Transplantation of allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells bone marrow cells allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Medical search. Frequent questions

As the field of cell-based treatment develops, it has become obvious that different cell types - mesenchyme immature microorganisms (MSCs) being the model - have adequate capacity to dodge or potentially smother the invulnerable framework to the degree that they might be utilized as allografts without requiring corresponding immunosuppression [ 2 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
Clinical preliminaries have shown that allogeneic bone marrow-inferred MSCs might be securely managed to people without evoking clinically applicable insusceptible responses. (alliedacademies.org)
In the primary clinical preliminary of allogeneic MSC treatment for intense MI4, intravenous mixture of MSCs didn't create a resistant response and prompted better results as to cardiovascular arrhythmias, pneumonic capability, left ventricular capability, and suggestive worldwide appraisal. (alliedacademies.org)
Ensuing to this intense MI preliminary, we played out a randomized clinical preliminary in patients with ongoing ischemic cardiomyopathy, which had as its fundamental objective the examination of transendocardial infusion of autologous and allogeneic bone marrow-determined MSCs. (alliedacademies.org)
Significantly, just two patients getting allogeneic MSCs created sharpening as estimated by the board receptive antigen (PRA). (alliedacademies.org)
In a randomized, double-blinded, controlled clinical trial [ 3 ], 24 % of a total of 55 patients who underwent a partial medial meniscectomy followed by intra-articular (IA) injection with 5-15 × 10 7 allogeneic bone marrow-derived MSCs achieved a 15 % increase in the meniscal volume determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at the 2-year follow-up, suggesting evidence of meniscus regeneration after MSC treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
Recently, allogeneic bone marrow-derived MSCs were also used in an OA clinical trial. (biomedcentral.com)
In a randomized controlled trial, 10 × 10 7 allogeneic MSCs were delivered into OA knee joint of 15 patients. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, it is proposed that "kidney-triple energizers" might be the essence of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) system. (magtechjournal.com)
In septic animal models mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells (MSCs) modulate inflammation, enhance tissue repair and pathogen clearance, and reduce death. (nih.gov)
The infusion of freshly cultured allogenic bone marrow-derived MSCs, up to a dose of 3 million cells/kg (250 million cells), into participants with septic shock seems safe. (nih.gov)
There is a growing body of evidence that multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells' (MSCs') remarkable therapeutic potential is attributed not only to their differentiation and regenerative capacity, but also to the paracrine effect, underlying their immunomodulatory properties. (biomedcentral.com)
There is evidence that 2D or 3D culturing conditions have an impact on the cells' secretome, and here we aimed to compare the secretion of cytokines and growth factors in human MSCs from different sources cultured in 2D and 3D conditions and assess their effect on human macrophages polarization in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells-derived macrophages were then treated with umbilical cord-derived MSCs' conditioned media and their effect on macrophages polarization was assessed. (biomedcentral.com)
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are an extensively researched yet still understudied tool for treating a wide range of pathological conditions, one particular area of research interest being their immunomodulatory properties. (biomedcentral.com)
MSCs are reported to contribute both to the inflammation initiation and to its resolution via complex cross talk with immune cells, most importantly macrophages [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, bone marrow is the first established and still one of the most commonly used sources of MSCs [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
however, relatively low cell yield and high invasiveness of the harvesting procedure [ 9 ] have urged the quest for alternative MSCs sources. (biomedcentral.com)
Adult tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are showing promise in clinical trials for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). (nature.com)
Human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived MSCs are an alternative to adult MSCs that can circumvent issues regarding scalability and consistent quality due to their derivation from a renewable starting material. (nature.com)
Mechanistically, in vitro data support these findings, as co-culture of hESC-MSCs with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BWF1 lymphocytes decreased lymphocyte secretion of TNFα and IL-6 and enhanced the percentage of putative regulatory T cells. (nature.com)
Evidence shows that MSCs home to sites of inflammation where they inhibit immune and inflammatory responses by influencing the behavior of local innate and adaptive immune cells (reviewed in 20 ). (nature.com)
Thus, we attempted to present an overview of previously published reports to evaluate the progress and provide molecular basis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy and its application in preclinical and clinical settings, which could aid in designing an effective regenerative therapeutic strategy in the future. (hindawi.com)
However, effective dose and appropriate time of MSCs delivery are the main challenges in the clinical translation of stem cell therapy. (hindawi.com)
Human orofacial bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells (OMSCs) showed distinct differentiation traits from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from long bones, mouse OMSCs have not been isolated due to technical difficulties, which in turn precludes using mouse models to study orofacial diseases. (ca.gov)
Activated T-lymphocytes impaired OMSCs via the Fas/Fas ligand pathway, as occur in long bone MSCs. (ca.gov)
Furthermore, we found that OMSCs are distinct from long bone MSCs with respect to regulating T-lymphocyte survival and proliferation. (ca.gov)
However, the role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in CML has not been well characterized. (embrapa.br)
The objectives of the present study were to observe the biological characteristics of MSCs from CML patients and to determine if MSCs originate in part from donors in CML patients after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). (embrapa.br)
We analyzed MSCs from 5 untreated patients and from 3 CML patients after sex-mismatched allogeneic BMT. (embrapa.br)
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) were first isolated from bone marrow and then from various adult tissues including placenta, cord blood, deciduous teeth, and amniotic fluid. (embrapa.br)
MSCs have the capacity of multiple differentiations and self-renewal and have been proven to be able to differentiate into a series of cell lineages, such as adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondroblasts, and hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs). (springer.com)
Therefore, MSCs may help resolve issues restricting the application of hepatocyte transplantation. (springer.com)
Adipose tissue (AT) represents a commonly used source of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) whose proregenerative potential has been widely investigated in multiple clinical trials worldwide. (mdpi.com)
Mesenchymal stem cells ( MSCs) are known to be multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types which include osteoblasts (bone cells), chondrocytes (cartilage cells), myocytes (muscle cells) and adipocytes (fat cells which give rise to marrow adipose tissue). (stemcellsgroup.com)
Thus, these properties of MSCs make these cells potentially ideal candidates for tissue technology. (stemcellsgroup.com)
Arnold Caplan (1991), coined the term "mesenchymal stem cell and stated that the cells as multipotent mesenchymal cell populations which can differentiate into several tissue types, and demonstrated roles for MSCs in the regeneration of bone, cartilage or ligaments in animal and clinical studies. (stemcellsgroup.com)
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) can be isolated from neonatal tissues, most of which are discarded after birth, including placental tissues, fetal membranes, umbilical cord, and amniotic fluid. (stemcellsgroup.com)
Thus, neonatal tissues are easily available and they have biological advantages in comparison to adult sources that make them a useful source for stem cells including MSCs. (stemcellsgroup.com)
There are many studies involving autologous therapies and some allogenic therapies, based on the recovery of mobilized bone marrow cells, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and adipose derived stem cells that also include the stromal or adherent cell type that has an MSC phenotype. (biomedcentral.com)
This includes bone and cartilage repair, cell types into which MSCs readily differentiate, and immune conditions such as graft versus host disease and autoimmune conditions that utilize the MSC's immune suppressive properties. (biomedcentral.com)
The use of patient's own bone marrow aspirates, hematopoietic stem cells and MSCs, for heart muscle tissue repair can be puzzling because these cells do not normally contribute to the cardiac lineage types that are desired. (biomedcentral.com)
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an adult stromal cell population possessing powerful differentiation capacity and a prospect of use across main histocompatibility complicated barriers. (biongenex.com)
Because of the immunological difficulties associated with allogeneic transplantation mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the potential to be an attractive tissue replacement therapy for a number of reasons. (biongenex.com)
MSCs are multipotent cells that can be readily isolated from a number of adult tissues including bone marrow umbilical cord blood adipose tissue and placenta. (biongenex.com)
They have been well documented to differentiate into osteogenic adipogenic and chondrogenic lineages by activation of the cells through encountering inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ [21 23 Allogeneic MSCs from young healthy donors are an attractive source of regenerative cells for the treatment of degenerative diseases with an inflammatory component. (biongenex.com)
As MSCs possess potent immunomodulatory properties and an ability to differentiate into several lineages there is potential for allogeneic 'off the shelf' tissue engineering solutions using these cells. (biongenex.com)
With the increasing number of clinical trials utilising allogeneic MSCs for acute and chronic diseases a comprehensive knowledge of the influence of differentiation in the immunological account of MSCs is vital. (biongenex.com)
Kang and colleagues [31] exhibited that implantation Vancomycin of undifferentiated allogeneic or autologous MSCs comparably supported the development of bone without lymphocytic infiltration. (biongenex.com)
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are ASCs, and were first described in 1966 by Friedenstein et al. (bvsalud.org)
MSCs can be isolated from different locations, such as bone marrow, umbilical cord, placenta, adipose and dental tissues. (bvsalud.org)

Modulated expression of adhesion molecules and galectin-1: role during mesenchymal stromal cell immunoregulatory functions[J]. Exp Hematol, 2010, 38: 922-932. (magtechjournal.com)
Effects of hematopoietic stem cell adhesion on marrow stromal cell cytokine p. (rochester.edu)
Another key molecular axis is the interaction between MK2-IN-1 hydrochloride stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1 or CXCL12) and its receptor CXCR4, expressed on the cell surface of HSPC. (conferencedequebec.org)
Ramos CA, Asgari Z, Liu E, Yvon E, Heslop HE, Rooney CM, Brenner MK, Dotti G " An inducible caspase 9 suicide gene to improve the safety of mesenchymal stromal cell therapies. . (bcm.edu)
For most studies, the adult stem cell in question is actually a mesenchymal stem cell or mesenchymal stromal cell. (vin.com)

However, there are two main principles by which cells facilitate therapeutic action: Stem, progenitor, or mature cell engraftment, differentiation, and long-term replacement of damaged tissue. (wikipedia.org)
These cells then integrate into the site of injury, replacing damaged tissue, and thus facilitate improved function of the organ or tissue. (wikipedia.org)
These early trials are showing roles for stem cells both in replacing damaged tissue as well as in providing extracellular factors that can promote endogenous cellular salvage and replenishment. (biomedcentral.com)

Bone marrow transplants are the most common and well established cell transplantation therapies. (wikipedia.org)
Therapeutic Candidate or Device Allogeneic iPSC derived dopamine progenitors delivered to the brain of Parkinson's disease patients Indication Idiopathic Parkinson's disease Therapeutic Mechanism The cellular product reconstitutes dopaminergic neuron circuits lost owing to the disease Unmet Medical Need There are currently disease modifying therapies. (ca.gov)
I have expertise in novel therapies for acute myeloid leukemia, stem cell mobilization and homing, as well as stem cell transplantation. (rochester.edu)
However, for cell therapies MSC have to be expanded and/or manipulated to obtain a sufficient amount of cells that can be subsequently used for treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
Considerable time and effort has been spent in developing targeted therapies to fight SLE, yet only one therapy, belimumab (Benlysta), a monoclonal antibody targeting B cell-activating factor, or BAFF, has been approved for the treatment of SLE in the last half-century 16 . (nature.com)
All these therapies target the symptoms and have effects on the mechanical properties of bone due to modification of bone remodelling, therefore influencing skeletal outcome and orthopaedic surgery. (smw.ch)
Innovative therapies, such as progenitor and mesenchymal stem cell transplantation, targeting the specific altered pathway rather than the symptoms, are in the process of development. (smw.ch)
Recently, a growing number of studies are focusing on mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative disorders. (hindawi.com)
Cell based therapies: Academic or commercial? (ehaweb.org)
Bone marrow transplant is the most widely used stem cell therapy, but some therapies derived from umbilical cord blood are also in use. (allstemcells.com)
There has been a rapid surge in clinical trials involving stem cell therapies over the last two to three years and those trials are establishing the clinical pathways for an emergent new medicine. (biomedcentral.com)
The immune system response to and Vancomycin consequent rejection of allogeneic body organ and tissues grafts is definitely a PI4KB major concern and many strategies have already been created to inhibit immune system replies including irradiating the receiver immunosuppressive medications and recently cellular therapies [1-3]. (biongenex.com)
Conclusion: stem cells from dental origin are an interesting alternative for research and application in regenerative therapies in Dentistry. (bvsalud.org)

Therapeutic Candidate or Device OSSM007: cryopreserved, interferon-gamma-primed bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) Indication acute Graft versus host disease (aGVHD) resulting from hematopoietic cell transplantation Therapeutic Mechanism Immunomodulation of host-reactive T cells to induce operational tolerance of donor HSC-derived lymphocytes through direct cell-to-cell contact and secreted paracrine factors. (ca.gov)
Treatment of graft-versus-host disease resulting from hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is elaborated. (kean.edu)
Newer research indicates that other graft-versus-host disease target organs include the immune system (the hematopoietic system , e.g., the bone marrow and the thymus ) itself, and the lungs in the form of immune-mediated pneumonitis . (wikipedia.org)

In recent decades, however, stem cell and cell transplantation has gained significant interest by researchers as a potential new therapeutic strategy for a wide range of diseases, in particular for degenerative and immunogenic pathologies. (wikipedia.org)
In more recent work, cell encapsulation is pursued as a means to shield therapeutic cells from the host immune response. (wikipedia.org)
Cell therapy provided a novel approach to effectuate therapeutic efficacy. (wikipedia.org)
Therapeutic Candidate or Device The therapeutic candidate is a patient specific (autologous) induced pluripotent stem cell derived retinal pigment epithelium (AiPSC-RPE) product. (ca.gov)
Therapeutic Candidate or Device Autologous hematopoietic stem cells transduced with a HexA/HexB expressing lentiviral vector Indication Tay-Sachs disease Therapeutic Mechanism The transplanted gene modified autologous hematopoietic stem cells will engraft in the bone marrow and start producing HexA/HexB expressing immune progeny. (ca.gov)
Therapeutic Candidate or Device Autologous blood stem cells edited to restore iduronidase expression Indication Severe Mucopolysaccharidosis Type 1 (MPS1/ Hurler's syndrome) Therapeutic Mechanism Autologous blood stem cells undergo genome editing to restore the production of the missing enzyme. (ca.gov)
Therapeutic Candidate or Device Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells collected from X-CGD patients modified with a highly regulated lentiviral vector Indication X-linked Chronic Granulomatous Disease Therapeutic Mechanism Lentiviral vector (LV) modification of autologous hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) to restore physiologic gp91phox expression. (ca.gov)
With a variety of assays we could show that MSC represent a cell population which can be expanded for therapeutic applications. (biomedcentral.com)
In recent years mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have generated a great deal of interest as a potential source for cell-based therapeutic strategies. (biomedcentral.com)
Use of stem cell lines in therapeutic applications is discussed. (kean.edu)
This gives mesenchymal stem cell treatment an added therapeutic advantage since they serve as allogeneic graft eliminating the need for bone marrow harvesting which many patients find unpleasant. (stemfinitycord.com)
The aims of this article are to review the current knowledge regarding therapeutic mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cells in acute liver failure, to discuss recent advancements in preclinical and clinical studies in the treatment of mesenchymal stem cells, and to summarize the methodological improvement of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in treating liver failure. (springer.com)
Allogeneic multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (mesenchymal stem cells) are considered as first-line therapeutic cells. (genescells.ru)

The objective of this study was to provide a generalized critique for the role of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in ischemic stroke injury, its underlying mechanisms, and constraints on its preclinical and clinical applications. (hindawi.com)

Despite growing experience and knowledge concerning human MSC and their use in cell-based strategies, the molecular mechanisms that govern MSC self-renewal, expansion and multilineage differentiation are not well understood and remain an active area of investigation. (biomedcentral.com)
We monitored these cells during their expansion ex vivo with respect to proliferation kinetics, surface marker profile and differentiation potential. (biomedcentral.com)
Differentiation of new neurons from neural stem cells is described. (kean.edu)
these cells can induce neural differentiation. (kean.edu)
Introduction Functions of somatic stem cells are strictly governed by an appropriate balance between self-renewal and differentiation. (conferencedequebec.org)
We isolated a new population of stem cells from human orofacial tissue gingiva, a tissue source easily accessible from the oral cavity, namely GMSC, which exhibited clonogenicity, self-renewal, and multipotent differentiation capacities. (ca.gov)
a) The cells should exhibits plastic adherence (b) The cell should possess specific set of cell surface markers, i.e. cluster of differentiation (CD) 73, D90, CD105 and lack expression of CD14, CD34, CD45 and human leucocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR). (c) The cells should have the ability to differentiate in vitro into adipocyte, chondrocyte and osteoblast. (stemcellsgroup.com)
The use of ASCs in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering research has important advantages in comparison with ESCs, since there are no ethical complications and the process of differentiation of these cells is better controlled. (bvsalud.org)
8,9 Because dental stem cells (DSCs) are easy to obtain and present a great potential of differentiation, there has been a growing interest in their use in regenerative medicine for treatment of various human diseases. (bvsalud.org)

She has been instrumental in imparting knowledge and proper protocols for harvesting and isolating adipose-derived stem cells for autologous re-implantation to physicians worldwide. (regenestem.com)
For example, generation of human cardiac muscle cells from adipose-derived stem cells is included. (kean.edu)

Progenitor cell therapy describes the use of multipotent cells of various cell lineages (autologous or allogeneic) for tissue repair and/or regeneration. (southcarolinablues.com)
Similarly, they are characterized by an extensive capacity for self-renewal, proliferation, potential to differentiate into multiple lineages and their immune-modulatory role on various cells. (stemcellsgroup.com)
Most importantly stem cells possess the ability to differentiate into cell types of multiple lineages including adipocytes, chrondrocytes, and osteocytes. (vin.com)

Cell therapy (also called cellular therapy, cell transplantation, or cytotherapy) is a therapy in which viable cells are injected, grafted or implanted into a patient in order to effectuate a medicinal effect, for example, by transplanting T-cells capable of fighting cancer cells via cell-mediated immunity in the course of immunotherapy, or grafting stem cells to regenerate diseased tissues. (wikipedia.org)
Cell therapy originated in the nineteenth century when scientists experimented by injecting animal material in an attempt to prevent and treat illness. (wikipedia.org)
Cell therapy can be defined as therapy in which cellular material is injected or otherwise transplanted into a patient. (wikipedia.org)
The origins of cell therapy can perhaps be traced to the nineteenth century, when Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard (1817-1894) injected animal testicle extracts in an attempt to stop the effects of aging. (wikipedia.org)
In 1931 Paul Niehans (1882-1971) - who has been called the inventor of cell therapy - attempted to cure a patient by injecting material from calf embryos. (wikipedia.org)
For a long time, bone marrow transplantation was the only clinically applicable method of cell transplantation, however, since the 1990s, cell therapy has been investigated for a wide scale of pathologies and disorders. (wikipedia.org)
Cell therapy offers a new strategy that supports the introduction of new and active cells to restore previously compromised or deteriorated tissue- and organ structures. (wikipedia.org)
As a consequence cell therapy as a strategy has been attracting significant investments by commercial entities which suggest strong prospects for future growth. (wikipedia.org)
In 2021 Atara biotherapeutics became the first ever allogeneic T cell therapy company to be reviewed by any regulatory agency in the world (EMA) Cell therapy is targeted at many clinical indications in multiple organs and by several modes of cell delivery. (wikipedia.org)
A brief note on allogeneic cell therapy. (alliedacademies.org)
Jager M. A brief note on allogeneic cell therapy. (alliedacademies.org)
However, understanding the mode of action of the cell therapy has been limited by cell tracking capability and correlation between the pharmacokinetics of the injected cells and the intended pharmacodynamics effect. (biomedcentral.com)
The current study represents the first attempt to correlate cell therapy efficacy on OA with the physical presence of the injected haMSCs in the OA model, and demonstrates that human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells persisted for 10 weeks locally in the rat joint, coinciding with the efficacy observed. (biomedcentral.com)
Mesenchymal stem cells:Emerg-ing mechanisms of immunomodulation and therapy[J]. World J Stem Cells, 2014, 6: 526-39. (magtechjournal.com)
Targeted therapy for inflammatory diseases with mesenchymal stem cells and their derived exosomes: from basic to clinics[J]. Int J Nanomed, 2022, 17:1757-1781. (magtechjournal.com)
Here, we developed a surgery-induced tumor metastasis model in immunocompetent mice to investigate the efficacy of CAR-T cells therapy in preventing metastasis and local recurrence. (bvsalud.org)
This study demonstrated that CAR-T cell therapy can be an adjuvant treatment following surgery to prevent tumor metastasis and inhibit primary tumor relapse for cancer patients. (bvsalud.org)
Progenitor cell therapy is being investigated for the treatment of damaged myocardium resulting from acute or chronic cardiac ischemia and for refractory angina. (southcarolinablues.com)
For individuals who have acute cardiac ischemia who receive progenitor cell therapy, the evidence includes 2 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 200 patients, numerous small RCTs, and meta-analyses of these RCTs. (southcarolinablues.com)
For individuals who have chronic cardiac ischemia who receive progenitor cell therapy, the evidence includes a nonrandomized comparative trial and systematic reviews of smaller RCTs. (southcarolinablues.com)
For individuals who have refractory angina who receive progenitor cell therapy, the evidence includes phase 2 trials and a phase 3 pivotal trial. (southcarolinablues.com)
Additional larger trials are needed to determine whether progenitor cell therapy improves health outcomes in patients with refractory angina. (southcarolinablues.com)
Dr. Novas holds key positions in prestigious organizations related to regenerative medicine and stem cell research, including the Gene-Therapy Biomedical Research College in Wellington, Florida, and the Far Eastern University in Manila, Philippines. (regenestem.com)
She also actively participates as an academic member of the European Society of Gene and Cell Therapy and the International Society for Cellular Therapy, among others. (regenestem.com)
Cell therapy using allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells prevents tissue damage in collagen-induced arthritis. (termedia.pl)
This study represents an important step in the development of a commercially scalable and efficacious cell therapy for SLE/LN. (nature.com)
Medical treatment consists of bone-remodelling drug therapy. (smw.ch)
In addition to mobilizing HSPC, the interference with the CXCR4-SDF1 axis has also been proposed as a possible strategy to mobilize malignant stem cells from their protective niche, hence making tumor stem cells even more susceptible to irradiation or chemo- therapy. (conferencedequebec.org)
However, despite having the promising outcome of preclinical studies, the clinical application of stem cell therapy remained elusive due to little or no progress in clinical trials. (hindawi.com)
The recent decade has seen encouraging outcomes of mesenchymal stem cell therapy that holds promise to alleviate the burden of neurological disorders Moreover, initial study data of preclinical trials have also indicated the effectiveness, tolerance, and safety of MSC-based therapy [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
Herein, we presented an overview of a previously published work regarding the role of stem cell therapy in ischemic stroke and its underlying molecular mechanisms. (hindawi.com)
We aim to provide the basis for establishing a future study to promote the clinical translation of stem cell therapy in ischemic brain diseases. (hindawi.com)
Cell-based therapy using systemic infusion of GMSC in experimental colitis significantly ameliorated both clinical and histopathological severity of the colonic inflammation, restored the injured gastrointestinal mucosal tissues, reversed diarrhea and weight loss, and suppressed the overall disease activity in mice. (ca.gov)
This is because heart failure is one disorder that has proven difficult to treat using conventional measures but can be managed through stem cell therapy and lifestyle changes which largely are contributed by the person himself. (stemfinitycord.com)
Stem cell therapy offers a very promising way of treating heart failure - the procedure involves using stem cells to promote the regeneration of heart muscle and blood vessel cells. (stemfinitycord.com)
Our specialists reckon that the primary mechanism intricated in stem cell therapy is through paracrine effects. (stemfinitycord.com)
Studies reveal that the use of stem cell therapy is effective in the improvement of the function of the left ventricle and occasional attenuation of left ventricle dilation. (stemfinitycord.com)
Several studies have shown that stem cell therapy is effective in managing heart failure, however, stem cells are affected by inflammatory environments and thus develop inflammatory properties. (stemfinitycord.com)
Stem Cell therapy means the transplant or use of stem cells or other cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition. (allstemcells.com)
4. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for knee osteoarthritis. (allstemcells.com)
However, the standardization of the manufacturing process of MSC-based cell therapy medicinal products in compliance with the requirements of the local authorities is obligatory and will allow us to obtain the necessary permits for product administration according to its intended use. (mdpi.com)
27 million people in US with scientific quality OA) are potential focuses on for allogeneic dMSC therapy. (biongenex.com)
There is mounting evidence to support the use of biologic and cell- based therapy for chronic discogenic low back pain. (medicalpressopenaccess.com)
The findings of this study suggest that the use of Jagged-1 for location-specific bone injury could potentially be developed into a therapy to help people recover from fractures and broken bones. (transhumanist-party.org)
Stem cell therapy in particular is an innovative new field of scientific investigation and clinical application that holds promise for a variety of diseases in veterinary medicine as well as human medicine. (vin.com)
In addition, it is also important to keep the immune modulatory properties of MSC in mind when interpreting the results of many stem cell therapy studies. (vin.com)
A poor prognosis for patients, the likelihood of developing pulmonary fibrosis after infection, according to several researchers, can be corrected by cell therapy. (genescells.ru)
The combined efforts of many research groups can lead to reliable information on the cell therapy benefit and the need to include it in the standards of treatment of patients with this extremely severe pathology. (genescells.ru)
The specific medications administered depend on the choice of therapy and whether it is supportive care only, immunosuppressive therapy, or hematopoietic cell transplantation. (medscape.com)

Since progenitor cells multiply and are signaled to form tissue such as cartilage, tendon and bone when necessary, they allow your body to create the tissue it needs to heal itself. (futuremedicalgroup.com)
Here we investigate the ability of resident skeletal stem-cell (SSC) populations to regenerate cartilage in relation to age, a possible contributor to the development of osteoarthritis5,6,7. (howhelp.org)
These data indicate that following MF, a resident stem-cell population can be induced to generate cartilage for treatment of localized chondral disease in OA. (howhelp.org)
In principle, transplantation of mesenchymal progenitor cells would attenuate or possibly correct genetic disorders of bone, cartilage and muscle, but clinical support for this concept is lacking. (nih.gov)
broken tissues in types of bone tissue cartilage and heart flaws. (biongenex.com)

Recellularized nerve allografts with differentiated mesenchymal stem cells promote peripheral nerve regeneration. (stgmu.ru)
1 Treatment with progenitor cells (i.e., stem cells) offers potential benefits beyond those of standard medical care, including the potential for repair and/or regeneration of damaged myocardium. (southcarolinablues.com)
Several pre-clinical studies concentrating on the useful Vancomycin great things about allogeneic MSC implantation in bone tissue regeneration have produced contrasting results on reparative outcomes as can be seen in Table?1. (biongenex.com)
In this article, Mr. Steve Hill highlights research on selective bone regeneration using a protein called Jagged-1. (transhumanist-party.org)
Today, we would like to highlight a recent study in which researchers show a way to selectively accelerate bone regeneration. (transhumanist-party.org)
These cells have been studied for the treatment of periodontitis, bone repair, regeneration of the pulp after necrosis as well as the development of new teeth. (bvsalud.org)
Due to the ability to self-renew and to differentiate into cells that are found throughout the body, there is a great interest in using stem cells for the regeneration of injured tissues as well as to develop tissue-engineered implants and bio-hybrid organs, in order to restore tissue function. (bvsalud.org)

Stem cells are generally divided into two groups, embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. (vin.com)
1,2 Regarding the origin, they can be classified as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and adult stem cells (ASCs). (bvsalud.org)
3,4 The zygote and cells derived from the first two cellular divisions constitute the most primitive cells (totipotent cells) that are capable of forming the embryo and the embryonic annexes (e.g. placenta, amniotic membranes etc). (bvsalud.org)

Comparison of molecular profiles of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, placenta and adipose tissue[J]. Int J Mol Med, 2016, 37: 115-125. (magtechjournal.com)

In this paradigm multipotent or unipotent cells differentiate into a specific cell type in the lab or after reaching the site of injury (via local or systemic administration). (wikipedia.org)
These cells can differentiate into many types of tissue in your body and naturally stimulate a healing response. (futuremedicalgroup.com)
Progenitor cells take several weeks to months to differentiate. (futuremedicalgroup.com)
Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) with the capacity to differentiate into osteoblasts provide potential for the development of novel treatment strategies, such as improved healing of large bone defects. (biomedcentral.com)
A stem cell is a generic term referring to any unspecialized cell that is capable of long-term self-renewal through cell division but that can be induced to differentiate into a specialized, functional cell. (vin.com)
Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent but not pluripotent, which means they can differentiate into some, or "multiple," but not all tissue types. (vin.com)
4,6,7 It has been proposed that some of these MSC may actually differentiate into functional renal tubular epithelial cells, though this theory remains controversial. (vin.com)
Stem cells (SCs) are undifferentiated cells with self-renewal ability and capacity to differentiate into specialized cell types. (bvsalud.org)

The first recording of a successful bone marrow transplant, dates back to 1956 by dr. (wikipedia.org)
Bone marrow transplant also referred to as hematopoietic stem cell. (powershow.com)
The bone marrow transplant is the last alternative generally recommended by the physicians in the cases of fatal bone marrow diseases and bone or skin cancer. (powershow.com)
Blood Marrow Transplant. (bcm.edu)
Ramos CA " Striking the right balance: optimizing conditioning regimens for unrelated donor bone marrow transplant for severe aplastic anemia. . (bcm.edu)
[11] About one-third to one-half of allogeneic transplant recipients will develop acute GvHD. (wikipedia.org)

Annually an estimated 18,000 patients require potentially life-saving bone marrow transplants in the US. (wikipedia.org)
In recent years, peripheral HSPC have largely replaced bone marrow-derived cells for autologous transplants, and they have become the major source of stem cells also for allogeneic transplantations16C21. (conferencedequebec.org)
GvHD is commonly associated with bone marrow transplants and stem cell transplants . (wikipedia.org)
Although liver failure can be treated via hepatocyte transplantation, it also faces multiple problems comprising the shortage of high-quality hepatocytes sources, rejection of allogeneic transplants, difficulty to expand, and losing hepatic characteristics in vitro [ 7 , 8 ]. (springer.com)

It comprises of two types of stem cells, that are hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells. (powershow.com)
Use of various types of stem cells for conditions such as stroke, ischemia, heart diseases, Alzhemier's disease, and neurogenerative diseases in general, is explained. (kean.edu)
While numerous teams continue to refine and expand the role of bone marrow and cord blood stem cells for their vanguard uses in blood and immune disorders, many others are looking to expand the uses of the various types of stem cells found in bone marrow and cord blood, in particular mesenchymal stem cells, to uses beyond those that could be corrected by replacing cells in their own lineage. (biomedcentral.com)
Objective: the aim of this study was to conduct a literature review of the types of stem cells of dental origin and their applications in Dentistry. (bvsalud.org)

One great advantage of MSC is that these cells may be directly obtained from individual patients, thereby eliminating the complications associated with immune rejection of allogenic tissue and infectious diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
Allogenic mesenchymal stem cells are cultured under GMP conditions fetal bovine serum-supplemented media, they are then grown to a master cell bank stage and thereafter expanded before being used in the treatment process. (stemfinitycord.com)

The first source of Mesenchymal stem cells was in the bone marrow and considered to be the gold standard for clinical research, although various other sources have being discovered which include: Adipose tissue, Dental pulp, Mobilised Peripheral blood, Amniotic fluid, Joint synovium, synovial fluid, Endosteum, Periosteum, Menstrual blood and birth-derived tissues. (stemcellsgroup.com)
Recent years have brought increased interest in the potential for adult stem cells to help in the treatment of many diseases through both their regenerative properties as well as their apparent ability to alter the environment in injured and diseased tissues. (vin.com)
Adult stem cells can be obtained from many differentiated tissues including but not limited to bone marrow, bone, fat, and muscle. (vin.com)
In human postnatal dental tissues, five main sources of DSCs have been identified: dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), 11 stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs), 12 periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), 13 dental follicle stem cells (DFSCs) 14 and stem cells from apical papilla (SCAPs). (bvsalud.org)

Three separate MSC dose cohorts, with three participants per cohort, received a single intravenous dose of 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 × 10 6 cells/kg. (nih.gov)
We carry out a randomized, double-blind phase II trial of 3 times Intravenous infusion of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells derived from different sources for treatment in 12 ARDS patients, 3 bone marrow derived MSC, 3 adipose derived MSC, 3 wharton's jelly derived MSC and 3 amniotic membrane derived MSC, in a 1:1:1:1 randomization. (irct.ir)

Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (haMSCs) have shown efficacy in treating osteoarthritis (OA) both preclinically and clinically via intra-articular (IA) injection. (biomedcentral.com)
We attempted to reveal the existence of labeled cells in vivo by imaging and a molecular biomarker approach, and to correlate with the in vivo efficacy and physical presence over a follow-up period up to 10 weeks. (biomedcentral.com)
10 5 cells) lasted for about 10 weeks in the surgical knee joint at the same time as efficacy was observed. (biomedcentral.com)
This study demonstrated clinical and experimental evidences supporting a potential efficacy and safety of utilizing autologous PDL cells in the treatment of human periodontitis. (ca.gov)
Gurkan E, Patah PA, Saliba RM, Ramos CA, Anderson BS, Champlin R, de Lima M, Lichtiger B " Efficacy of prophylactic transfusions using single donor apheresis platelets versus pooled platelet concentrates in AML/MDS patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. . (bcm.edu)
These treatment options would significantly decrease costs reduce the number of procedures patients must undergo and provide cells from young healthy donors that may show higher efficacy than cells from aged individuals [24]. (biongenex.com)
The authors of this paper have published one, two, three and five-year follow-up from a study assessing the safety and efficacy of bone marrow concentrate [BMC] cells as an alternative to surgery for discogenic back pain at one or two levels [9,10,11,38]. (medicalpressopenaccess.com)

Three months after osteoblast engraftment (1.5-2.0% donor cells), representative specimens of trabecular bone showed histologic changes indicative of new dense bone formation. (nih.gov)
Thus, allogeneic bone marrow transplantation can lead to engraftment of functional mesenchymal progenitor cells, indicating the feasibility of this strategy in the treatment of osteogenesis imperfecta and perhaps other mesenchymal stem cell disorders as well. (nih.gov)
Kamble RT, Guo S, Ramos CA, Carrum G " Acute gout at engraftment following hematopoietic transplantation. . (bcm.edu)

In the present paper, the role of bone marrow in normal (physiological) immune response is briefly described. (termedia.pl)
Toll-like receptors on hematopoietic progenitor cells stimulate innate immune system replenishment. (termedia.pl)
Bone marrow can function as a lymphoid organ during a primary immune response under conditions of disrupted lymphocyte trafficking. (termedia.pl)
GMSC can function as an immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory component of the immune system in vivo and is a promising cell source for cell-based treatment in experimental inflammatory diseases. (ca.gov)
White blood cells of the donor's immune system which remain within the donated tissue (the graft) recognize the recipient (the host) as foreign (non-self). (wikipedia.org)
GvHD occurs when the donor's immune system's white blood cells reject the recipient. (wikipedia.org)
A significant proportion of clinical studies that are underway involve bone marrow and cord blood stem cells for blood and immune disorders [ 3 ] and cancers. (biomedcentral.com)
Although evidence exists to suggest MSC immunomodulatory properties may differ depending on the tissue from which they are sourced [25] or by contact with serum [26] there is no information directly comparing the immune profile of allogeneic dMSCs from different sources or after contact with serum. (biongenex.com)
In particular, adult stem cells called mesenchymal stem cells can migrate to affected areas and may be able to support the growth of other stem cells as well as moderate the response of the immune system. (vin.com)
Mesenchymal stem cells clearly modulate immune responses, as demonstrated by both in vitro and in vivo studies. (vin.com)

Treatment of knee osteoarthritis with allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: a randomized controlled trial. (futuremedicalgroup.com)

Detection thresholds of the labeled cells in vitro and in vivo were determined to be 10 4 and 10 5 cells, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
the isolation, selection of a certain phenotype of cells and in vitro expansion is done. (stemfinitycord.com)
There have been numerous studies utilizing mesenchymal stem cells to enhance tissue repair and decrease inflammatory damage in both in vitro lab studies and in vivo clinical models. (medicalpressopenaccess.com)

Aplastic anemia is a syndrome of bone marrow failure characterized by peripheral pancytopenia and marrow hypoplasia. (medscape.com)
The clinical presentation of patients with aplastic anemia includes symptoms related to the decrease in bone marrow production of hematopoietic cells (see the image below). (medscape.com)
Paul Ehrlich introduced the concept of aplastic anemia in 1888 when he studied the case of a pregnant woman who died of bone marrow failure. (medscape.com)

However, their low frequency in bone marrow necessitate ex vivo expansion for further clinical application. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study we asked if MSC are developing in an aberrant or unwanted way during ex vivo long-term cultivation and if artificial cultivation conditions exert any influence on their stem cell maintenance. (biomedcentral.com)
Our study suggests that both OMSCs and host cells contribute to bone formation in vivo. (ca.gov)

However, the inability to manufacture large quantities of functional cells from a single donor as well as donor-dependent variability in quality limits their clinical utility. (nature.com)
MSC mediated bone formation involves in both donor and recipient cells, but only recipient cells contribute to marrow element formation. (ca.gov)
Administering more highly selected stem cells from a donor around the time of the heart attack. (stemfinitycord.com)
The only curative treatment for ALF is liver transplantation, but there are many restrictions on the application of liver transplantation because of financial considerations, a shortage of donor livers, and immunosuppression-related complications [ 3 ]. (springer.com)

Method for generating marmoset-induced pluripotent stem cells, using transcription factors, is also explained. (kean.edu)
At the same time, the first three trials using cells derived from pluripotent cells have begun. (biomedcentral.com)
3 Embrionic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst and form all cell types, derived from the three germ layers, and are therefore pluripotent. (bvsalud.org)

Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) consist of hemopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells together with progenitors of endothelial cells or somatic cells [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In collaboration with investigators in Taiwan, we implanted one type of autologous OMSCs (periodontal ligament progenitors, PDLPs) to treat an orofacial infectious bone defect disease periodontitis. (ca.gov)

Another example is repairing bone defects using mesenchymal stem cells and mesenchymal-derived endothelial cells. (kean.edu)
It is known that BMC contains mesenchymal stem cells as well as a number of other cell types including but not limited to: hematopoietic stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, and platelets. (medicalpressopenaccess.com)

The long-term goal of this proposal is to develop stem cell-based treatment for major defects in the orofacial regions. (ca.gov)
Intraoperative delivery of the Notch ligand Jagged-1 regenerates appendicular and craniofacial bone defects. (transhumanist-party.org)
The theoretical basis for marrow failure includes primary defects in or damage to the stem cell or the marrow microenvironment. (medscape.com)

How can we get adult stem cells? (allstemcells.com)
More research teams are accelerating the use of other types of adult stem cells, in particular neural stem cells for diseases where beneficial outcome could result from either in-lineage cell replacement or extracellular factors. (biomedcentral.com)
Obtaining adult stem cells also does not raise ethical concerns. (vin.com)

in 1968, in Minnesota, the first successful human bone marrow transplantation took place. (wikipedia.org)

Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, bone marrow dysfunction, and skeletal abnormalities. (medscape.com)

We have also taken a newer direction for clinical trials that include the use of stem cells that are capable of cardiac lineage such as endogenous cardiac stem cells. (stemfinitycord.com)
The journal also highlights that new generation clinical trials utilize specific cell types that are known to produce cardiac lineage cells focusing on repairing of acute or chronic myocardial damage due to infarction. (stemfinitycord.com)
In recent years, clinical trials with stem cells have taken the emerging field in many new directions. (biomedcentral.com)
The rapid advance of stem cell clinical trials for a broad spectrum of conditions warrants an update of the review by Trounson (2009) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
We have chosen to concentrate on the emerging therapeutics that broadly involves a wide range of cell types in clinical trials registered on the National Institutes of Health's clinical trials web site. (biomedcentral.com)
The accumulated experience of preclinical experiments made it possible to urgently proceed to conduct clinical trials of the safety of their use in patients with ARDS and to search for optimal indications to obtain maximum benefits for patients after transplantation. (genescells.ru)

Bone marrow harvested progenitor cell treatment. (futuremedicalgroup.com)
If you are interested in discussing if a Bone Marrow Harvested Progenitor Cell treatment may be right for you, please contact us for additional information. (futuremedicalgroup.com)
Overall, this evidence has suggested that progenitor cell treatment may be a promising intervention, but robust data on clinical outcomes are lacking. (southcarolinablues.com)
Results of the nonrandomized trial are encouraging, because this is the first controlled trial that has reported a significant mortality benefit for progenitor cell treatment. (southcarolinablues.com)

However, in many diseases and disorders, cell are compromised by e.g. senescence, limited blood supply (ischemia), inflammation, or simply a reduction in the number of cells. (wikipedia.org)
Arthritis induces lymphocytic bone marrow inflammation and endosteal bone formation. (termedia.pl)
An insight into the biology of ischemic stroke indicates that a stream of molecular events initiates instantly after the onset of ischemic stroke, such as oxidative stress, increased level of intracellular calcium, excitotoxicity, and inflammation which results in apoptotic or necrotic neuronal cell death [ 12 - 14 ]. (hindawi.com)

Although such attempts produced no positive benefit, further research found in the mid twentieth century that human cells could be used to help prevent the human body rejecting transplanted organs, leading in time to successful bone marrow transplantation as has become common practice in treatment for patients that have compromised bone marrow after disease, infection, radiation or chemotherapy. (wikipedia.org)
Cell based treatment is at the front of clinical examination for cardiovascular infection, upheld by more than 10 years of thorough pre-clinical investigation of cell science, mechanism(s) of activity, immunology, and phenotypic adequacy. (alliedacademies.org)
Critically, making an interpretation of cell treatment into standard clinical practice requires the capacity to direct a protected and strong item at the ideal measurements promptly. (alliedacademies.org)
An open door that extraordinarily upgrades the capacity to foster such an item is the utilization of allogeneic treatment, which offers a proficient method for accomplishing both quick accessibility of item and the proper number of cells [ 1 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
Allogeneic treatment is obviously a problematic idea in science. (alliedacademies.org)
The marrow is then placed into a centrifuge to extract the progenitor cells and growth factors that are then used for treatment. (futuremedicalgroup.com)
A prospective multi-site registry study of a specific protocol of autologous bone marrow concentrate for the treatment of shoulder rotator cuff tears and osteoarthritis. (futuremedicalgroup.com)
In addition, the local relapse was obviously inhibited at the surgical site followed by EpCAM-CAR-T cell treatment. (bvsalud.org)
Indication AiPSC-RPE cell product will be indicated for the treatment of maculopathies related to RPE atrophy. (ca.gov)
Over the years, she has played a pivotal role in promoting the use of stem cells for the treatment of chronic degenerative conditions. (regenestem.com)
In this study, we aimed to identify the concentrations of mononuclear cells (MNCs) and CD34+ cells in the bone marrow of these patients and their correlation with treatment outcomes. (biomedcentral.com)
The detected mutations appeared late in the treatment, and we propose that other factors (high initial HCMV load, previous GCV exposure, low CD4+ cell count), in addition to the presence of resistance mutations, may have contributed to the. (embrapa.br)
The only curative treatment for acute liver failure is liver transplantation, but there are many restrictions on the application of liver transplantation. (springer.com)
5. Adipose Tissue-derived Stem Cells Treatment for Crohn's Fistula. (allstemcells.com)

Baldini N. Cell-Enhanced Acellular Nerve Allografts for Peripheral Nerve Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis of the Literature. (stgmu.ru)

In the case of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, the dormancy of the most primitive HSPC is maintained by the bone marrow niche by means of several key molecular interactions between receptor-ligand pairs1C3. (conferencedequebec.org)

We therefore primarily use mesenchymal stem cells derived from umbilical cords since they have proven to normally function after freezing preservation. (stemfinitycord.com)

A common issue associated with the molecular abnormality is a disturbance in bone matrix synthesis and homeostasis inducing bone fragility. (smw.ch)

This study aimed to identify the density of mononuclear cells (MNCs) and CD34+ cells in the bone marrow of patients with three neurologic conditions. (biomedcentral.com)

The immunomodulatory potential of mesenchymal stromal cells[J]. J Immunother, 2016, 39: 45-59. (magtechjournal.com)
Immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stromal cells. (termedia.pl)
MSC derived from placenta have long-term proliferation and immunomodulatory capacity, superior to bone marrow-derived MSC. (stemcellsgroup.com)

Interpretation of the essence of mesenchymal stem cells with the "kidney-triple energizers" system[J]. Basic & Clinical Medicine, 2023, 43(1): 46-50. (magtechjournal.com)

The time from disease onset to stem cell application ranged from 1 to 36 months. (biomedcentral.com)
Journal Article] Different impact of BCR-ABL transcripts on allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation from different graft sources for Ph+ALL with minimal residual disease. (nii.ac.jp)
Research is underway to develop various sources for stem cells, and to apply stem cell treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and conditions, diabetes, heart disease, and other conditions. (allstemcells.com)

using good manufacturing practice (GMP) to separate hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells from umbilical cord Wharton Jelly. (stemfinitycord.com)

Anatomy40

Organisms15

Diseases43

Chemicals and Drugs41

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment68

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes47

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Information Science2

Named Groups4

Health Care10

MSCs51

Stromal cell5

Damaged tissue3

Therapies13

Graft versus3

Therapeutic13

Role of mesenchymal1

Differentiation9

Adipose-derived stem cells2

Lineages3

Therapy49

Cartilage5

Regeneration7

Embryonic3

Umbilical cord1

Differentiate8

Transplant6

Transplants4

Types of stem cells4

Allogenic2

Tissues4

Intravenous2

Efficacy7

Engraftment3

Immune10

Knee osteoarthritis1

Vitro3

Aplastic Anemia3

Vivo3

Donor4

Pluripotent3

Progenitors2

Endothelial2

Defects3

Adult stem3

Human bone1

Skeletal1

Clinical Trials6

Progenitor cell treatment4

Inflammation3

Treatment14

Peripheral1

Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells1

Derived from umbilical1

Molecular1

Mononuclear1

Immunomodulatory3

20231

Disease3

Cord1