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HexosesBiological TransportBiological Transport, ActiveSubstrate SpecificityKineticsMonosaccharide Transport ProteinsMembrane Transport ProteinsAxonal TransportMolecular Sequence DataHexosephosphatesGlucoseProtein TransportIon TransportAmino Acid SequenceMethylglucosides3-O-MethylglucoseHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationCarrier ProteinsEscherichia coliMethylglycosidesBinding SitesDeoxyglucoseCell MembraneMutationPentosesElectron TransportModels, MolecularProtein BindingGlucose Transport Proteins, FacilitativeDeoxy SugarsSodiumCatalysisGalactoseAdenosine TriphosphateModels, BiologicalHydrolysisBase SequenceFructosePhloretinPhlorhizinTransport VesiclesRecombinant ProteinsCell LineAmino AcidsMembrane ProteinsSequence Homology, Amino AcidCarbohydrate MetabolismBacterial ProteinsSaccharomyces cerevisiaeProtein Structure, TertiaryCloning, MolecularOxidation-ReductionProtein ConformationPhosphorylationMutagenesis, Site-DirectedGlucose Transporter Type 5Structure-Activity RelationshipSymportersTemperatureGlucosephosphatesAnion Transport ProteinsCells, CulturedGolgi ApparatusCation Transport ProteinsCatalytic DomainAmino Acid Transport SystemsTime FactorsMaltoseVesicular Transport ProteinsCrystallography, X-RayPentose Phosphate PathwayLiverATP-Binding Cassette TransportersEscherichia coli ProteinsHexokinaseGlycolysisElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gelbeta-FructofuranosidaseChloridesXyloseGlucose Transporter Type 1Molecular WeightStereoisomerismPhosphatesRabbitsDinitrophenolsSequence AlignmentRecombinant Fusion ProteinsAdenosine TriphosphatasesInsulinCytochalasin BSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsCattleGlucose-6-PhosphateCarbon IsotopesModels, ChemicalCarbon RadioisotopesErythrocytesLactatesPotassium

UptakeTransportersMetabolicPhosphorylationSpecificityMannosePhosphatePhosphorylatesSugarsLignocellulosicGluconeogenesisConformationTransmembraneProteinsMetaboliteYeastOxidation-reductionNADHProximalBacterialCompoundsInhibitionHydrogenProteinMechanismOccursLiverOrganicReactionsGlucose transportMembraneHighMitochondrialElectronsCellCycleEnergy

Uptake5

• Mannose XYZ permease is a member of the family, with this distinct method being used by bacteria for sugar uptake particularly exogenous hexoses in the case of mannose XYZ to release the phosphate esters into the cell cytoplasm in preparation for metabolism primarily through the route of glycolysis. (wikipedia.org)
• The results presented collectively indicate that low intracellular concentrations of DHA, because of its rapid reduction back to AA, are a poor substrate for direct mitochondrial uptake. (uniurb.it)
• Transformation was assessed by the standard parameters of morphological alteration, increased hexose uptake, loss of density inhibition, and anchorage-independent growth. (embl.de)
• The aim of this study was to quantify uptake of pentose and hexose monosaccharides in an industrial substrate and to present a kinetic growth model of C. saccharolyticus that includes sugar uptake on defined and industrial media. (biomedcentral.com)
• The substrate uptake rate of C. saccharolyticus on single sugar-defined media was higher on glucose compared to xylose. (biomedcentral.com)

Transporters5

• Various factors regulate gene expression and transport function of mucosal transporters such as luminal substrates hormones and ontogeny (7 - 9). (bioerc-iend.org)
• A diurnal rhythm in gene expression and transport function of several other mucosal transporters (e.g. hexose transporters) occurs in the proximal intestine of rodents (i.e. duodenum and jejunum) in coordination with their nocturnal feeding pattern (10 - 13). (bioerc-iend.org)
• Identifying temporal and segmental variations in expression and transport function of nutrient transporters may allow PF-2341066 us to modulate their regulatory mechanisms during various diseases or after surgical intervention. (bioerc-iend.org)
• Furthermore, experiments performed in isolated mitochondria revealed that DHA transport through hexose transporters and Na(+) -dependent transport of AA were very similar. (uniurb.it)
• Furthermore, rapid d -xylose consumption requires d -xylose transport into the cell which in S. cerevisiae is mediated via the large family of hexose transporters (HXT) of which eight are highly expressed depending on the carbon source (and concentration thereof) [ 22 - 24 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Metabolic3

• Glucose is the primary metabolic substrate for the epithelial cells, stromal keratocytes (corneal fibroblasts residing in the stroma), and endothelial cells. (aao.org)
• Hexokinase (HXK) is the only plant enzyme that phosphorylates glucose (Glc), so it is key to fueling several metabolic pathways depending on their substrate specificity, metabolite regulatory responses and subcellular localization. (biomedcentral.com)
• Overall, this gain-of-function approach using human cells uncovered functional transporter-nutrient relationships and revealed that transport activity up-regulation may be sufficient to overcome environmental metabolic restrictions. (life-science-alliance.org)

Phosphorylation2

• Hexokinase (HXK) is a glycolytic regulatory enzyme that catalyzes the irreversible phosphorylation reaction of D-hexoses at the sixth carbon using ATP-Mg 2+ as a phosphate donor. (biomedcentral.com)
• Oxidative phosphorylation & its mechanism and substrate level phosphorylation Inhibitors ETC and oxidative phosphorylation/Uncouplers BP203T Biochemistry Notes All Chapters Download Important Questions: Explain the process of oxidative phosphorylation and its inhibitors. (hktechnical.com)

Specificity1

• By crystallographic, biophysical and in vivo approaches, we show that AfuABC is in fact a cyclic hexose/heptose-phosphate transporter with high selectivity and specificity for a set of ubiquitous metabolites (glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate and sedoheptulose-7-phosphate). (rcsb.org)

Mannose1

• Prevotella bryantii B(1)4 has a transport system for glucose and mannose, but beta-glucanase expression is only catabolite-repressed by glucose. (rhea-db.org)

Phosphate1

• The production of hexose 6 phosphate is a key node in different pathways that are required for a successful germination. (biomedcentral.com)

Phosphorylates1

• citation needed] The PEP-dependent sugar transporting phosphotransferase system transports and simultaneously phosphorylates its sugar substrates. (wikipedia.org)

Sugars2

• These pre-treatments are designed to allow the carbohydrate portion of the biomass to be broken down into simple sugars, for example by en-zymatic hydrolysis using exogenously added cellulases to release fermentable sugars [ 12 ]. (banksolar.ru)
• They use hexose sugars as … Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic conditions), and in the presence of beneficial microorganisms (yeasts, molds, and bacteria) that obtain their energy through fermentation. (zestrestaurant.co.za)

Lignocellulosic1

• Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus is an attractive hydrogen producer suitable for growth on various lignocellulosic substrates. (biomedcentral.com)

Gluconeogenesis2

• generate hexoses from pentoses (gluconeogenesis) - 3. (studylib.net)
• is transported to the liver for gluconeogenesis. (equimount.com)

Conformation1

• They do so by assuming an alternative access mechanism: in the outward facing conformation, they can bind the hexose, which catalyzes a transition to the inward facing state. (naiss.se)

Transmembrane1

• Fluorosugars: Synthesis of the 2,3,4-trifluoro-2,3,4-tridehydroxy hexose analogues of D-glucose and D-altrose and assessment of their erythrocyte transmembrane transport. (st-andrews.ac.uk)

Proteins4

• Among CRE1 repressed transcripts, genes encoding unknown proteins and transport proteins were overrepresented. (biomedcentral.com)
• Although many pore-forming proteins that are substrate-specific were characterized in the outer membrane, the inner membrane is considered the main permeability barrier between the cytosol and the chloroplast. (oup.com)
• Protein targeting or protein sorting is the mechanism by which a cell transports proteins to the appropriate positions in the cell or outside of it. (absoluteastronomy.com)
• These include cytochromes, which are haem-containing proteins that use iron to carry electrons and coenzyme Q, which can transport both electrons and protons. (histocutup.co.uk)

Metabolite1

• Examination regarding carbon stream at the metabolite level reveals that starchy foods synthesis coming from hexose is often a constraining element in the high-yielding hemp cultivar. (aktsignal.com)

Yeast1

• From the six HXKs analyzed here, only ZmHXK9 has minimal hexose phosphorylating activity even though enzymatic function of all isoforms (ZmHXK4-9) was confirmed using a yeast complementation approach. (biomedcentral.com)

Oxidation-reduction2

• b) They transfer hydrogen from one substrate to another by oxidation-reduction reac-tion not involving a respiratory chain (shown in Fig. 12.4. (biologydiscussion.com)
• NAD+ is able to receive and transport electrons and is therefore important in many oxidation-reduction processes. (histocutup.co.uk)

NADH1

• The glycolytic pathway converts one hexose (a six-carbon carbohydrate such as glucose) into two triose molecules (three-carbon carbohydrate) such as pyruvate, to produce a net total of two molecules of ATP (four produced, two consumed) and two molecules of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). (jove.com)

Proximal2

• Secondary active transport occurs in the intestine and the kidney tubules (predominantly proximal tubule) and is mediated by members of the SGLT transporter family. (medscape.com)
• Glucose enters at the luminal side of the proximal tubular cells by an active carrier-mediated transport process that requires energy provided by the sodium gradient between the intra- and extracellular compartments generated by sodium-potassium ATPase. (medscape.com)

Bacterial3

• Efficient acquisition of extracellular nutrients is essential for bacterial pathogenesis, however the identities and mechanisms for transport of many of these substrates remain unclear. (rcsb.org)
• Active Transport of Phosphorylated Carbohydrates Promotes Intestinal Colonization and Transmission of a Bacterial Pathogen. (anl.gov)
• LysR substrate binding domain, Bacterial regulatory helix-turn-helix protein [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)

Compounds2

• Our results suggest that transport systems for bivalent organic cations or uncharged compounds (ouabain) are able to eliminate the linear hydrophilic peptide tested. (nih.gov)
• Yeasts lack chlorophyll and are unable to manufacture by photosynthesis from inorganic substrates the organic compounds required for growth, as do higher plants, algae, and even some bacteria. (biologydiscussion.com)

Inhibition2

• These results suggest that the different subcellular compartmentalization of the vitamin is mediated by events promoting inhibition of mitochondrial AA transport, possibly triggered by low levels of DHA. (uniurb.it)
• DHA concentrations, however, appear sufficiently high to mediate inhibition of mitochondrial transport of AA/DHA-derived AA. (uniurb.it)

Hydrogen3

• a) Enzymes that catalyse the removal of hy-drogen from a substrate but use only oxy-gen as a hydrogen acceptor to form water as a reaction product (with the exception of uricase and monoamine oxidase which form H 2 O 2 ). (biologydiscussion.com)
• a) They catalyse the removal of hydrogen from a substrate and use either oxygen or artificial substances such a methylene blue as hydrogen acceptor. (biologydiscussion.com)
• a) They catalyze the removal of hydrogen from a substrate but not able to use oxy-gen as hydrogen acceptor. (biologydiscussion.com)

Protein4

• It is initiated by the en bloc transfer on Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 to nascent glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum in a co-translational manner as the protein entered through the transport system. (wikipedia.org)
• BACKGROUND Protein is absorbed primarily as di/tripeptides which are transported into the enterocyte exclusively by H+/peptide cotransporter 1 (PEPT1). (bioerc-iend.org)
• Our hypothesis was that diurnal variations in gene expression (mRNA and protein) and transport function of PEPT1 occur in rat duodenum and jejunum but not in ileum. (bioerc-iend.org)
• protein and transport activity for PEPT1 were measured in duodenum jejunum and ileum. (bioerc-iend.org)

Mechanism1

• Biological oxidation Electron transport chain (ETC) and its mechanism. (hktechnical.com)

Occurs2

• Krebs cycle and electron transport system do not occur in Fermentation is the process that takes place after the glycolysis in the cells where the anaerobic respiraton occurs due to absence or lack of oxygen. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
• Facilitative transport occurs in essentially all cell types and is driven by the concentration gradient across cellular membranes. (medscape.com)

Liver1

• EMD, E. Merck, Darmstadt) and substrates of endogenous transport systems of liver cells were studied in isolated rat hepatocytes. (nih.gov)

Organic1

• EMD 56133 did not interfere with transport systems for monovalent organic cations, amino acids and long chain fatty acids. (nih.gov)

Reactions1

• Stereospecific benzylic dehydroxyfluorination reactions using Bio's TMS-amine additive approach with challenging substrates. (st-andrews.ac.uk)

Glucose transport2

• Two means of glucose transport are noted: facilitative and secondary active transport. (medscape.com)
• This form of glucose transport is predominantly mediated by members of the GLUT transporter family. (medscape.com)

Membrane2

• This transport cycle is modulated by factors such as the lipid composition of the membrane or the identity of the substrate. (naiss.se)
• Taken together, these findings provide strong evidence that the generation of PtdIns(4)P is sufficient to trigger forward transport from the Golgi to the plasma membrane and that Sac1p is critically required for the termination of this signal. (embl.de)

High1

• These data show that in fermentations with high d -xylose concentrations, too high levels of Xks1 cause a major drain on the cellular ATP levels thereby reducing the growth rate, ultimately causing substrate accelerated death. (biomedcentral.com)

Mitochondrial1

• The mitochondrial respiratory chain (also known as the electron transport chain) is composed of four complexes. (histocutup.co.uk)

Electrons1

• It happens in the matrix of mitochondria and is the main provider of electrons to the electron transport chain. (histocutup.co.uk)

Cell3

• Sugar porters import hexoses into the cell, where they can serve as energy source. (naiss.se)
• Elimination of Sac1p leads to excessive forward transport of chitin synthases and thus causes specific cell wall defects. (embl.de)
• Glucose enters the cell along with sodium, and sodium exits the cell at the basolateral side of the cell, which is sodium-independent and a facilitative transport requiring no energy. (medscape.com)

Cycle2

• In this proposal, we propose to use these methodologies to study various aspects of modulation of GPCR activation, of the sugar transport cycle and of VSD activation. (naiss.se)
• substrate cycle in these infants (Figure 15-14). (equimount.com)

Energy1

• The main substrates that the body uses to liberate energy are carbohydrates (particularly glucose) and fatty acids. (histocutup.co.uk)