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Embryonic stemFetusAllograftEmbryos are humanAdultSerumPreventiveOrgan donorLiverOrgansFunctionalExperimentalTransplantsEmbryoRecipientsCellsDonorKidneyArgueStem cell resVitroDiseasesMiceClinicalSpeciesResearchersBiomedicalReproductiveImmunePatientsCell researchSkinBrainTreatmentsBeingsYearsMedicalExperimentsLifeFertilizationHeartEthicalTimeSearchEffective

Embryonic stem4

• The destruction of the pre-embryo has been the critical issue in the U.S. behind imposing limits on federal government-sponsored research in embryonic stem cells. (jcpa.org)
• There are other, less controversial alternatives to embryonic stem cells, such as adult, fetal, cord blood, and induced pluripotent stem cells, but they have other biological restrictions that make them less promising for use in regenerative medicine at this time. (nhsjs.com)
• There are many types of stem cells, but most of the controversy surrounds embryonic stem cells, as they are derived from human embryos. (nhsjs.com)
• Additionally, there have been two executive orders focusing on embryonic stem cells, one released by President George W. Bush prohibiting embryonic stem cell research and related federal funding, the other by President Barack Obama reversing the previous order but still with restrictions in place ( 2). (nhsjs.com)

Fetus1

• Similarly, when the fertilized egg divides from two cells into four cells, each of these four cells has the potential to individually form a human fetus. (jcpa.org)

Allograft3

• Alternatives to allograft donors, such as baboon or pig xenografts, require serious investigation if clinical transplantation is ever to meet the current demand and continue the explosive growth pattern it has established over the past quarter century. (cdc.gov)
• By providing temporary heart, kidney, or liver support as a bridge-to-transplantation, these biological devices may allow patients to recover end-organ function and await allograft transplantation in a more stable clinical state, thus improving their chances of survival. (cdc.gov)
• Altogether, these lesions resemble the 'cytopathic-inflammatory pathology pattern' proposed in the pathogenesis of Human polyomavirus-1-associated nephropathy in immunocompromised people and kidney allograft recipients. (cdc.gov)

Embryos are human1

• Adversaries of stem cell research argue that embryos are human and destroying one is equal to murdering a child. (nhsjs.com)

Adult3

• Contrary to popular belief, stem cells are present in the human body throughout life and are found in many adult organs. (jcpa.org)
• In the August 15 issue of Genes & Development, a Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) research team describes finding that the protein called merlin, encoded by the NF2 (neurofibromatosis type 2) gene, controls the activity of adult stem cells that give rise to the two major types of liver cells. (vetscite.org)
• The current study was designed to investigate the role of NF2 and merlin in the fetal and adult mouse liver, including possible involvement with tumor development. (vetscite.org)

Serum2

• In this study, equine collagen scaffolds (TissueFleece) were modified by coating fetal bovine serum proteins, before human bladder smooth muscle cells were seeded. (nih.gov)
• We tested various specimens (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, intraocular fluid, serum, and tissues) from the organ donor and recipients by serology, RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, metagenomic next-generation sequencing, and host gene expression, and conducted a traceback of blood transfusions received by the organ donor. (cdc.gov)

Preventive1

• Yet to date the available models have shown limited capabilities to translate the wealth of information recently generated by preclinical research into new treatments, diagnostics and preventive strategies. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)

Organ donor3

• Bridging strategies cannot alleviate the human organ donor shortage. (cdc.gov)
• Success in this more ambitious goal would help alleviate the human organ donor shortage. (cdc.gov)
• BACKGROUND: In 2021, four patients who had received solid organ transplants in the USA developed encephalitis beginning 2-6 weeks after transplantation from a common organ donor. (cdc.gov)

Liver10

• We found that mutation of the NF2 tumor suppressor gene in the mouse liver led to a dramatic overproliferation of liver stem cells - the cells that contribute to the liver's remarkable ability to regenerate," says Andrea McClatchey, PhD, of the MGH Center for Cancer Research, who led the study. (vetscite.org)
• These mice go on to develop the two forms of liver cancer that are most common in humans, suggesting that liver stem cells may be the cells of origin of these tumors. (vetscite.org)
• The liver has a rare ability to regenerate and replace damaged or missing tissue. (vetscite.org)
• These liver stem cells have been identified in rodents, and potential equivalents found but not confirmed in humans. (vetscite.org)
• Previous research also indicated that liver stem cells may be the source of some tumors in animals, and suggested that the tumor suppressor gene NF2 may help prevent tumor development. (vetscite.org)
• However, heart, kidney, and liver xenografts have been able to support human life for an extended period. (cdc.gov)
• Liver Transplantation Liver transplantation is the 2nd most common type of solid organ transplantation. (msdmanuals.com)
• Indications for liver transplantation include Cirrhosis (70% of transplantations. (msdmanuals.com)
• Some research is ongoing in transplantation of non-human organs, such as heart, kidney and liver transplantation. (msdmanuals.com)
• Recipients of grafts containing immune cells (particularly bone marrow, intestine, and liver) are at risk of graft-vs-host disease, in which the donor immune cells attack recipient tissue. (msdmanuals.com)

Organs1

• Experimentation on, or using the organs or tissues from, a human or other mammalian conceptus in the postembryonic period, after the major structures have been outlined. (bvsalud.org)

Functional3

• Catecholamine and norepinephrine assays showed that the transplants were more active in the presence of the human hormone and possibly functional seven weeks post-transplantation. (askanacademic.com)
• Several congenital and acquired diseases of the human genito-urinary tract may need, due to lack or destruction of functional tissues, mechanically stable biomaterials as cell carriers for the engineering of these tissues. (nih.gov)
• Despite progress in the field, clinical implementation is still delayed, mainly due to insurmountable rejection, but also due to critical functional differences between xenografts and human tissue. (msdmanuals.com)

Experimental5

• Roger Gosden is the most outspoken champion of transplanting ovarian tissue and has provided much of the experimental support for it. (discovermagazine.com)
• The JPND database of Experimental Models for Parkinson's disease, developed in cooperation with the Italian Ministry of Education, Universities and Research ( MIUR ), aims to build an online network of scientists working in the field to more rapidly establish community consensus around currently available models. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
• Experimental models mimic the processes thought to be at play in human patients and allow researchers to assess possible treatments before moving into clinical trials. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
• A 2014 report published by the JPND Action Group on Experimental Models identified some of the most pressing limitations facing current models for PD, including lack of behavioral analysis relevant to humans, lack of models for symptoms that do not respond to dopaminergic treatment, and lack of models with progressive neuronal loss associated to alpha-synuclein deposits and neuroinflammatory processes. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
• Although clearly an experimental procedure, xenotransplantation between closely related species, such as baboons and humans, offers an alternative to allotransplantation as a source of human organ replacement. (cdc.gov)

Transplants1

• Embryonic stem cell transplants have been an ethical, social, and legal controversy since the first successful transplant of human stem cells in 1998. (ipl.org)

Embryo8

• A human female embryo develops around 7 million proto-eggs, known as primordial oocytes. (discovermagazine.com)
• The controversy over embryonic stem cell research is caused by the fact that the procurement of these stem cells involves the destruction of the embryo produced during in vitro fertilization. (nhsjs.com)
• The biomedical accomplishment of human in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) took years to become the successful technique that presently enables infertile couples to have their own children. (asu.edu)
• On 10 March 1988, China's first baby conceived through human in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer (ET), commonly referred to as a test-tube baby, was born at the Peking Hospital (PUTH) in Beijing. (asu.edu)
• This means that anything that happens to the embryo from that point onward is the harming of a human being. (ipl.org)
• In fact to get a embryonic stem cell a human embryo has to be disassembled. (ipl.org)
• The destruction and use of a human embryo should not be allow to happen. (ipl.org)
• People who believe that an embryo should not be destroyed tend to say that embryonic stem cell research should not be conducted. (ipl.org)

Recipients2

• Nonhuman primate organ donors have been favored by those wishing to minimize the genetic disparity between donors and human recipients. (cdc.gov)
• Recent infection with yellow fever virus was confirmed in all four organ recipients by identification of yellow fever virus RNA consistent with the 17D vaccine strain in brain tissue from one recipient and seroconversion after transplantation in three recipients. (cdc.gov)

Cells8

• Such cells are derived from human embryos, and are undifferentiated, unlike other specialized cells in the human body. (nhsjs.com)
• When the stem cells divide, the new cell may remain a stem cell to divide again or may differentiate to become any of the 200 types of specialized cells in the human body. (nhsjs.com)
• Transfer of Fetal Cells with Multilineage Potential to Maternal Tissue' (2004), by Kiarash Khosrotehrani et al. (asu.edu)
• Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts, investigated the fetal cells that remained in the maternal blood stream after pregnancy. (asu.edu)
• The results were published in Transfer of Fetal Cells with Multilineage Potential to Maternal Tissue. (asu.edu)
• Not only has it sparked a hundreds of debates it also has been the center of much criticism for its use of human cells. (ipl.org)
• Advocates of stem cell research believe that the cells are not equivalent to human life because it is inside the womb even facing the fact that the start of a human life is in the moment of conception. (ipl.org)
• Embryonic stem cell research "uses special cells found in three-to-five day old human embryos to seek cures for a host of chronic disease" (PRC). (ipl.org)

Donor2

• The source of embryos is from those fertilized in vitro , and then donated for research with donor consent. (nhsjs.com)
• Patients are more likely to die waiting for a human donor heart than in the first 2 years after transplantation. (cdc.gov)

Kidney1

• Stem cell research is, in part, a quest to understand cellular differentiation, the process by which a human being develops from one fertilized cell into a multicellular organism composed of over 200 different cell types - for example muscle, nerve, blood cell, or kidney. (jcpa.org)

Argue1

• They argue that the research supports abortions but have taken part in receiving vaccines and therapy that comes from the research. (ipl.org)

Stem cell res16

• In order to better appreciate the role of stem cell research in reproductive medicine, there is a need to understand the critical biological principles of stem cell research and its potential applications to medicine. (jcpa.org)
• While there is a great deal published on the potential medical applications of stem cell research to treat or cure diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer, and heart disease, much less has been published on the future impact of stem cell research in reproductive medicine. (jcpa.org)
• In 2009, in a major reversal of U.S. policy, President Obama signed an executive order pledging to "vigorously support" embryonic stem cell research. (jcpa.org)
• Stem cell research represents one of the most polarized biomedical controversies of our time. (nhsjs.com)
• Proponents of stem cell research claim that the blastocyst is not human yet, and the embryos used for stem cell harvest are typically leftover from in vitro fertilization procedures with minimal chance that a human could ever develop from them. (nhsjs.com)
• Considering the great potential of embryonic stem cell research, it is argued here that their research be allowed to be legal, federally funded, and its development a national priority. (nhsjs.com)
• Stem cell research is one of the most controversial issues in modern medicine. (nhsjs.com)
• In the United States currently embryonic stem cell research is allowed but there has been a lot of public controversy and legal setbacks. (nhsjs.com)
• Two bills were proposed: The first one was the Stem Cell Research Advancement Act, which passed in both the House of Representatives and the Senate but was vetoed by President George W. Bush. (nhsjs.com)
• This newer bill calls for prioritizing federally assisted advancement of embryonic stem cell research ( 1). (nhsjs.com)
• This showcases the ambivalence of public perception, policy and legislation about stem cell research. (nhsjs.com)
• STEM CELL RESEARCH is a very controversial topic in today's time. (ipl.org)
• Stem cell research is not worth supporting. (ipl.org)
• In recent years, several competing viewpoints have emerged about embryonic stem cell research. (ipl.org)
• All of this debate raises an important question, Should embryonic stem cell research be conducted for treatment of present and future diseases? (ipl.org)
• On the other hand, people who believe that embryonic stem cell research creates means of curing diseases reply that the research should be conducted. (ipl.org)

Vitro5

• Robert Geoffrey Edwards, a British developmental biologist at University of Cambridge, began exploring human in vitro fertilization (IVF) as a way to treat infertility in 1960. (asu.edu)
• Collaborating with other researchers, Edwards eventually fertilized a human egg in vitro in 1969. (asu.edu)
• Edwards, working at several research institutions in the UK during this period, studied in vitro fertilization (IVF) methods. (asu.edu)
• He measured the conditions and timings for in vitro (out of the body) maturation of oocytes from diverse mammals including mice, rats, hamsters, pigs, cows, sheep, and rhesus monkeys, as well as humans. (asu.edu)
• Relating in vitro to in vivo exposures with physiologically based tissue dosimetry and tissue response models. (cdc.gov)

Diseases3

• They can thus develop into brain, muscle, blood, skin, and other tissues and can, in theory, help with many health conditions involving organ dysfunction or failure, as well as cancer, injury, and may even address degenerative and otherwise incurable diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. (nhsjs.com)
• The diseases and treatments that could come from giving up a human life are not worth it. (ipl.org)
• FUNDING: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, and the CDC Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity Cooperative Agreement for Infectious Diseases. (cdc.gov)

Mice1

• Afterward they transplanted the thawed strips into mice that, thanks to genetic engineering, lacked an immune system and so couldn't reject the foreign tissue. (discovermagazine.com)

Clinical2

• Increasing clinical experience worldwide has shown that rejection and infection can be managed successfully in most patients who receive human cardiac allografts. (cdc.gov)
• Although considerable advances have been made in the field of cardiac xenotransplantation since its first clinical application by Hardy in 1964 (1) , it remains uncertain whether xenotransplantation as destination therapy can be successfully applied to humans. (cdc.gov)

Species3

• Lastly, the endocrine system within humans and certainly within species is finely-tuned to meet the needs of each brain, thus any disruption in that balance will most likely have unfavourable effects. (askanacademic.com)
• However, if one views bridging strategies as a first feasibility test, then cross-species transplantation does offer the possibility of eventual long-term organ replacement. (cdc.gov)
• However, to date, BoPyV-1 has not been causally associated with pathology or disease in any animal species, including humans. (cdc.gov)

Researchers1

• First, the researchers performed nuclear transplantation on the egg cell of the cow, during which they removed the nucleus of the egg cell. (asu.edu)

Biomedical1

• In terms of existing ethical guidelines for biomedical research involving human subjects, human cloning for reproductive purposes raises concerns about risk in relation to benefit, informed consent, and accountability. (who.int)

Reproductive7

• These preparatory interregional and interdisciplinary meetings focused on the following areas: cloning and human reproductive health, biologicals, organ transplantation, research, and medical genetics. (who.int)
• The main objection to the use of human cloning for reproductive purposes is that it would be contrary to human dignity as it would violate the uniqueness and indeterminateness of the human being. (who.int)
• Human cloning for reproductive purposes is seen as having the potential to disrupt intergenerational relations and family structures, with major psychological, social and legal consequences for the individuals and communities concerned. (who.int)
• Before the announcement in February 1997 of the cloning of a sheep by somatic cell nuclear transfer, existing legislation in a number of countries already precluded human cloning for reproductive purposes, sometimes implicitly. (who.int)
• Since then, many countries have adopted government decrees or introduced legislation to impose an explicit ban on human cloning for reproductive purposes. (who.int)
• The mature egg cell, observes Roger Gosden, a reproductive biologist at the University of Leeds in England, is the rarest cell in the human body. (discovermagazine.com)
• Now there is hope of leveling the reproductive playing field somewhat--several recent experiments promise to lead to a vast supply of human eggs. (discovermagazine.com)

Immune1

• Is it possible to transplant human brains inside an immune ablated animal host, such as dogs? (askanacademic.com)

Patients1

• In 2002, thirty patients with advanced Parkinson disease received human foetal brain tissue. (askanacademic.com)

Cell research1

• While many people say the use of the cell research is a way to advance medical knowledge and expand treatments, there is no guarantee that the treatments will work. (ipl.org)

Skin1

• Skin grafts Many different types of tissues can be transplanted, including skin, bone, cartilage, adrenal tissue, fetal thymus, corneas, and composite transplantation of tissues to restore the face or extremities. (msdmanuals.com)

Brain6

• The first attempts of brain tissue. (askanacademic.com)
• The first attempts of brain tissue xenotransplants were attempted by Gilman Thompson in 1890, between cats and dogs. (askanacademic.com)
• Whole autologous brain structures such as the adrenal cortex was transplanted in rats, with or without administration of 200 units/100 gram weight of human chorionic gonadotrophic hormone. (askanacademic.com)
• Thirdly, the difference in brain size between dogs and humans makes it extremely difficult to achieve a successful transplantation using the former as a host. (askanacademic.com)
• After nearly 150 years of research, brain transplantation remains fictional. (askanacademic.com)
• The development of the human blood-CSF-brain barrier. (cdc.gov)

Treatments1

• Gosden and his colleagues explored this idea by freezing strips of ovarian tissue donated by women undergoing medical treatments. (discovermagazine.com)

Beings2

• As a decisive step towards the artificial production of human beings, it would increase the risk of reducing people to objects. (who.int)
• human beings have developed innovative technologies to treat and cure disease, to enhance human living conditions, and to protect or improve the environment. (jcpa.org)

Years3

• In 1969, more than ten years after the first attempts to treat infertilities with IVF technologies, the British developmental biologist Robert Geoffrey Edwards fertilized human oocytes in a Petri dish for the first time. (asu.edu)
• Led by gynecologist Zhang Lizhu, the PUTH research team had devoted more than four years to the human IVF-ET project. (asu.edu)
• AN - check the tag INFANT HN - 2008 FX - Child Nutrition FX - Infant Nutrition Physiology FX - Milk FX - Milk, Human DH - Adolescent Nutrition DI - 052508 MN - SP6.021.067 MS - Nutrition of persons 10 through 19 years of age. (bvsalud.org)

Medical1

• They emphasize the need to promote the teaching of ethics in medical education and to establish effective measures to protect developing countries from the risk of unregulated expatriate research involving human subjects. (who.int)

Experiments2

• In one set of experiments, begun in 1994, he removed ovaries from ewes, froze strips of the ovarian tissue, then later reimplanted the tissue in the same animals. (discovermagazine.com)
• A century later, in 1979, experiments in rats showed that rat foetal dopamine neurons were able to reduce experimentally-induced Parkinsonism in rats. (askanacademic.com)

Life7

• Ethical rules need, however, to be in place so that scientific research always respects the life and freedom of individuals, and there is no abuse of this research potential to serve other goals. (nhsjs.com)
• Gut microbiota changes in the extreme decades of human life: a focus on centenarians " has been published in the journal Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences . (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
• 4 hours about the history of efforts to achieve suspended animation and radical extension of the human life span from 1968 through the present. (extropy.org)
• The human life starts at the moment of conception. (ipl.org)
• Even if it isn 't fully formed from the moment is it concepted it is a human life and should be treated as such. (ipl.org)
• Is it right for one's life to be manipulated for the use of scientific research or is it just a evasion on the person's privacy. (ipl.org)
• However, some procedures (eg, hand, larynx, tongue, uterus, facial transplantation) enhance the quality of life but do not improve survival and have significant risks related to surgery and immunosuppression. (msdmanuals.com)

Fertilization1

• In humans, this corresponds to the period from the third month after fertilization until birth. (bvsalud.org)

Heart1

• It has been estimated that approximately 45,000 Americans under age 65 could benefit each year from heart transplantation, yet only 2,000 human hearts are available annually. (cdc.gov)

Ethical2

• It reports on implementation of resolution WHA50.37 concerning ethical, scientific and social implications of cloning in human health. (who.int)
• Resolution WHA50.37 requested the Director-General to clarify the potential applications of cloning procedures in human health and their ethical, scientific and social implications. (who.int)

Time1

• At the time, he was one of the foremost and most credible research gerontologists in the world. (extropy.org)

Search1

• The portal aims to overcome this challenge by allowing users to search for cohorts that can be used for neurodegeneration research around the world, based on a summary of and the data collected. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)

Effective2

• I don't know what I find more amusing, your frantic anger that the pursuit of effective gerontological research isn't proceeding at the pace you anticipated, or the implied sense of outrage and entitlement that if things don't change soon, YOU are going to die! (extropy.org)
• The single most effective therapy for it is transplantation. (cdc.gov)