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Amino AcidsAmino Acid Transport SystemsReceptors, Purinergic P2X1LeucineSequence Homology, Amino AcidAmino Acid SequenceAmino Acid SubstitutionCloning, MolecularAmino Acids, EssentialMolecular Sequence DataSequence AlignmentBase SequenceMutationAmino Acid MotifsEscherichia coliBinding SitesMutagenesis, Site-DirectedProtein Structure, TertiaryModels, MolecularProtein ConformationDNA, ComplementaryKineticsRecombinant ProteinsPeptide FragmentsSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidAmino Acids, AromaticStructure-Activity RelationshipProtein BindingMembrane ProteinsAmino Acids, Branched-ChainCell LineProtein Structure, SecondaryAmino Acids, SulfurPeptidesRecombinant Fusion ProteinsBacterial ProteinsSubstrate SpecificityDNAMolecular WeightRestriction MappingCell MembraneAlaninePhylogenyElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelRNA, MessengerSequence Analysis, DNAProteinsBiological TransportConserved SequenceCarrier ProteinsPlasmidsGenes, BacterialDNA PrimersAmino Acid Transport Systems, BasicLysineIsoleucineSpecies SpecificityChromatography, High Pressure LiquidTransfectionCysteineCattleAmino Acids, BasicGlycineAmino Acids, NeutralMutagenesisCodonTrypsinSequence DeletionPoint MutationAspartic AcidSaccharomyces cerevisiaePolymerase Chain ReactionCyanogen BromideOpen Reading FramesGlutamineProtein BiosynthesisArginineAmino Acids, DiaminoGenesGene LibraryCOS CellsCystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance RegulatorHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationValineProlinePhenylalanineMethionineTryptophanSequence AnalysisCricetinaeGene ExpressionEvolution, MolecularExcitatory Amino AcidsNitrogenTranscription, GeneticMacromolecular SubstancesAmino Acid Transport System ABlotting, NorthernSequence Analysis, ProteinRabbits
ResiduesEpidermal growth fProteinsTransportersCysteinePeptideTransporterProteinDipeptideHelixLeuTFatty acidsExtracellularDisruptionCationicReceptorsSubstitutionsBacterialBiosynthesisAccumulationMembraneLipidHomeostasisMechanismRetinalTissueMolecular weightOccursPromotesDomainImmuneCompositionMetabolismEssentialCellsLevelsProduction
Residues5
  • Finally, in Chapter 4, we discuss the use of hydroxy acids to scan the α-M1 transmembrane helix of the nAChR for residues that undergo structural rearrangements during gating. (caltech.edu)
  • Backbone mutations at five residues on the intracellular side of a conserved proline (P221) produced shifts in dose-response relationships. (caltech.edu)
  • Because positively charged residues in NT-3 are important for binding to trkB, two negatively charged aspartate residues within the 11 amino acid motif of FL trkB were mutated to examine the role of electrostatic interactions on ligand binding. (jneurosci.org)
  • The ligand-bound TM configuration promotes asymmetric dimerization of the intracellular juxta-membrane (JM) and kinase domains, which causes autophosphorylation of intracellular tyrosine residues ( 6 , 7 ). (biorxiv.org)
  • We have identified a cytosolic acyl-CoA binding protein, with highly conserved amino acid residues and a typical acyl-CoA binding domain in N. caninum . (biomedcentral.com)
Epidermal growth f1
  • Since epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, including gefitinib (GEF) have been reported to induce the apoptosis of several cancer cell lines, in the present study, we examined whether the cytotoxic effects of GEF are further enhanced under amino acid starvation (AAS) culture conditions. (spandidos-publications.com)
Proteins3
  • Some animal proteins, for example, those in the LAT family (TC# 2.A.3.8) including ASUR4 (gbY12716) and SPRM1 (gbL25068) associate with a type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein that is essential for insertion or activity of the permease and forms a disulfide bridge with it. (tcdb.org)
  • In contrast to the influx of amino acids, the degradation of proteins is also the important intracellular mechanism for releasing free amino acids both under steady-state conditions and during cellular stresses. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The env gene maintained an ORF coding for a 538-amino acid polypeptide that has all the characteristic features of env proteins and mediates intercellular fusion in vitro [ 11 - 13 ]. (ecancer.org)
Transporters5
  • The transport of serum amino acids into cells is an active process that is facilitated by plasma membrane-localized amino acid transporters. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The members of the L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) family are Na + -independent transporters that deliver neutral amino acids into cells ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Currently, Sarah is a PhD candidate in the Busschaert group at Tulane University, working on various medical and non-medical applications of synthetic transmembrane anion transporters. (rsc.org)
  • She then moved to the University to Southampton (UK) in 2010 to undertake a PhD under the supervision of Professor Philip A. Gale, working on the development of synthetic transmembrane anion transporters. (rsc.org)
  • Before entering lipid synthesis pathways, different kinds of acyl-CoA transporters which acts as the major carrier of acyl-CoAs, such as fatty acid binding protein (FABP), sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) and acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP), would activate and convert fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoA esters via a reaction catalyzed by fatty acyl-CoA synthetase and transported to various metabolic locations [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cysteine3
  • Cysteine and derivatives are compounds containing cysteine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
  • In addition, L-cysteine can be converted into hydrogen sulfide and pyruvic acid through the action of the enzyme cystathionine gamma-lyase. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
  • Cysteine engineered anti-MUC16 antibodies are engineered by replacing one or more amino acids of a parent anti-MUC16 antibody with non cross-linked, reactive cysteine amino acids. (justia.com)
Peptide3
  • Our lab has recently developed a new strategy to regulate RTK activity by designing a peptide that specifically binds to the transmembrane (TM) region of the RTK to allosterically modify kinase activity. (biorxiv.org)
  • During her M.S., she focused on the development of fluorescent amino acids and peptide synthesis. (rsc.org)
  • The protease not only releases small peptides, such as the amyloid-β peptide, which drives Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, but also intracellular domains, which can have critical functions in nuclear signaling. (cipsm.de)
Transporter3
  • have presented the crystal structure of apo-ApcT, a proton-coupled broad-specificity amino acid transporter, at 2.35 Å resolution. (tcdb.org)
  • The knockdown of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT-1) by siRNA also enhanced GEF-induced cytotoxicity. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The transporter of negative transcription results in throughput amino in economic aspects develops the I of intracellular acids. (erik-mill.de)
Protein10
  • Hydroxy acids disrupt hydrogen bonding in protein backbones and thus provide a means to detect backbone interactions that form or break during gating. (caltech.edu)
  • Rhodopsin is a seven-transmembrane protein covalently linked with retinal chromophore that absorbs photons for energy conversion and intracellular signaling in eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 6. Chimerical peptides according to the claim 1, characterized by containing a segment inhibitor of the activation of the NS3pro protease which comprise the region Asp50-Glu62 of the NS2B protein from DV2 or the structurally equivalent segment of the protein NS2B from other Flavivirus, or an amino acid sequence showing a sequence similarity higher of equal to the 80% identity. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
  • 8. Chimerical peptides according to the claim 1, characterized by containing a segment inhibitor of the activation of the NS3pro protease which comprise the region Thr20-Leu31 of the NS4A protein from HCV or the structurally equivalent segment of the protein NS4A from other Hepacivirus, or an amino acid sequence showing a sequence similarity higher of equal to the 80% identity. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
  • The current MCAT regularly has questions which require previous knowledge of the structures, features (including changes in charge with pH), 3- and 1-letter abbreviations of the 20 common protein-generating amino acids, etc. (mcat-prep.com)
  • The premature stop codon, ORF7a:Q94*, truncates the transmembrane protein and cytosolic tail used to mediate protein transport. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The coding region of the carboxy- terminal half of polyhedrin was removed and the remainder was ligated with the IGF II gene in phase to create a fusion protein gene consisting of the coding region of the amino-terminal half of polyhedrin and the IGF II gene. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • IGF II was released from the fusion protein produced by BM-N cells infected with the recombinant virus by CNBr treatment, purified by extraction with guanidine-HCl, column chromatography and HPLC and the correct amino-terminal amino acid sequence confirmed. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The enhancement of immune responsiveness observed in mice fed the 28% L diet was moderately reduced by the addition of phenylalanine to the diet, indicating that the lower level of this amino acid in the L protein may be of some significance. (immunehealthscience.com)
  • The principal factor responsible for the observed immune effect does not appear to be the availability or concentration of single essential amino acids but rather the composite effect of the specific amino acid distribution in the protein. (immunehealthscience.com)
Dipeptide1
  • We achieved overall maximum accuracy of 97.78%, 97.84% and 97.60%, respectively, for amino acid composition, dipeptide composition and hybrid approach on tenfold cross validation using SVM. (biomedcentral.com)
Helix2
  • The hydroxy acid analog of valine, valic acid (Vah), was incorporated at ten positions along the α-M1 helix. (caltech.edu)
  • The size of the central cavity of CadB and PotE is dependent on the angle of transmembrane helix 6 (TM6) against the periplasm. (tcdb.org)
LeuT1
  • The structure contains 12 transmembrane helices, with the first 10 consisting of an inverted structural repeat of 5 transmembrane helices like LeuT (TC #2.A.22.4.2). (tcdb.org)
Fatty acids2
  • The lipidomic analysis showed that disruption of NcACBP caused no obvious changes in the overall abundance and turnover of fatty acids while knockout resulted in the accumulation of triacylglycerol. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fatty acids provide the acyl skeleton for lipid synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Extracellular3
  • This is carried out via the regulation of both the influx from the extracellular environment and the recycling of intracellular resources. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Alternative splicing of the avian trkB receptor generates an extracellular deletion (ED) isoform missing 11 amino acids from the neurotrophin-binding domain of the full-length (FL) receptor. (jneurosci.org)
  • Alternative splicing affects both the extracellular ligand-binding domains and the intracellular signal-transducing domains of the trks ( Barbacid, 1994 ). (jneurosci.org)
Disruption1
  • Here we investigated the link between cellular cholesterol and L. pneumophila intracellular replication and discovered that disruption of cholesterol biosynthesis or cholesterol trafficking lowered bacterial replication in infected cells. (microbialcell.com)
Cationic1
  • Sridhar A, Lummis SCR, Pasini D, Mehregan A, Brams M, Kambara K, Bertrand D, Lindahl E, Howard RJ, Ulens C ( 2021 ) A cationic lipid site at the outward transmembrane face of a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel. (multichannelsystems.com)
Receptors1
  • Incorporation of unnatural amino acids into two acetylcholine receptors-the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and the M₂ muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M₂AChR)-and an electrophysiology assay of receptor function were performed in each of the studies. (caltech.edu)
Substitutions2
  • Both siblings carry two mutant CNGA3 alleles that give rise to channel subunits with different single-amino acid substitutions. (jneurosci.org)
  • However, an analysis of the synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions indicated a relatively high degree of amino acid change in hominoids [ 15 ], which could be consistent with a low degree of selective pressure. (ecancer.org)
Bacterial1
  • Fig. 3: Strengthened transmembrane transport process and its landscape within bacterial community. (nature.com)
Biosynthesis1
  • therefore, host lipids and their biosynthesis pathways have emerged as critical regulators of intracellular replication for vacuolar pathogens both as organelle membrane building blocks as well as nutrients [8] [9] . (microbialcell.com)
Accumulation1
  • No. 4,975,278) allows targeted delivery of the drug moiety to tumors, and intracellular accumulation therein, where systemic administration of these unconjugated drug agents may result in unacceptable levels of toxicity to normal cells as well as the tumor cells sought to be eliminated (Baldwin et al (1986) Lancet pp. (justia.com)
Membrane1
  • Signaling is then transduced across the membrane by altering the configuration of the transmembrane (TM) domain, by dimerization of the TM helical region or a change in the arrangement of the TM helices within such a dimer. (biorxiv.org)
Lipid2
  • Thus, intracellular bacteria frequently encode the capacity to regulate host lipogenesis as well as to modulate the lipid composition of host membranes. (microbialcell.com)
  • During my own PhD that focused on the development of small neutral molecules that can transport chloride anions across biological membranes, we often observed binding to the lipid headgroup in molecular dynamics modelling. (rsc.org)
Homeostasis2
Mechanism1
  • However, little is known about the fatty acid transport mechanism in N. caninum . (biomedcentral.com)
Retinal2
  • D ) The ATPase activity of purified ABCA4 as a function of all- trans retinal or all- trans retinoic acid in the presence or absence of 0.1 mg/mL 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) and 100 µM ATP. (elifesciences.org)
  • Type-I microbial rhodopsins consist of seven transmembrane domain that is covalently associated with retinal chromophore functions like proton pumping, chloride pumping, and phototaxis behaviour. (biomedcentral.com)
Tissue2
  • Given its particular distribution in normal human tissues and its potential roll as an immune modulator and in amino acid transport, tissue tolerance and protection against retroviral infection, syncytin could be a potential target for immune therapy using specific inhibitors. (ecancer.org)
  • city in ABCG8 passively are effect( MIM:210250), characterised by unknown architectural blood of both km2 and penetrating proceeds modifying transmembrane and disease-specific large tissue. (erik-mill.de)
Molecular weight1
Occurs1
  • Microscopy analyses indicate that cholesterol regulates a step in L. pneumophila intracellular lifecycle that occurs after bacteria begin to replicate within an established intracellular niche. (microbialcell.com)
Promotes1
  • In all other cells, DMT1 is found in intracellular membranes where it promotes the exit of endocytosed Fe 2+ from endosomes into the cytoplasm 9 . (nature.com)
Domain1
  • SARS Vaccine Development safe vaccines is urgently needed to prevent a new SARS and an intracellular domain (aa 1216-1255). (cdc.gov)
Immune2
  • Furthermore in the mice fed L diet, increasing the concentration of amino acid in the diet from 12 to 28% greatly enhanced immune responsiveness by both parameters measured. (immunehealthscience.com)
  • In the C-fed mice, a comparable enhancement of mitogen responsiveness with increasing amino acid level of diet was seen, but there was no change in the humoral immune response. (immunehealthscience.com)
Composition1
  • This deletion did not affect the overall fatty acid composition but modified the abundance of TAG. (biomedcentral.com)
Metabolism1
  • We uncovered three modes of community-level coordination, including cross-regional resource allocation, local cycling and feedback signaling, which were mediated by strengthened transmembrane transport and spatially specific activation of metabolism. (nature.com)
Essential1
Cells2
  • Transmembrane or otherwise tumor-associated polypeptides specifically expressed on the surface of cancer cells as compared to normal, non-cancerous cell(s) have been identified as cellular targets for cancer diagnosis and therapy with antibodies. (justia.com)
  • parasitized red blood cells are incubated in an isotonic buffer and the release of amino acids is determined in the cells and the buffer according to time. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Levels2
Production1
  • comparative study of amino acid production in erythrocytes parasitized by plasmodium sp. (liverpool.ac.uk)