. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Simple carbohydrates are the simple chemical structures of monosaccharides, or single sugars, such as glucose and fructose. (encyclopedia.com)
Hyperglycemia1
- The disorder is typically initially noted on routine urinalysis, and is defined as glucosuria in the absence of hyperglycemia (serum glucose 140 mg/dL). (msdmanuals.com)
Induced by high glucose4
- Resveratrol treatment alleviated the hyperpermeability and the overexpression of cav-1 induced by high glucose in a dose-dependent manner. (springer.com)
- Resveratrol also down-regulated the increased expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and kinase insert domain receptor (KDR, or VEGF receptor-2) induced by high glucose. (springer.com)
- Inhibition of VEGF/KDR pathway by using SU5416, a selective inhibitor of KDR, alleviated the hyperpermeability and the cav-1 overexpression induced by high glucose. (springer.com)
- The above results demonstrate that RSV ameliorates caveolae-mediated hyperpermeability induced by high glucose via VEGF/KDR pathway. (springer.com)
Adipose2
- The effect of interleukin 1 (IL-1) on glucose transport activity in isolated rat adipose cells was examined. (eurekamag.com)
- Biopsy of adipose in glucose transport ( 14 ). (cdc.gov)
Fructose2
- By crystallographic, biophysical and in vivo approaches, we show that AfuABC is in fact a cyclic hexose/heptose-phosphate transporter with high selectivity and specificity for a set of ubiquitous metabolites (glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate and sedoheptulose-7-phosphate). (rcsb.org)
- The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of glucose (Glu), fructose (Fru), glucose and fructose (GluFru) and sucralose on blood glucose response in healthy individuals. (mdpi.com)
Mice2
- DOC2b KO mice showed insulin resistance and impaired oral glucose tolerance on insulin and glucose tolerance tests, respectively. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
- Inducible knockout of syncytin-a leads to poor placental glucose transport in mice. (bvsalud.org)
Monosaccharide2
- Glucose and galactose share the same carrier, SGLT-1, which transports one molecule of the monosaccharide and one molecule of sodium (Na) in a secondarily active transport, energized by Na-activated and potassium (k)-activated adenosine triphosphatase (NaK ATPase). (medscape.com)
- Glucose is a monosaccharide and is a primary metabolite for energy production in the body. (medscape.com)
Malabsorption4
- The signs and symptoms of glucose-galactose malabsorption appear early in life when affected infants are fed breast milk or regular infant formulas. (medlineplus.gov)
- Mutations in the SLC5A1 gene cause glucose-galactose malabsorption. (medlineplus.gov)
- [ 1 ] Clinical malabsorption can be broken down into several distinct conditions, both congenital and acquired, that affect one or more of the different steps in the intestinal hydrolysis and subsequent transport of nutrients. (medscape.com)
- Carbohydrate, fat, or protein malabsorption is caused by a disorder in the intestinal processes of digestion, transport, or both of these nutrients across the intestinal mucosa into the systemic circulation. (medscape.com)
Uptake of glucose1
GLUT13
- Protein kinase C has been implicated in the phosphorylation of the erythrocyte/brain glucose transporter, GLUT1, without a clear understanding of the site(s) of phosphorylation and the possible effects on glucose transport. (elsevierpure.com)
- Several naturally occurring, pathogenic mutations that cause GLUT1 deficiency syndrome disrupt this PKC phosphomotif, impair the phosphorylation of S226 in vitro, and block TPA-mediated increases in glucose uptake. (elsevierpure.com)
- We conclude that glucose exerts its effect on the macrophage, not on the bacterium, in the glucose-dependent nonopsonic phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa and that glucose transport via GLUT1 by the macrophages is required to trigger ingestion. (aai.org)
Insulin secretion2
- Islet perifusion systems can be used to monitor the highly dynamic insulin release of pancreatic islets in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) assays. (frontiersin.org)
- Studying this highly dynamic process of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) of pancreatic islets can give insights into the insulin release mechanisms of healthy and diabetic islets. (frontiersin.org)
Blood18
- Reduction, or blunting, of post-prandial glucose concentration in blood is potentially beneficial. (nutraingredients.com)
- Dietary consumption of Phloridzin has been shown to reduce blood glucose levels (Masumoto et al. (aphios.com)
- They release insulin in a highly dynamic, bi-phasic and pulsatile manner in response to elevated glucose levels in the blood ( In't Veld and Marichal, 2010 ). (frontiersin.org)
- the balance is divided between muscle function and red blood cell production, essential to the transport of oxygen. (encyclopedia.com)
- These compounds may help the body properly transport glucose into cells, preventing it from building up in the blood. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- This can also help people keep their blood glucose within optimal ranges. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- This typically results in elevated levels of blood glucose, which can lead to serious health complications over time. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The primary analysis was the determination of an optimal cutoff for the blood glucose diagnostic for predicting a hypotensive outcome followed by chi-square incidence comparison. (airmethods.com)
- The optimal diagnostic cutoff point using Youden's index ( J ) was determined to be a blood glucose value of 220 mg/dL or greater. (airmethods.com)
- Glucose dichotomy was also associated with a mean decrease in systolic blood pressure during transport ( P = .016). (airmethods.com)
- Insulin transports glucose from the blood to cells where it is either used for energy or stored. (naturalnews.com)
- These free radicals that are created from glucose are able to oxidize low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood. (naturalnews.com)
- Cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, obesity and smoking, were studied as well as degree of blood glucose control. (who.int)
- We aim in our work to study the prevalence risk factors and degree of blood glucose of CVD risk factors in diabetics in two dif- control. (who.int)
- For fasting glucose testing, collect the blood sample in the morning after an overnight or 8-hour fast. (medscape.com)
- For postprandial glucose testing, collect the blood sample 2 hours after a regular meal. (medscape.com)
- For oral glucose tolerance testing, after oral intake of 75 g of glucose, collect blood samples at 1 hour and 2 hours. (medscape.com)
- Blood glucose determination: plasma or serum? (medscape.com)
Adipocytes1
- Specifically, we want to understand the very early changes in insulin signalling and glucose transport in mature adipocytes, and how this is related to cell size. (lu.se)
Phosphorylation1
- 24. What does primary active transport have to do with phosphorylation? (fsu.edu)
Oral glucose tolerance1
- Some experts require a normal result on an oral glucose tolerance test for the diagnosis. (msdmanuals.com)
Glycolysis3
- 10. Review of GENERAL principles of glycolysis, TCA, electron transport chain? (fsu.edu)
- Glucose is initially used by glycolysis and is converted to pyruvate. (medscape.com)
- NADHs generated during glycolysis require 1 ATP each to transport across the mitochondrial membrane to be converted to ATPs. (medscape.com)
Liver1
- electron transport chain activity within the liver [16,21]. (atminhibitor.com)
SGLT21
- In the kidneys, 100% of the filtered glucose in the glomerulus has to be reabsorbed along the nephron (98% in PCT, via SGLT2). (wikipedia.org)
Amino Acids2
- [ 2 ] In the first few months of life, the latter system is much more active than those that transport amino acids and is thought to play a bigger physiological role. (medscape.com)
- Multiple transport pathways for neutral amino acids in rabbit jejunal brush border vesicles. (xenbase.org)
Energy and glucose1
- When this happens, the glucose does not get utilized for energy and glucose levels remain high. (naturalnews.com)
Tissues2
- The research, published in Molecular Nutrition & Food Research , suggests that some polyphenols, phenolic acids and tannins extracted from apples and strawberries may block the transport of glucose across intestinal tissues, potentially blunting post-meal glucose spikes. (nutraingredients.com)
- G6Pase is present in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the aforementioned tissues and requires G6P transport into the ER in order to function. (medscape.com)
Pancreas1
- This glucose then prompts the release of insulin (produced in the pancreas). (naturalnews.com)
Physiological1
- Name physiological mechanisms where transport is operational? (fsu.edu)
Regulate glucose1
- Our understanding of the role of glucose transport in the lung and the mechanisms that regulate glucose movement across the human lung epithelium lags far behind that of the gut and kidney. (ersjournals.com)
Substrate4
- Glucose is the primary substrate used as the carbon source for laboratory and industrial cultivation of E. coli for production purposes. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Temperature sensitivity and substrate specificity of two distinct Na+-activated D-glucose transport systems in guinea pig jejunal brush border membrane vesicles. (xenbase.org)
- Characterization of the D-glucose/Na+ cotransport system in the intestinal brush-border membrane by using the specific substrate, methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside. (xenbase.org)
- When enzymes are immobilized to an electronically active substrate, enzymatic reactions can be transduced by direct electron transport. (materialstoday.com)
Kidney1
- 2009). Phloridzin is shown to induce experimental glycosuria by blocking the reabsorption of glucose from the kidney (Shapiro, 1946). (aphios.com)
Molecule1
- This paper describes an approach for the development of a graphene-based POC biosensor platform using glucose as an example of target molecule. (materialstoday.com)
Serum glucose1
- For serum glucose, a red-top tube can be used. (medscape.com)