• The symptomatic effects of drug abuse are a result of alterations in the functioning of the following neurotransmitters or their receptors: acetylcholine, dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, norepinephrine, opioids and serotonin. (aafp.org)
  • Only two substances, acetylcholine and norepinephrine, were accepted as neurotransmitters, and only overseas - in the U.S., prominent investigators believed that communication between nerve cells and targets was entirely electrical. (sfn.org)
  • Norepinephrine and serotonin-long considered arousal-enhancing transmitters as well as glutamate, acetylcholine, histamine, and the neuromodulators hypocretin-orexins and adenosine, are known to affect the signal transduction in these brain areas and initiate, promote, or enhance wakefulness. (cdc.gov)
  • Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 3474 : A Transmitter Role For Serotonin In The Aplysia Eye? (erowid.org)
  • Serotonin (5-HT) may act as a transmitter of temporal information to the circadian pacemaker (CP) in the eye of Aplysia californica. (erowid.org)
  • Within the visual system, glutamate is the major excitatory transmitter, although serotonin, noradrenaline, acetylcholine and GABA (y-aminobutyric acid) are also involved in visual processing. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Serotonin is a kind of transmitter that opens to most of the receptors and controls our mood .It regulates our sleeping patterns, emotion, pain, mode of eating and involvement in aggressive behavior. (bestwritingservice.com)
  • A search in the PubMed database shows that throughout the 1960s research on this new transmitter lagged behind that given to the other classical neurotransmitters, noradrenaline, serotonin and acetylcholine. (lu.se)
  • Other putative transmitters, dopamine and acetylcholine, did not cause phase shifts when applied during phases at which 5-HT was effective. (erowid.org)
  • Lindqvist, Tor Magnusson and Bertil Waldeck, made the seminal observations that during the subsequent years would lead to the unravelling of dopamine as a transmitter in the central nervous system, independent of its role as a precursor in noradrenaline and adrenaline synthesis. (lu.se)
  • This image illustrates how the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is recognized by specific amino acids within acetylcholinesterase's active site. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • Acetylcholinesterase is a major enzyme required in the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. (researchsquare.com)
  • The mechanisms of Brain Factor-7 (BF-7)… are shown to be associated with the augmented production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, reduction of reactive oxidative species, and attenuation of apoptosis. (famenity.com)
  • Neurochemically, levels of transmitter substances (eg, GABA and its synthetic enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase) are markedly decreased throughout the basal ganglia. (medscape.com)
  • Two international conferences concluded that GABA was not a transmitter compound, while a devastating war and a civil rights movement were disrupting American society. (sfn.org)
  • This lecture will describe the studies that completed the evidence required to demonstrate that GABA was a transmitter compound and discuss our responsibility as scientists in great societal events that divide the nation. (sfn.org)
  • Neurons in the caudal pedunculopontine nucleus, an area of the brain that regulates motor coordination, switch neurotransmitters from acetylcholine to GABA as a result of exercise. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Intracellular recordings are intended to reveal synaptic actions, cell firing patterns and membrane characteristics, neuropharmacological analysis to reveal actions of putative transmitters suspected to operate in these circuits, PHA-L immunohistochemistry to reveal morphological features, at both light and ultrastructural level, of the subthalamic, pallidal and nigral axonal terminals and terminal plexus. (neurotree.org)
  • Astrocytes are fundamental components of brain information processing and possess the ability to respond to synaptic signaling with increases in cytoplasmic calcium and modulate neuronal activity with the subsequent release of neuroactive transmitters. (nature.com)
  • There, the motor neuron establishes synaptic contact with the muscle fiber and triggers the release of the neuro transmitter acetylcholine, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors. (jove.com)
  • It is concluded that prejunctional facilitatory toxins affect transmitter release at many types of nerve endings in addition to motor nerve terminals. (strath.ac.uk)
  • It does this by preventing the release of a chemical transmitter called acetylcholine from nerve endings onto muscle cells, reducing the contraction of these muscles. (glowday.com)
  • By slowing the rate of degradation of acetylcholine more is available to keep the nerves and brain functioning, and so memory improves. (richters.com)
  • Ipratropium bromide is an anticholinergic (parasympatholytic) agent which, based on animal studies, appears to inhibit vagally mediated reflexes by antagonizing the action of acetylcholine, the transmitter agent released from the vagus nerve. (theodora.com)
  • The linkage between these two group is the target of an enzyme which breaks down the transmitter and terminates its action. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • It appears that Bacopa works by slowing the rate at which the body processes the neural transmitter chemical, acetylcholine. (richters.com)
  • The development of clusters of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors at newly formed synapses between embryonic chick spinal cord and muscle cells grown in vitro has been studied by iontophoretic mapping with ACh. (rupress.org)
  • Immunocytochemical techniques with capability of analysis at light and electron microscopic level and the in vitro slice preparation, pharmacological and ionic manipulations (i.e. microelectrophoresis of transmitter substances and/or substitution of cellular ionic components) will also be incorporated in this convergent multidisciplinary analysis. (neurotree.org)
  • Exocytotic release of acetylcholine and other neurotransmitters is inhibited by toxins elaborated by Clostridium botulinum . (pharmacology2000.com)
  • Toxins C13S1C3 and C13S2C3 from green mamba venom (Dendroaspis angusticeps) acted like dendrotoxin to increase acetylcholine release in response to nerve stimulation in the chick biventer cervicis preparation. (strath.ac.uk)
  • Prejunctional facilitatory toxins also augmented transmitter release in the chick oesophagus and the mouse vas deferens preparations. (strath.ac.uk)
  • The nerves do not perform an action directly on or upon the nerves of which actions are chemical responses, freed by the stimulation of nerves in heart rate and other functional changes, as they are identified as the chemical transmitter of nerve impulses. (authorhouse.com)
  • Acetylcholine (ACH) which is released when the neuron meets with the skeleton muscle of the body plays a major role in arousal, memory, motivation and attention. (bestwritingservice.com)
  • Transmission of a signal to another neuron across a synapse occurs via chemical transmitter. (medscape.com)
  • One such chemical nerve transmitter has been identified and called 'acetylcholine' which is a compound chemical that serves to transmit nerve impulses in the involuntary nerve system. (authorhouse.com)
  • Binding of acetylcholine to its receptors on the sarcolemma allows entry of sodium ions into the cell and triggers an action potential in the muscle cell. (jove.com)
  • Acetylcholine decreases heart rate by decreases SA nodal pacemaker phase 4 depolarization. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • However, for Loewi, Dale, and all the other researchers pursuing a chemical transmitter of nerve impulses, years of effort produced no solid evidence. (authorhouse.com)
  • The major pharmacological approach today in DAT is based on the cholinergic theory assuming that acetylcholine has a major cortical impact on cognitive processes. (druglib.com)
  • Dissociative drugs affect all transmitter sites. (aafp.org)
  • sildenafil kaufen or ablethe transmitter Is a stoneâ acetylcholine.Pa-statins Has been shown to be effective in reducing the. (dmn.ca)
  • Hypofunction of other transmitter systems has also been demonstrated in this disease. (nih.gov)
  • Multiple disturbances in several transmitter systems have been found. (druglib.com)