Transmembrane cell surface receptor. Medical search. Frequent questions

They are specialized integral membrane proteins that allow communication between the cell and the extracellular space. (wikipedia.org)
Many membrane receptors are transmembrane proteins. (wikipedia.org)
The rotation alters which parts of the receptor are exposed on the intracellular side of the membrane, altering how the receptor can interact with other proteins within the cell. (wikipedia.org)
Two most abundant classes of transmembrane receptors are GPCR and single-pass transmembrane proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Receptor protein: cells must have cell surface receptor proteins which bind to the signaling molecule and communicate inward into the cell. (wikipedia.org)
Intracellular signaling proteins: these pass the signal to the organelles of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
Binding of the signal molecule to the receptor protein will activate intracellular signaling proteins that initiate a signaling cascade. (wikipedia.org)
Target proteins: the conformations or other properties of the target proteins are altered when a signaling pathway is active and changes the behavior of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
The secreted protein discovery initiative (SPDI), a large-scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins: a bioinformatics assessment. (nih.gov)
Receptor tyrosine kinases are cell surface transmembrane proteins responsible for intracellular signal transduction. (discoverx.com)
Both are transmembrane proteins sharing 30% protein sequence homology in their extracellular domains, but little homology in intracellular domains. (jefferson.edu)
SARS-CoV-2 has various proteins on its surface including (M) membrane protein, (E) envelope small membrane protein and (S) spike glycoproteins. (springer.com)
The term 'peplomer' is typically used to refer to a grouping of heterologous proteins on the virus surface that function together. (proteomecommons.org)
ADAM17 is a metalloprotease and disintegrin that lodges in the plasmatic membrane of several cell types and is able to cleave a wide variety of cell surface proteins. (frontiersin.org)
A Disintegrin and Metalloproteases (ADAM), originally named metalloproteinases disintegrin cystein-rich (MDC), are membrane-anchored cell surface proteins containing both disintegrin and metalloproteinase domains. (frontiersin.org)
It is estimated that as much as 10% of the cell surface proteins undergo ectodomain shedding. (frontiersin.org)
In both the human inner ear samples and the stem-cell-derived cellular models, the researchers found that certain types of cells, specifically hair cells and Schwann cells, express the proteins that are needed for the SARS-CoV-2 virus to enter the cells. (integrativepractitioner.com)
These proteins include the ACE2 receptor, which is found on cell surfaces, and two enzymes called furin and transmembrane protease serine 2, which help the virus to fuse with the host cell. (integrativepractitioner.com)
However, the researchers showed that cochlear hair cells from mice also have proteins that allow SARS-CoV-2 entry. (integrativepractitioner.com)
They both are transmembrane proteins with extended cytoplasmic domains containing immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motives (ITAMs), and together with cell surface immunoglobulin they constitute B-cell antigen-specific receptor (BCR). (exbio.cz)
The specificity of the virus-cell interaction is determined most commonly by the envelope proteins of the retrovirus. (ukessays.com)
Translated proteins assemble a retroviral particle at the cell surface. (ukessays.com)
This protein interacts with other proteins on the cell surface to trigger a series of chemical signals within the cell. (medlineplus.gov)

They act in cell signaling by receiving (binding to) extracellular molecules. (wikipedia.org)
Rotation: Ligand binding to the extracellular part of the receptor induces a rotation (conformational change) of part of the receptor's transmembrane helices. (wikipedia.org)
The extracellular domain is just externally from the cell or organelle. (wikipedia.org)
For example, a neurotransmitter, hormone, or atomic ions may each bind to the extracellular domain as a ligand coupled to receptor. (wikipedia.org)
Signal transduction through membrane receptors requires four parts: Extracellular signaling molecule: an extracellular signaling molecule is produced by one cell and is at least capable of traveling to neighboring cells. (wikipedia.org)
From these findings, it is concluded that ILK plays an important role in intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, and that it influences the development of colitis-associated cancer, through modulation of cyclin D1, the extracellular matrix and MMP9. (bmj.com)
The encoded protein has four extracellular C2-type immunoglobulin domains, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain that contains one immunoreceptor-tyrosine activation motif and two immunoreceptor-tyrosine inhibitory motifs. (nih.gov)
Endocytosis is a fundamental process involved in trafficking of various extracellular and transmembrane molecules from the cell surface to its interior. (mdpi.com)
Thrombospondins are multimeric multidomain glycoproteins that function at cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix milieu. (embl.de)
The molecule is synthesized as a 2472 amino acid (aa) precursor that contains a putative 27 aa signal sequence, a 1650 aa extracellular region, a 23 aa transmembrane (TM) segment and a 772 aa cytoplasmic domain (2). (novusbio.com)
Cell surface Notch receptor is thought to be a heterodimer consisting of the ligand binding extracellular region associated with the remaining transmembrane protein, as a result of post-translational proteolytic cleavage by a furin-like enzyme. (novusbio.com)
ATP, released by cells, is rapidly metabolized by extracellular nucleotidases to adenosine, a potent signaling molecule that can activate several cell surface receptors to produce myriad effects on both parenchymal and immune cells throughout the body (Figure 1 ). (jci.org)
Extracellular adenosine is produced predominantly by the metabolism of ATP released from cells. (jci.org)
Elevations of extracellular adenosine are present in the asthmatic lung due to both increased release of ATP from cells and inhibition of ADA by local hypoxia. (jci.org)
The Armenian hamster monoclonal antibody HM79 recognizes an extracellular epitope of mouse CD79b (CD79 beta, Ig beta), a component of B cell receptor (BCR) complex. (exbio.cz)
B-type particles correspond to the extracellular form of MMTV and are characterised by prominent surface protein "spikes" and a dense asentric nucleocapsid. (ukessays.com)
Extracellular antigens (eg, from many bacteria) that are phagocytosed or endocytosed can be processed into peptides and complexed with surface class II MHC molecules on professional APCs, which specialize in presenting antigens to CD4 helper T (Th) cells. (msdmanuals.com)

Receptors that are tyrosine protein kinases include those receptors for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), insulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and certain lymphokines. (discoverx.com)
Following B-cell receptor activation, 2 waves of tyrosine kinase phosphorylation occur. (medscape.com)
Western Blot was performed using Anti-ROR2 Monoclonal Antibody (OTI3H3) (Product # MA5-27244) and a 130 kDa band corresponding to Tyrosine-protein kinase transmembrane receptor ROR2 was observed across tested cell lines. (thermofisher.com)
ROR2 (receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2) is a type I transmembrane protein that belongs to the ROR subfamily of cell surface receptors. (thermofisher.com)
Kouro T, Nagata K, Takaki S, Nisitani S, Hirano M, Wahl MI, Witte ON, Karasuyama H, Takatsu K: Bruton's tyrosine kinase is required for signaling the CD79b-mediated pro-B to pre-B cell transition. (exbio.cz)
Upon binding of IL-6 to the receptor (alpha subunit), gp130 is homodimerized and is subsequently involved in down-stream signal processes binding tyrosine kinases and activating STAT1 and STAT3 transcriptional factors. (sbhsciences.com)
Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as a cell-surface receptor for VEGFA, VEGFC and VEGFD. (drugbank.com)
Mucin-4 may play a role in regulating cellular adhesion and in cell surface signaling from the ERBB-2 RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE. (bvsalud.org)
Most piebald patients have the above-described mutation of the KIT gene encoding a tyrosine kinase receptor involved in pigment cell development. (medscape.com)
Piebaldism results from mutations of the KIT proto-oncogene, which encodes the cell surface receptor transmembrane tyrosine kinase for an embryonic growth factor, steel factor. (medscape.com)

The receptor complex consists of two type II and two type I transmembrane serine/threonine kinases. (nih.gov)
The spike protein is a large type I transmembrane protein containing two subunits, S1 and S2. (proteomecommons.org)
Rat Notch-2 is a 300 kDa, type I transmembrane glycoprotein involved in a number of early-event developmental processes (1). (novusbio.com)

The HA glycoprotein forms spikes at the surface of virions, mediating attachment to host cell sialoside receptors and subsequent entry by membrane fusion. (cdc.gov)
Protein S (PROS1) is glycoprotein and expressed in many cell types supporting its reported involvement in multiple biological processes that include coagulation, apoptosis, cancer development and progression, and the innate immune response. (proteomecommons.org)
The spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses is known to be essential in the binding of the virus to the host cell at the advent of the infection process. (proteomecommons.org)
The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike (S) glycoprotein alone can mediate the membrane fusion required for virus entry and cell fusion. (proteomecommons.org)
Metabolic regulation of UDP-GlcNAc supply to Golgi N-glycan remodeling regulates glycoprotein affinities for galectins -and in turn, trafficking and presentation at the cell surface. (gr.jp)
The spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses contains protrusions that will only bind to certain receptors on the host cell. (proteomecommons.org)
The S protein is a type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein that is expressed on the surface of coronaviruses (CoV) and is responsible for receptor binding and virion entry into the cells. (ispe.org)
The primary immunologic abnormality resulting from infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the progressive depletion and functional impairment of T lymphocytes expressing the CD4 cell surface glycoprotein. (justia.com)
IL-6 Receptor (IL-6R, gp80) is 80 kDa alpha subunit, transmembrane glycoprotein that is 449 aa long. (sbhsciences.com)

In some receptors, such as members of the 7TM superfamily, the transmembrane domain includes a ligand binding pocket. (wikipedia.org)
This gene encodes a member of the immunoglobulin receptor superfamily and is one of several Fc receptor-like glycoproteins clustered on the long arm of chromosome 1. (nih.gov)
Apelin regulates various cell signaling processes through interaction with its specific cell-surface receptor, APJ, which is a member of a seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. (nih.gov)
Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Products ( Ager gene) encodes RAGE, a transmembrane protein belonging to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily of receptors. (elifesciences.org)
The most active T cell endogenous inhibitory pathway is the immunoglobulin superfamily such as CD28/cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4): B7-1/B7-2 receptor/ligand grouping, which plays a central role in coordinating immune responses [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)

B-cell disorders are divided into defects of B-cell development/immunoglobulin production ( immunodeficiencies ) and excessive/uncontrolled proliferation ( lymphomas , leukemias ). (medscape.com)
Memory cells travel to the primary follicle, where, after exposure to dendritic cells, they differentiate into centroblasts (immunoglobulin class-switch). (medscape.com)
Subsequently, in pre-B cells, CD79 heterodimer is associated with lambda5-VpreB surrogate immunoglobulin and later with antigen-specific surface immunoglobulins. (exbio.cz)
Teh YM, Neuberger MS: The immunoglobulin (Ig)alpha and Igbeta cytoplasmic domains are independently sufficient to signal B cell maturation and activation in transgenic mice. (exbio.cz)
they have receptors for the crystallizable fragment (Fc) region of immunoglobulin (Ig) G and for complement, which enable them to bind with immune complexes and present the complex to B cells in germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs. (msdmanuals.com)

these observations indicate that C17orf99 encodes a novel B cell-associated cytokine, which we have called IL-40, that plays an important role in humoral immune responses and may also play a role in B cell development. (nih.gov)
The vertebrate genome encodes many ligands, fewer type II and type I receptors, and only a few Smads. (nih.gov)
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), also known as Bruton agammaglobulinemia, results from a mutation of the BTK gene, which encodes the pre-B-cell receptor (Pre-BCR) and BCR. (medscape.com)

It's been reported that 2019-nCoV can infect the human respiratory epithelial cells through interaction with the human ACE2 receptor. (proteomecommons.org)
Sars-CoV-2, which shares 79.6% sequence homology with Sars-CoV-1 [ 2 ] similarly infects hosts through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the functional receptor in lung epithelial cells. (springer.com)
Infection of other cell types possessing ACE2 receptors has been described including the epithelial cells of the lung, intestine, kidney, heart, and blood vessels inducing cardiotropic damage [ 4 , 5 ]. (springer.com)
Interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors on target the cell surface mediates SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells that is facilitated by transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and lysosomal proteases. (springer.com)
Since SARS-CoV-2 has marked affinity for the ACE2 receptor, it is certainly possible that the vascular endothelium and myocardium could be directly infected [ 8 ]. (springer.com)
The C-terminal domain (CTD) of S1 specifically binds to host cell receptors angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) or CD147, which causes the conformational change of S2. (newvita.com)

Neuropilins are interesting receptors in that they can bind to multiple ligands with disparate signaling pathways and elicite a broad spectrum of responses. (navbo.org)
The laboratory is especially interested in the role of neuropilins in cancer cells and examining the use of soluble neuropilin isoforms or inhibitory class 3 semaphorin ligands as inhibitors of tumor-associated angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. (navbo.org)
Here we discuss the history of the study of adenosine receptor ligands for asthma and how enhanced understanding of adenosine receptor biology may aid in the rational exploitation of these receptors as therapeutic targets. (jci.org)

Identification of a family of sorting nexin molecules and characterization of their association with receptors. (bdbiosciences.com)
It suggests that the two receptors interact with separate signal molecules which mediate distinct biological activities. (jefferson.edu)
Overview of the Immune System The immune system distinguishes self from nonself and eliminates potentially harmful nonself molecules and cells from the body. (msdmanuals.com)
Although some antigens (Ags) can stimulate the immune response directly, T cell-dependent acquired immune responses typically require antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to present antigen-derived peptides within major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
Intracellular antigens (eg, viruses) can be processed and presented to CD8 cytotoxic T cells by any nucleated cell because all nucleated cells express class I MHC molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
Follicular dendritic cells are a distinct lineage (a different cell type than conventional dendritic cells), do not express class II MHC molecules, and therefore do not present antigen to Th cells. (msdmanuals.com)
CD117 by immunohistochemical methods sion molecules, involved in cell-cell and in order to clarify the role of the infiltrating cell matrix interactions and thought to take inflammatory cells in the pathomechanisms part in cell motility [ 2,3 ]. (who.int)
MW) chemicals interact with host cells and molecules and In our daily life, we are confronted with a plethora of natural influence biologic processes such as signal transduction. (cdc.gov)

Upon phosphorylation by the receptors, Smad complexes translocate into the nucleus, where they cooperate with sequence-specific transcription factors to regulate gene expression. (nih.gov)

Signal transduction processes through membrane receptors involve the external reactions, in which the ligand binds to a membrane receptor, and the internal reactions, in which intracellular response is triggered. (wikipedia.org)
And the transmembrane receptor is also noteworthy because it can allow endocytosis of whatever binds to it. (pharmacytimes.com)
It is disclosed herein that the HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 binds to α4β7 integrin on CD4+ T-cells, natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T-cells. (justia.com)

The S protein would be cleaved by the cellular serine proteases TMPRSS2 into S1 and S2 subunits, which are responsible for receptor recognition and membrane fusion [ 12 , 13 ]. (newvita.com)

Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells can restore the activity of exhausted T cell through reprogramming and is widely used in the treatment of relapsed/refractory (r/r) hematological malignancies. (hindawi.com)
Fuentes-Pananá EM, Bannish G, Shah N, Monroe JG: Basal Igalpha/Igbeta signals trigger the coordinated initiation of pre-B cell antigen receptor-dependent processes. (exbio.cz)

Biological processes such as transmembrane signaling and receptor mediated endocytosis revolve around the function of cell surface receptors. (bdbiosciences.com)
The galectin lattice (i) regulates flow of receptors and solute transporters to coated-pit endocytosis and/or caveolin domains, and (ii) promotes turnover of cell-cell contacts such as immune synapses and focal adhesion complexes. (gr.jp)

report findings in adenosine deaminase-deficient mice that suggest the occurrence of anti-inflammatory actions of adenosine in the lung, mediated through A 1 adenosine receptors on macrophages. (jci.org)
Adenosine is thought to exert its pharmacological effects through activation of purine receptors (cell-surface A1 and A2 adenosine receptors). (globalrph.com)

Primary B-cell immunodeficiencies refer to diseases resulting from impaired antibody production due to either molecular defects intrinsic to B-cells or a failure of interaction between B-cells and T-cells. (medscape.com)
The galectin lattice is a multi-valent interaction of galectins with glycoproteins at the cell surface that displays rapid exchange of binding partners with properties of liquid-liquid phase transitions, thereby acting as an intermediary between freely diffusing glycoproteins and stable complexes in the membrane. (gr.jp)
Novel understanding in the interaction between immune system and cancer cells of the patient holds great promise for immunotherapy development [ 4 - 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
The methods include contacting a cell with an effective amount of an agent that interferes with the interaction of gp120 and α4 integrin, such as a α4β1 or α4β7 integrin antagonist. (justia.com)
The strategy underlying these CD4 based therapies, i.e. blocking the interaction between gp120 and the CD4 receptor, encompasses advantages distinct from current HAART regimens. (justia.com)
Virus infection is initiated by the interaction between S protein and host cell surface receptors. (newvita.com)
Its biological activities are shared by IL-6-family of cytokines such as leukemia inhibitory factor and oncostatin M. IL-6 exerts its biological activities through interaction with specific receptors expressed on the surface of target cells. (sbhsciences.com)

Thus Notch acts as both a ligand-binding receptor and a nuclear factor that regulates transcription. (novusbio.com)
Iguchi T, Sakata K, Yoshizaki K, Tago K, Mizuno N, Itoh H. Orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR56 regulates neural progenitor cell migration via a G alpha 12/13 and Rho pathway. (medlineplus.gov)

SNX1, SNX2, and SNX4 associate predominantly with membranes and bind transmembrane receptors such as those for EGF, PDGF, and insulin. (bdbiosciences.com)
So it's not just a surface receptor that you bind and activate something. (pharmacytimes.com)

Inhibition of PDGFRB (PDGFR1, JTK12, CD140B,Beta platelet-derived growth factor) receptor kinase may be useful in the treatment of several tumors. (discoverx.com)
The phox homology (PX) domain-dependent, 3-phosphoinositide-mediated association of sorting nexin-1 with an early sorting endosomal compartment is required for its ability to regulate epidermal growth factor receptor degradation. (bdbiosciences.com)

Little is known about molecular mecha- desmosomal glycoproteins, resulting in the nisms affecting mast cell and T lympho- loss of keratinocyte cell-cell adhesion [ 1 ]. (who.int)

Integrins are transmembrane cell surface receptors that mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts. (bmj.com)

In the process of signal transduction, ligand binding affects a cascading chemical change through the cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)

Orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR56 plays a role in cell transformation and tumorigenesis involving the cell adhesion pathway. (medlineplus.gov)

Required for VEGFA-mediated induction of NOS2 and NOS3, leading to the production of the signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO) by endothelial cells. (drugbank.com)

Its approach to generating antibodies enables it to raise superior antibodies to chemokine receptor targets that have proven difficult to inhibit using conventional approaches. (garvan.org.au)

At infection sites, activated T cells secrete cytokines (eg, interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma]) that induce production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, preventing macrophages from leaving. (msdmanuals.com)

CD33, a transmembrane receptor of the innate immune system, is expressed on the surface of microglial cells. (alzforum.org)
There were also significant differences in microbial composition in dust samples and in innate immune cells between the two groups of children. (medscape.com)

Interestingly, the association of IL-6 with the soluble form of IL-6R alpha is capable of eliciting a biological response in cells that express only the membrane gp130. (sbhsciences.com)
The GCSFR-2 form, which lacks the transmembrane domain, may represent a soluble form of the receptor. (lu.se)
En outre, il y avait une aug- mentation significative de la forme soluble du c-kit dans le sérum des patients atteints de pemphigus vulgaire actif par rapport aux témoins. (who.int)

Finally, by successful identification of TNF-induced genes, including MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), in human monocyrtic leukemia cells ML-1a using a modified differential display technique, we showed that this new technique is a powerful tool in identifying TNF-regulated genes involved in different biological activities. (jefferson.edu)
Various biological processes including immunoreaction of infection, tumor prevention, and human aging could cause telomere damage, tumor-related stress responses, and T regulatory (Treg) cells activation, which even trigger T cell senescence showing the distinctive phenotypic and functional alternation [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)

In parallel, 68 Ga-labeled somatostatin analogs were approved for imaging of NETs and patient selection for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) ( 6 , 7 ). (snmjournals.org)
GP2 is a 9 amino acid transmembrane peptide of the HER2/neu protein, a cell surface receptor protein that is expressed in a variety of common cancers, including expression in 75% of breast cancers at low (1+), intermediate (2+), and high (3+ or over-expressor) levels. (fourstateshomepage.com)

The TGF-beta family comprises many structurally related differentiation factors that act through a heteromeric receptor complex at the cell surface and an intracellular signal transducing Smad complex. (nih.gov)
In this context, a new molecule, B-cell activating factor (BAFF), has emerged as a positive regulator of B cell survival and differentiation functioning through various signaling pathways and potentiating the activity of various receptor complexes through pleiotropic means. (medsci.org)
Nagata K, Nakamura T, Kitamura F, Kuramochi S, Taki S, Campbell KS, Karasuyama H: The Ig alpha/Igbeta heterodimer on mu-negative proB cells is competent for transducing signals to induce early B cell differentiation. (exbio.cz)
Promotes proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation of endothelial cells. (drugbank.com)

Fuentes-Pananá EM, Bannish G, van der Voort D, King LB, Monroe JG: Ig alpha/Ig beta complexes generate signals for B cell development independent of selective plasma membrane compartmentalization. (exbio.cz)
This type of activation, called "trans-signalling", renders virtually all cells capable of responding to IL-6/sIL-6R alpha complexes, making for a large new spectrum of IL-6 activities, ranging from the control of the immune response to involvement in pathological states. (sbhsciences.com)

The functional roles of the two TNFRs in mediating NF-$\kappa$B activation, and inducing IL-2R$\alpha$ chain (CD25) and ICAM-1 (CD54) expression, were examined using receptor-specific antisera and TNF mutants, Northern blot analysis, gel shift assay and flow cytometry on human NK-like YT cells. (jefferson.edu)
Stains mouse Lgr5 transfected cells but not irrelevant transfectants in Flow Cytometry and Immunocytochemistry. (rndsystems.com)
Detection of Lgr5/GPR49 in HEK293 Human Cell Line Transfected with Mouse Lgr5/GPR49 and eGFP by Flow Cytometry. (rndsystems.com)
Flow cytometry surface staining pattern of murine splenocytes stained using anti-mouse CD79b (HM79) purified antibody (concentration in sample 1.67 μg/ml, GaArH APC). (exbio.cz)
Separation of murine CD79b positive lymphocytes (red-filled) from CD79b negative lymphocytes (black-dashed) in flow cytometry analysis (surface staining) of murine splenocyte suspension stained using anti-mouse CD79b (HM79) purified antibody (concentration in sample 1.67 μg/ml, GaArH APC). (exbio.cz)

In addition to their expression in neurons, Neuropilin 1 (NRP1) is expressed in epithelial cells and endothelial cells, while Neuropilin 2 (NRP2) is expressed in endothelial cells (both vascular and lymphatic) and visceral smooth muscle cells. (navbo.org)

Expert suggests that mirvetuximab soravtansine-gynx, which received accelerated approval in the platinum-resistant ovarian cancer setting in 2022, is the most promising agent in more than a decade that targets folate receptor alpha. (pharmacytimes.com)
Of note, CD19, CD20, CD30, CD33, CD123, and CD269 as ideal targets have shown extraordinary potential for CAR-T cell therapy and other targets such as CD23 and SLAMF7 have brought promising future for clinical trials. (hindawi.com)

Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) are receptors that are embedded in the plasma membrane of cells. (wikipedia.org)
Transmembrane receptors in plasma membrane can usually be divided into three parts. (wikipedia.org)

Gong S, Nussenzweig MC: Regulation of an early developmental checkpoint in the B cell pathway by Ig beta. (exbio.cz)

G2 uses novel techniques to raise potent neutralising antibodies to the entire cell surface target of several 7-transmembrane domain chemoattractant receptors (GPCRs). (garvan.org.au)

Once inside the cell, adenosine is rapidly phosphorylated by adenosine kinase to adenosine monophosphate, or deaminated by adenosine deaminase to inosine. (globalrph.com)

S2 contains basic elements needed for the membrane fusion.The S protein plays key parts in the induction of neutralizing-antibody and T-cell responses, as well as protective immunity. (proteomecommons.org)

TF is expressed by cells of the subendothelium (smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts), whereas various stimuli may induce leukocytes and endothelial cells to express TF. (medscape.com)
Endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and other inflammatory mediators induce expression of TF in endothelial cells and monocytes, where only small amounts are normally expressed. (medscape.com)
David's project focuses on the structure and function of neuropilin 2 isoforms in endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. (navbo.org)
She established a pro-tumorigenic role for NRP2 in human breast cancer cells and a pro-angiogenic role for NRP2 in breast tumor endothelial cells. (navbo.org)
The endothelial glycocalyx on the vascular luminal surface contributes to endothelial health and function. (scienceopen.com)
This development occurs under the influence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), which is secreted by various cell types (eg, endothelial cells, fibroblasts). (msdmanuals.com)

The intracellular (or cytoplasmic) domain of the receptor interacts with the interior of the cell or organelle, relaying the signal. (wikipedia.org)

At each point, blood was collected for hyaluronan, syndecan-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1), and von Willebrand factor (vWF), and a PBR measurement was performed. (scienceopen.com)
Over the past decade, insight has been gained into the role of the glycocalyx in vascular physiology and pathology, including mechanotransduction, hemostasis, signaling, and blood cell-vessel wall interactions. (scienceopen.com)
Although the exact mechanism by which adenosine receptor activation relaxes vascular smooth muscle is not known, there is evidence to support both inhibition of the slow inward calcium current reducing calcium uptake, and activation of adenylate cyclase through A2 receptors in smooth muscle cells. (globalrph.com)

As growing lines of evidence have supported a proinflammatory role for adenosine in the asthmatic lung, interest in adenosine receptor antagonists has risen. (jci.org)
Recent research has shown that multitarget antagonists of chemokine receptors, such as CCR2/5 (cenicriviroc), CXCR1/2 (reparixin), and CCR2/CCR5/CCR8 (RAP-103), are also very effective painkillers. (bvsalud.org)

Defects occurring at the CLP stage or those affecting processes common to B- and T-cell development result in combined immunodeficiency involving B, T, and NK cells (see Combined B-Cell and T-Cell Disorders ). (medscape.com)

Approximately 70% of all breast cancers are considered HR positive, HER2 negative, meaning tumors test positive for estrogen and/or progesterone hormone receptors and negative for HER2. (biospace.com)

Evidence for efficacy of adenosine receptor antagonism may date back to the Victorian era, when physicians noted the beneficial effects of strong black coffee in patients with bronchial asthma. (jci.org)

RAGE, a druggable inflammatory receptor, is known to function as an oligomer but the exact oligomerization mechanism remains poorly understood. (elifesciences.org)

Two models have been proposed to explain transmembrane receptors' mechanism of action. (wikipedia.org)
And so that opens opportunities to exploit that sort of mechanism with drugs such as antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) or other conjugates where you're trying to deliver some sort of cytotoxic, immunogenic, or therapeutic payload that otherwise may be too toxic to give a systemic drug, but you can give it on these conjugates and transport it into a tumor cell with therapeutic benefit. (pharmacytimes.com)

A network of molecular machinery directs the intracellular trafficking of receptors during their biosynthesis and mediates signaling downstream of receptors. (bdbiosciences.com)

Cells may be prepared, stained with antibodies and washed twice with wash buffer per established protocols for immunofluorescent staining, prior to acquisition on a flow cytometer. (bdbiosciences.com)
therefore, blocking their action by using neutralizing antibodies, inhibiting their synthesis, or blocking their receptors brings neuropathic pain relief. (bvsalud.org)

Activated T-cells are one of the immune cells involved in the antiviral response. (springer.com)
Persistent activation of immune cells leads to the progression of symptoms such as synovitis in RA. (elifesciences.org)
Currently, approximately 50 chemokines are known to act through 20 different seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors located on the surface of neuronal, glial, and immune cells. (bvsalud.org)

Syndecans have been proposed to play a role in a variety of cellular functions, including cell proliferation and cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion. (scienceopen.com)

The African green monkey kidney Vero cell line was from a cell bank certified for human vaccine production. (cdc.gov)
N-terminal 6His-tagged recombinant, human PDGF receptor β, amino acids 557 end. (discoverx.com)
To develop a novel apelin analogue, we synthesized cyclic analogues of minimal apelin fragment RPRLSHKGPMPF (apelin-12), and evaluated their bioactivities in a recombinant human APJ-expressed cell line. (nih.gov)
To identify the regions of properdin important for function, we have expressed human properdin, and mutant forms each lacking a single TSR, in Chinese hamster ovary cells. (embl.de)
HEK293 human embryonic kidney cell line transfected with mouse Lgr5/GPR49 and eGFP was stained with and either (A) Rat Anti-Mouse Lgr5/GPR49 Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # MAB8240) or (B) Rat IgG 2B Isotype Control (Catalog # MAB0061 ) followed by Allophycocyanin-conjugated Anti-Rat IgG Secondary Antibody (Catalog # F0113 ). (rndsystems.com)
Lgr5/GPR49 in HEK293 Human Cell Line Transfected with Mouse Lgf5/GPR49. (rndsystems.com)
Lgr5/GPR49 was detected in immersion fixed HEK293 human embryonic kidney cell line transfected with GFP (green) tagged mouse LGR5 using Rat Anti-Mouse Lgr5/GPR49 Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # MAB8240) at 10 µg/mL for 3 hours at room temperature. (rndsystems.com)
Rat Anti-Mouse Lgr5/GPR49 Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # MAB8240) induces TOPflash activity in the HEK293 human embryonic kidney cell line stably expressing LGR5 in the presence of Wnt-3a, but in the absence of R-Spondins. (rndsystems.com)
Syncytin is expressed mainly in the human placenta and is implicated in placental syncytiotrophoblast cell fusion. (ecancer.org)
We consider the origin of syncytin, its normal role in human placentogenesis and data regarding its relevance in cell-cell fusion. (ecancer.org)
They created their cellular models by taking human skin cells and transforming them into induced pluripotent stem cells. (integrativepractitioner.com)
The human hair cells that the researchers studied were vestibular hair cells, which are involved in sensing head motion and maintaining balance. (integrativepractitioner.com)
However, from the beginning of puberty after thymus degeneration, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) persists due to the chronic activation of cytomegalovirus in humans causing repeated activation of T cells, which is considered the driving factor of human immune aging [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)

they react with the receptor to induce changes in the metabolism and activity of a cell. (wikipedia.org)

Isoforms lacking a transmembrane domain, such as isoform 2 and isoform 3, may function as decoy receptors for VEGFA, VEGFC and/or VEGFD. (drugbank.com)

GH acts through a cell surface receptor, GHR, which is a member of the type 1 cytokine receptor family. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Cytokine receptors have a single trans-membrane domain and dimerisation is required to activate intra-cellular signalling pathways. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
In common with other cytokine receptors the extra-cellular domain of the GHR is proteolitically cleaved and circulates as a binding protein. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
However, CAR-T cells can also produce some adverse events after treatment of hematological malignancies, such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS), neurotoxicity, and on-target/off-tumor toxicity, which may cause systemic immune stress inflammation, destruction of the blood-brain barrier, and even normal tissue damage. (hindawi.com)

In some receptors, such as the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, the transmembrane domain forms a protein pore through the membrane, or around the ion channel. (wikipedia.org)
With enzyme-linked receptors, the intracellular domain has enzymatic activity. (wikipedia.org)
Whether the domain 4 of TNFR-2 is involved directly in binding TNF, or indirectly in the correct folding of other domains of the receptor, is still unknown. (jefferson.edu)
S1 mainly contains a receptor binding domain (RBD) , which is responsible for recognizing the cell surface receptor. (proteomecommons.org)
Can be transmitted between different hosts through gene recombination or mutation of the receptor binding domain (RBD) , leading to a higher mortality rate. (proteomecommons.org)

Then, they were able to stimulate those cells to differentiate into several types of cells found in the inner ear: hair cells, supporting cells, nerve fibers, and Schwann cells, which insulate neurons. (integrativepractitioner.com)
Cells known to express IL-6 R include CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, hepatocytes, CD34+ stem cells neurons, neutrophils, monocytes and osteoblasts. (sbhsciences.com)
Before birth, the ADGRG1 protein appears to be essential for the normal growth and movement (migration) of nerve cells (neurons) in a part of the brain called the cerebral cortex. (medlineplus.gov)

Transmembrane receptors are typically classified based on their tertiary (three-dimensional) structure. (wikipedia.org)
Patients typically have recurrent infections and presentation and complications can vary depending upon where the defect has occurred in B-cell development or the degree of functional impairment. (medscape.com)
We typically use 1 × 10^6 cells in a 100-µl experimental sample (a test). (bdbiosciences.com)

Mol Cell Biol. (bdbiosciences.com)

Anatomy37

Organisms11

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs114

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment28

Phenomena and Processes65

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Health Care1

Proteins23

Extracellular17

Tyrosine10

Type I transmembrane3

Glycoprotein9

Superfamily5

Immunoglobulin5

Encodes3

ACE26

Ligands3

Molecules8

Phosphorylation1

Binds3

Serine1

Antigen receptor2

Endocytosis2

Adenosine receptors2

Interaction7

Regulates2

Bind2

Growth Factor R2

Glycoproteins1

Mediate1

Signal transduction1

Protein-coupled receptor1

Signaling molecule1

Chemokine receptor1

Cytokines1

Innate2

Soluble3

Biological2

Peptide2

Differentiation4

Complexes2

Flow cytometry5

Epithelial cells1

Targets2

Plasma membrane2

Pathway1

GPCRs1

Kinase1

Membrane fusion1

Endothelial6

Cytoplasmic domain1

Vascular3

Antagonists2

Processes1

Tumors1

Antagonism1

Inflammatory receptor1

Mechanism2

Mediates1

Antibodies2

Immune cells3

Proliferation1

Human13

Metabolism1

Isoforms1

Cytokine4

Domain5

Neurons3

Typically3

Biol1