Typical plant transformation protocols to produce transgenic, genetically modified (GM) varieties rely on transgenes, chemical selection, and tissue culture. (frontiersin.org)
METHODS: Transgenic mice were generated in which the bcl-2 or bcl-XL transgenes were expressed in photoreceptor cells under the transcriptional control of a rhodopsin gene promoter. (arvojournals.org)
RESULTS: Bcl-2 or bcl-XL transgenes were expressed in photoreceptor cells of all lines of transgenic mice. (arvojournals.org)
Transgenic plants carry transgenes in their genomes and transmit them to their progeny through normal reproduction. (croptrust.org)
To reduce the risk in crops where transgenes are commonly part of new cultivars, it is recommended that regeneration be carried out in isolation from any areas where transgenic crops are likely to be grown. (croptrust.org)
Information on crops' transgenic status is essential to determine what measures, if any, are needed to confirm that germplasm is free of transgenes. (croptrust.org)
An integrated transgene differs from a transgenic insertion in that a transgenic insertion may contain single transgene, a partial transgene that needs endognous sequences from the host genome to become functional (e.g. an enhancer trap), or multiple transgenes (i.e. be polycistronic). (virtualflybrain.org)
Fiurthermore, the transgenic insertion may contain sequences in addition to its transgene(s - e.g. sequences flanking the transgene reqired for integration or replicaiton/maintenance in the host genome. (virtualflybrain.org)
The term 'integrated transgene' covers individual transgenes that were delivered in whole or in part by a transgenic insertion. (virtualflybrain.org)
Sequences5
These are typically combined in a bacterial plasmid and the coding sequences are typically chosen from transgenes with previously known functions. (wikipedia.org)
To engineer cells, the most common method is to assemble the transgene and associated sequences on a bacterial plasmid, then use viral vectors to move the plasmids into the recipient cells. (jax.org)
The dual strategy of utilizing insulator sequences and integration at the constitutive chromosome 13 locus ensures appropriate transgene expression. (ca.gov)
Thus, the mere presence of multiple promoter and/or transgene sequences did not result in gene silencing. (fu-berlin.de)
Here we report that a minimal combination of cis- regulatory sequences can support permanent RNA silencing of a single-copy transgene and its derivatives in C. elegans simply upon mating. (nature.com)
Genome6
However, they are completely different in their purposes, as gene therapy aims to cure a defect in cells, and transgenesis seeks to produce a genetically modified organism by incorporating the specific transgene into every cell and changing the genome. (wikipedia.org)
However, owing to the possibility of unintentional transgene introduction during genetic transformation, analytical methods may be necessary to reliably and comprehensively detect transgenes remaining on a plant genome. (go.jp)
We analyzed the GT rice DNA using a next-generation sequencer, and we performed data analysis to find the transgene integration on the genome. (go.jp)
A transgene that has been integrated into a chrromosome in the host genome. (virtualflybrain.org)
An 'integrated transgene' differs from its parent 'transgene' in that transgenes can include genes introduced into a cell/organism on an extra-chromosomal plasmid that is never integrated into the host genome. (virtualflybrain.org)
ITRs) flanking the transgene inserted into the viral genome. (cdc.gov)
Promoter5
The transgene must contain a promoter, which is a regulatory sequence that will determine where and when the transgene is active, an exon, a protein coding sequence (usually derived from the cDNA for the protein of interest), and a stop sequence. (wikipedia.org)
This transgene consists of a BAC clone (RP11-345J9) containing the complete human DPP4 gene and the endogenous promoter. (jax.org)
All transgenes were placed under the control of the strong constitutive CaMV 35S promoter. (fu-berlin.de)
With this system, high levels of heat-induced transgene expression were observed compared to that from the HSP promoter alone without the transactivator. (elsevierpure.com)
The transgene consists of an EF1a promoter 5' to an inverted taCasp3-T2A-TEVp sequence that is flanked by heterotypic loxP (open triangles) and lox2722 (closed triangles) sites. (cdc.gov)
Genes8
Transgenes are genes transferred from one organism to another, and they are important for many research areas. (jax.org)
Transgene expression was analysed in Arabidopsis T‐DNA transformants carrying defined numbers and arrangement of different reporter genes. (fu-berlin.de)
In none of the cases analysed were tandem repeat arrangements of transgenes and/or inverted repeat (IR) T‐DNA structures sufficient to trigger silencing of the different reporter genes. (fu-berlin.de)
Transgenes are genes that are introduced into another organism or species through recombinant DNA techniques. (croptrust.org)
Social issues requiring genetic identity to be stated or that certain genes/transgenes be limited. (croptrust.org)
Genebanks should take proactive steps to limit the risk of exotic genes, including transgenes, in their ex situ collections. (croptrust.org)
Transgenes and conventional genes are subject to the biological processes of mutation, gene flow, introgression, recombination and natural selection. (croptrust.org)
Therefore, best practices for preventing introgression of conventional genes also provide an appropriate basis for preventing introgression of transgenes. (croptrust.org)
Phenotype2
The introduction of a transgene, in a process known as transgenesis, has the potential to change the phenotype of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
The late flowering phenotype cosegregated with the transgene. (psu.edu)
Crops5
Transgene escape has been documented for GMO crops since 2001 with persistence and invasiveness. (wikipedia.org)
In some crops, the transgenes are routinely segregated away during meiosis by performing crosses, and thus only a minor concern. (frontiersin.org)
It is generally accepted as unwise for crops containing transgenes to be incorporated into germplasm collections. (croptrust.org)
Immediate attention: crops with transgenes that are already commercially distributed. (croptrust.org)
Little is known about i) the extent of transgene introgression into locally recycled seed, ii) what short and long-term ecological and socioeconomic impacts such mixing of seeds might have, iii) how the farmers perceive GM crops, and iv) to what degree approval conditions are followed and controlled. (sustainablepulse.com)
A transgene is a gene that has been transferred naturally, or by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques, from one organism to another. (wikipedia.org)
Transgene describes a segment of DNA containing a gene sequence that has been isolated from one organism and is introduced into a different organism. (wikipedia.org)
Virax could earn up to $12 million, and Transgene gains access to Co-X-Gene. (genengnews.com)
Virax Holdings granted Transgene an exclusive license to its Co-X-Gene™ technology patents. (genengnews.com)
Typical protocols to make gene edited (GE) varieties also use transgenes, even though these may be undesirable in the final crop product. (frontiersin.org)
This review highlights diverse strategies to deliver CRISPR/Cas gene editing reagents to regenerable plant cells and to recover edited plants without unwanted integration of transgenes. (frontiersin.org)
Some examples include delivering DNA-free gene editing reagents such as ribonucleoproteins or mRNA, relying on reagent expression from non-integrated DNA, using novel delivery mechanisms such as viruses or nanoparticles, using unconventional selection methods to avoid integration of transgenes, and/or avoiding tissue culture altogether. (frontiersin.org)
High, stable transgene expression was observed in plants containing two copies of the β‐glucuronidase (GUS) gene, two or four copies of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene and two, four or six copies of the streptomycin phosphotransferase (SPT) gene. (fu-berlin.de)
The co-expression of a second transgene, inducible Caspase 9 (iC9) - a suicide gene, with CAR was also affected by the choice of aAPC. (bmj.com)
There are a number of reasons why it is important to detect the presence of a gene/transgene in a genebank accession. (croptrust.org)
Situations in which the presence of such a gene/transgene could affect intellectual property rights either in the country where the genebank is located or in a country where the accession is to be sent. (croptrust.org)
The two basic methods to detect the presence of a gene/transgene are ELISA and PCR amplification. (croptrust.org)
Maize7
For instance, the maize containing 4.2% of the transgene before processing appeared to be as low as 3.0% (100°C) and 1.9% (121°C, 0.1 MPa) after processing. (isaaa.org)
Accessions for which there were no commercial transgenes present at the time of acquisition (such as maize prior to 1996) or no transgenics near the collecting site. (croptrust.org)
A first study of its kind has found that GM maize transgenes have penetrated the informal seed supplies of smallholder farmers in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. (sustainablepulse.com)
The study screened for transgenes in external fields, home gardens and local household seed holdings in a village where GM insect-resistant maize had been previously grown from 2001-2008 and also analysed the seed management practices of farmers there. (sustainablepulse.com)
The researchers concluded that GM maize is grown in such close proximity to other locally recycled and purchased maize varieties that transgene flow must be expected at a high rate, evidenced by the findings that the transgenes have been mixed into seed storages of the small farmers of the study village who constantly share and recycle their seeds. (sustainablepulse.com)
We analysed for transgenes in 796 individual maize plants (leaves) and 20 seed batches collected in a village where GM insect resistant maize was previously promoted and grown as part of an governmental agricultural development program over a seven year period (2001-2008). (sustainablepulse.com)
Recycling and sharing of seeds were common in the community and may contribute to spread and persistence of transgenes in maize on a local or regional level. (sustainablepulse.com)
Vectors1
The coding sequence of a selectable marker is split into an N-terminal fragment (MarN) and a C-terminal fragment (kerC) and separately cloned upstream of an N-terminal fragment of a split intein (IntN) and downstream of a C-terminal fragment of the split intein (IntC), respectively, on two different vectors each carrying a different transgene. (jax.org)
Mutation1
Photoreceptor cell death in mice expressing one of the bcl transgenes and carrying either the rd mutation homozygously or the rhodopsin mutation heterozygously was examined by histologic and electroretinographic measurements. (arvojournals.org)
Inducible1
In this study, to combine heat-inducibility with high-level transgene expression, we developed a heat-inducible transgene expression system with transcriptional amplification mediated by a tetracycline-responsive transactivator. (elsevierpure.com)
Expression was observed1
However, when these cells were differentiated into specific lineages, reduction in reporter expression was observed, indicating transgene silencing. (ca.gov)
Locus3
Chromatin Insulator Elements Block Transgene Silencing in Engineered hESC Lines at a Defined Chromosome 13 Locus. (ca.gov)
To develop an efficient and reliable genetic engineering strategy in hESCs, we used chromatininsulator elements to flank single-copy transgenes and integrated the combined expression constructs via PhiC31/R4 integrase mediated recombination technology to the chromosome 13 locus precisely. (ca.gov)
A) Schematic of the PR locus with the IRES-Cre transgene inserted 3' to the stop codon of the last exon. (cdc.gov)
Plasmid1
The system is not limited to simple two-plasmid applications, and the researchers also present a protocol for selecting up to six transgenes using a single split selectable marker. (jax.org)
Efficacy2
Transgene SA , Merck and Pfizer have entered an agreement to examine the efficacy of the therapeutic vaccine TG4001 in combination with avelumab in the treatment of human papilloma virus-(HPV) positive head and neck cancer. (clinicaltrialsarena.com)
We examined the efficacy of transgene RB (known for conferring foliar late blight resistance) in defending against tuber late blight disease. (unina.it)
Transcript1
However, a significant association between transgene transcript levels and tuber resistance was established for specific transformed lines in an age-dependent manner, with higher transcript levels indicating enhanced tuber resistance. (unina.it)
Mice4
In both the rd and the rhodopsin mutant mice, expression of either bcl-2 or bcl-XL transgenes did not prevent or measurably delay photoreceptor degeneration. (arvojournals.org)
In this study, we show that an Lck-cre transgene, which increases T cell apoptosis as a result of T cell-specific expression of cre recombinase, accelerates the development of autoantibodies and nephritis in lupus-prone (NZB × NZW)F1 mice. (nebraska.edu)
We postulate that the Lck-cre transgene promoted lupus by enhancing T cell apoptosis, which, in conjunction with the impaired clearance of apoptotic cells in lupus-prone mice, increased the nuclear antigen load and accelerated the development of anti-nuclear autoantibodies. (nebraska.edu)
Nelson, RK & Gould, KA 2016, ' An Lck-cre transgene accelerates autoantibody production and lupus development in (NZB × NZW)F1 mice ', Lupus , vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 137-154. (nebraska.edu)
Genetic2
CONCLUSIONS: Overexpression of bcl-2 or bcl-XL transgenes does not rescue photoreceptor cells from apoptosis caused by the two genetic mutations tested. (arvojournals.org)
More information on Transgenes can also be found at the genetic identity page under Management strategies). (croptrust.org)
Cells4
Transgenesis will therefore change the germ cells, not only the somatic cells, in order to ensure that the transgenes are passed down to the offspring when the organisms reproduce. (wikipedia.org)
The primary challenge involved with transgenes is the actual delivery of them into the cells. (jax.org)
Selectable markers work well for research involving single transgene, but adding more than one transgene to cells can be challenging to track. (jax.org)
To address the issue, JAX Assistant Professor Albert Cheng, Ph.D., led a team to develop split selectable markers, a method that can indicate the successful integration of multiple transgenes. (jax.org)
Cell1
Transgene will use the platform to progess two of its immunotherapeutic products-TG 4010 currently in Phase IIb trials for non-small-cell-lung cancer and TG 4001, which has completed Phase II trials against human papilloma virus-associated pathologies. (genengnews.com)
Probability1
Backcross breeding following GT provides transgene-free plant lines with high probability. (go.jp)
Resistance1
Our results indicate that the presence of the transgene has a positive yet only marginally significant effect on tuber disease resistance on average. (unina.it)
High2
A study was conducted to determine how technological processing methods such as high temperature, elevated pressure and low pH may affect DNA degradation and quantification in the transgene content of the plant matrix using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (isaaa.org)
We favour the idea that in many cases this may be attributed to the high transgene doses rather than the repeat arrangements themselves. (fu-berlin.de)
Mouse1
Apoptosis-related nuclear DNA fragmentation, as assessed by in situ labeling with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, was present in 13-day-old rd/rd mouse retinas with or without transgene expression. (arvojournals.org)
Introduction1
View section on seed testing for inadvertent introduction of transgenes by clicking on the icon above. (croptrust.org)
Reduction1
Expression of the bcl-2 but not the bcl-XL transgene also was associated with a reduction in rhodopsin content. (arvojournals.org)
Single-copy1
Here we introduce mating as a simple approach to reproducibly initiate RNA silencing of a single-copy transgene that can last for hundreds of generations. (nature.com)
Delivery1
In this proof-of-concept study, we use native bacteria as chassis for transgene delivery to impact CR host physiology. (nih.gov)
Data1
As we previously stated, NEC and Transgene share a common goal to harness the power of data and develop new targeted therapies in oncology. (nec.com)
All results supported the absence of transgenes in GT rice. (go.jp)
Common1
In conclusion, we demonstrate that transgenes are mixed into seed storages of small-scale farming communities where recycling and sharing of seeds are common, i.e. spread beyond the control of the formal seed system. (sustainablepulse.com)
Main1
The construction of a transgene requires the assembly of a few main parts. (wikipedia.org)