• Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are promising candidates for cellular tumor immunotherapy. (nature.com)
  • To apply allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in adoptive immunotherapy, the methodology used to obtain adequate cell numbers with optimal effector function in vitro needs to be optimized, and clinical safety and efficacy also need to be proven. (nature.com)
  • Our clinical studies underscore the safety and efficacy of allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell immunotherapy, which will inspire further clinical investigations and eventually benefit cancer patients. (nature.com)
  • In this respect, the introduction of checkpoint inhibitors to unleash the activity of tumor-reactive T cells has been a milestone in cancer immunotherapy. (nature.com)
  • Conclusions Our results demonstrate a novel way to use TLR agonists to improve immunotherapy and reveal a vital role for B cells in the generation of potent CD8 + T cell-based therapies. (bmj.com)
  • Cell-based therapy has expanded its influence in cancer immunotherapy, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In particular, stem cells, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and immune cells, such as T-cells and Natural Killer (NK) cells, have been favored candidates for regenerative medicine and cell-based cancer immunotherapy, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Unfortunately, these breakthrough discoveries in both regenerative medicine and cancer immunotherapy using cells as therapeutic reagents soon faced a common problem: the inability to control cellular functions to maximize the therapeutic benefits. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The developmental story of cell-based cancer immunotherapy is not so different from MSCs in regenerative medicine. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As the field of cancer immunotherapy advances rapidly, it is now crucial to understand how the dissemination and maintenance of tumor-specific T cells can be optimally achieved. (frontiersin.org)
  • As shown by multiplex tissue immunofluorescence and intravital microscopy, combined immunotherapy treatments enhance T cell infiltration and the intratumoral performance of T lymphocytes. (unav.edu)
  • Novel understanding in the interaction between immune system and cancer cells of the patient holds great promise for immunotherapy development [ 4 - 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • It is noted that T cell has great potential for immunotherapy of hematological malignancies. (hindawi.com)
  • Cancer immunotherapy by chimeric antigen receptor-modified T (CAR-T) cells has shown exhilarative clinical efficacy for hematological malignancies. (ijbs.com)
  • Immunotherapy with CAR-T cells has achieved tremendous successes in treatment of hematological malignancies. (ijbs.com)
  • In recent years, engineering T cell therapy has made great progress in tumor immunotherapy, which mainly includes T-cell receptor-engineered T cell (TCR-T) therapy and chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy. (cip.com.cn)
  • In this article, we address structure and signal activation, target selection, affinity optimization, safety modification and gene editing strategies for engineered T cells, and also review the potential synthetic biological approaches and latest progress of engineered T cell therapy in the application of tumor immunotherapy. (cip.com.cn)
  • Collectively, our results identify how and when to administer TLR agonists to augment T cell-based immunotherapy in the absence or presence of host preconditioning for treatment of advanced malignancies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although the efficacy of adoptive transfer of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was examined over several decades, genetically engineered T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) rapidly replaced the application of TILs due to their high specificity, non-MHC-restricted recognition of tumor antigen, superior potency, and improved in vivo persistency [ 9 , 13 , 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Insufficient persistence and effector function of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-redirected T cells have been challenging issues for adoptive T cell therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Second, T cell therapies using Tregs (either polyclonal, antigen-specific, or genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to establish active dominant immune tolerance or T cells (engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to delete pathogenic immune cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells can restore the activity of exhausted T cell through reprogramming and is widely used in the treatment of relapsed/refractory (r/r) hematological malignancies. (hindawi.com)
  • Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells for acute lymphoid leukemia[J]. The New England Journal of Medicine , 2013 , 368 (16): 1509-1518. (cip.com.cn)
  • The demonstration of anergic T lymphocytes following oral tolerance has so far been limited in in vitro systems, and a primary objective of the present study was to provide evidence, in vivo, for the existence of a state of anergy in mice orally fed with ovalbumin (OVA). (nih.gov)
  • Oral tolerance was induced by a single feeding with OVA, and was demonstrated by diminished antibody production in vivo, and by reduced cytokine secretion or proliferation in vitro. (nih.gov)
  • Reversal of the tolerant state in vivo was established by antibody production in irradiated mice adoptively transferred with cells cultured in the presence of rIL-2. (nih.gov)
  • The possibility that suppression was also an in vivo mechanism for tolerance was studied by adoptive transfer experiments. (nih.gov)
  • The transferred, expanded natural killer cells proliferated in vivo in an interleukin-2 dose-dependent fashion, persisted up to 4 weeks, were readily detectable in the human bone, inhibited myeloma growth and protected bone from myeloma-induced osteolysis. (haematologica.org)
  • We posited that TLR agonists could be repurposed ex vivo to condition T cells with remarkable potency in vivo, circumventing TLR-related toxicity. (bmj.com)
  • Methods In this study we investigated how tumor-specific murine CD8 + T cells and human tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are impacted when expanded ex vivo with the TLR9 agonist CpG. (bmj.com)
  • T cells expanded ex vivo from a CpG-treated culture demonstrated potent antitumor efficacy and prolonged persistence in vivo. (bmj.com)
  • Due to their secretory functions, differentiation capabilities, specific homing effects through chemotaxis, distinctive therapeutic potentials, and ex vivo expandability, cells have become an attractive reagent for advanced therapeutic strategies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We now investigate whether inhibition of Akt signaling during ex vivo expansion of CAR T cells can promote the generation of CAR T cells with enhanced antitumor activity following adoptive therapy in a murine leukemia xenograft model. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Proliferative/expansion potential, phenotypical characteristics and functionality of the propagated CD19CAR T cells were analyzed in vitro and in vivo after 17-21 day ex vivo expansion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Inhibition of Akt signaling during ex vivo priming and expansion gives rise to CD19CAR T cell populations that display comparatively higher antitumor activity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Manufacturing CAR T cells is a process that involves activation and ex vivo culture with IL-2 to facilitate CAR gene transfer and to achieve a therapeutic number of T cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The RMT4-53 antibody has been shown to block TIM-4 in vitro and in vivo . (bioxcell.com)
  • In this study, we demonstrate that Ab blockade of DC-expressed TIM-4 leads to increased induction of induced regulatory T cells (iTregs) from naive CD4(+) T cells, both in vitro and in vivo . (bioxcell.com)
  • In this study, we tested whether preventative and therapeutic vaccination could be achieved by direct injection of antigen-expressing lentiviral vector, obviating the need for ex vivo transduction of dendritic cells. (jci.org)
  • Third, IL-2 therapies aiming at expanding immunosuppressive regulatory T cells in vivo . (frontiersin.org)
  • Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated the ability of TFDP to precisely treat cancer using MRI-guided SDT/chemotherapy. (bvsalud.org)
  • The concept of enhancing cellular immunity through the transfer of ex-vivo expanded T cells was pioneered by Greenberg et al. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the fundamental issue whether insulin-secreting hepatocytes in vivo will be destroyed by the autoimmune processes that kill pancreatic β cells has not been fully addressed. (deepdyve.com)
  • Results: The liver cells were found to possess preproinsulin mRNA, translate (pro)insulin in vivo and release it when exposed to 100 nmol/l glucagon in vitro. (deepdyve.com)
  • 9] has recently showed that adenovirus-medi- Materials ated in vivo transfer of the PDX-1 transgene to the mouse The PEPCK promoter was generously donated by Dr R. W. liver results in the conversion of a hepatocyte subpopula- Hanson (Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, tion to the beta cell phenotype. (deepdyve.com)
  • To this end, Dr. Rosenberg and others developed a "Young TIL" approach that rapidly expands TIL for administration without in vitro selection for tumor reactivity [ 8 ], which markedly improves the timeliness of TIL production as well as its survival and efficacy in vivo (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • When administrated in vivo, both intact and Fab of J43 are reported to enhance contact hypersensitivity and exacerbate acute GVHD similar to transfer of PD-1-deficient cells. (thermofisher.com)
  • For our in vivo and ex vivo experiments, we inoculated wild-type mice with TCL1 leukemic cells isolated from Eµ-TCL1 transgenic mice and then monitored disease progression by detecting leukemic cells in peripheral blood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, mtDNA stress in TFAM-deficient mouse melanoma cells produces tumours that are more resistant to doxorubicin in vivo. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Adoptive transfer of expanded natural killer cells inhibited the growth of established OPM2 and high-risk primary myeloma tumors grown in the murine model. (haematologica.org)
  • Results Herein we reveal a new way to reverse the tolerant state of adoptively transferred CD8 + T cells against tumors using TLR-activated B cells. (bmj.com)
  • Such tumor-specific T RM cells are recognized as both necessary and sufficient for long-lived protection against tumors in peripheral tissue locations. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cancer can be considered a disease of immune dysfunction, with a failure of immune recognition leading to the outgrowth of malignant cells as tumors ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Following effective priming in lymph nodes, T cells traffic to tumors and other peripheral tissues. (frontiersin.org)
  • In a growing number of cases, CD8 T cells have been shown to mediate the regression of large bulky tumors, resulting in durable long-term disease remissions ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy is a type of adoptive cellular therapy by harvesting infiltrated lymphocytes from tumors, culturing and amplifying them in vitro and then infusing back to treat patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Its diverse TCR clonality, superior tumor-homing ability, and low off-target toxicity endow TIL therapy unique advantages in treating solid tumors compared with other adoptive cellular therapies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • TIL therapy is a type of adoptive cellular therapy leveraging the patient's own immune system to treat tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Despite the progresses made in treating hematological malignancies, challenges still remain for use of CAR-T cell therapy to treat solid tumors. (ijbs.com)
  • In this landscape, most studies have primarily focused on improving CAR-T cells and overcoming the unfavorable effects of tumor microenvironment on solid tumors. (ijbs.com)
  • To further understand the current status and trend for developing CAR-T cell based therapies for various solid tumors, this review emphasizes on CAR-T techniques, current obstacles, and strategies for application, as well as necessary companion diagnostics for treatment of solid tumors with CAR-T cells. (ijbs.com)
  • However, due to intricacies of solid tumors and their locations in the human body, treatment of solid tumors with CAR-T cells is facing multiple obstacles, such as the hostile tumor microenvironment, on-tumor/off-tumor toxicities, and undesired antigen specificity [ 2 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • Encouragingly and optimistically, in this landscape, more than forty clinical trials in treatment of solid tumors by CAR-T cells have been registered in China alone (Table 1 ) [ 6 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • Therefore, in this review, we focus on current CAR-T techniques , obstacles, strategies for overcoming these obstacles, as well as necessary companion diagnostics in treatment of solid tumors with CAR-T cells. (ijbs.com)
  • While CAR-T cell therapy has demonstrated a significant clinical effect against malignant blood tumors, TCR-T cell therapies have been tested in hematological and solid tumors. (cip.com.cn)
  • Finally, TBI was no longer needed to regress tumors in mice who were depleted of host CD4 + T cells, given a tripartite ACT regimen and then treated with low dose LPS. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In tumors which had high levels of infiltrating CD11b + macrophages expressing the ADCC-activating FcgRIV, T REGS were selectively depleted in an FcgR-dependant manner, while effector T cells were instead expanded. (sanguinebio.com)
  • A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes. (lookformedical.com)
  • Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. (lookformedical.com)
  • The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease. (lookformedical.com)
  • B-cell lymphoid tumors that occur in association with AIDS. (lookformedical.com)
  • These mice are devoid of endogenous natural killer and T-cell activity and were used to determine whether adoptively transferred expanded natural killer cells could inhibit myeloma growth and myeloma-associated bone destruction. (haematologica.org)
  • By analysing iNKT cells from lymphoid tissues of mice and humans we demonstrate that their T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire is highly diverse and is distinct for cells from various tissues resulting in differential lipid-antigen recognition. (elifesciences.org)
  • iNKT cells have been traditionally defined by the expression of an invariant TCR α-chain (Vα14-Jα18 in mice or Vα24-Jα18 in humans) and their capacity to recognise the glycolipid antigen α-galactosylceramide (αGalCer) presented on CD1d. (elifesciences.org)
  • Anti-tumor activity was evaluated after adoptive transfer of the CD19CAR T cells into CD19+ tumor-bearing immunodeficient mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Once adoptively transferred into CD19+ tumor-bearing mice, Akti treated CD19CAR T cells exhibited more antitumor activity than did untreated CD19CAR T cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Injection of a lentiviral vector encoding an MHC class I-restricted T cell epitope of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and CD40 ligand induced an antigen-specific cytolytic CD8 + T lymphocyte response that protected the mice from infection. (jci.org)
  • The injection of chronically infected mice with a lentiviral vector encoding LCMV MHC class I and II T cell epitopes and a soluble programmed cell death 1 microbody rapidly cleared the virus. (jci.org)
  • Vaccination by direct injection of lentiviral vector was more effective in sterile alpha motif and HD-domain containing protein 1-knockout (SAMHD1-knockout) mice, suggesting that lentiviral vectors containing Vpx, a lentiviral protein that increases the efficiency of dendritic cell transduction by inducing the degradation of SAMHD1, would be an effective strategy for the treatment of chronic disease in humans. (jci.org)
  • G ) Muzzle-infiltrating cells were isolated from LMC and Sox13 -/- mice and re-stimulated in vitro with PdBu/ionomycin to assess production of IL-5 and IL-13 by ILCs. (elifesciences.org)
  • Specific loss of Vγ2 + Tγδ17 cells, scratching behaviors and reciprocally enhanced effector function of ILCs in Sox13 -/- mice with dermatitis. (elifesciences.org)
  • H ) Increased skin γδ T cells, including Tγδ17 cells (TCRδ int ), in 4-6 week old Rora -/- mice. (elifesciences.org)
  • Aberrant αβ T cell activation in AD of Sox13 -/- mice. (elifesciences.org)
  • A ) Total number of the indicated T cell types recovered from skin of from 5-6mo mice were calculated using AccuCheck counting beads. (elifesciences.org)
  • B ) FACS analysis of CD4 neg CD8β neg skin T cells (gated on B220 - F4/80 - TCRβ + ) with control MR1/6-FP or MR1/5-OP-RU tetramer to identify MAIT cells in 5 mo mice. (elifesciences.org)
  • C ) Summary data of frequency of MAIT tetramer-reactive cells among total TCRβ + cells pooled from two independent experiments, performed as in Panel B analyzing a total of 5-6 mice/group. (elifesciences.org)
  • D ) Muzzle-infiltrating cells were isolated from indicated mice, stimulated in vitro with PdBu/ionomycin, and analyzed for αβ T cell subset-specific production of IL-17A and IL-22 and for CD4 + T cell production of IL-4, and IL-13. (elifesciences.org)
  • Haematoxylin and eosin staining of liver sections from these transgenic NOD PEPCK-Ins mice revealed the absence of an infiltrate of immune cells, a feature that characterised the pancreatic islets of these mice. (deepdyve.com)
  • person to synthesise, store and secrete insulin in the same manner as a pancreatic β cell is a potential therapy of type The liver of the transgenic PEPCK-Ins NOD mice were 1 diabetes. (deepdyve.com)
  • transplanted into diabetic mice these cells can lower blood glucose levels to the normal range [2]. (deepdyve.com)
  • The MMT process occurred predominantly within M2-type macrophages and was regulated by TGF-β/Smad3 signalling as deletion of Smad3 in the bone marrow compartment of GFP+ chimeric mice prevented the M2 macrophage transition into the MMT cells and progressive renal fibrosis. (oncotarget.com)
  • To investigate the interrelation between Treg and neutrophils in the leukemia microenvironment, we performed experiments using TCL1-injected DEREG mice with Treg depletion or RAG2KO mice with adoptively transferred TCL1 cells alone or together with Treg. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we demonstrate that phagocytes rather than myocytes are predominantly responsible for causing inflammation, an outcome that could be alleviated following adoptive transfer of normal bone marrow into TREX1 −/− mice. (aai.org)
  • However, it was recently demonstrated that TREX1-deficient mice lacking the innate immune sensor stimulator of IFN genes (STING) completely alleviates TREX1-mediated disease and lethality in murine models ( 15 ). (aai.org)
  • B16F10-bearing mice were preconditioned with 5Gy TBI and given a tripartite ACT therapy (consisting of transferred pmel-1 CD8 + T cells, vaccination with fowlpox encoding gp100, and IL-2) along with TLR4 agonist LPS. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A non-myeloablative lymphodepleting preparative regimen with 5Gy TBI prior to an ACT regimen can induce destruction of B16F10 melanoma in mice by removing cytokine sinks, depleting suppressive T reg cells, transiently ablating myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and activating the innate immune system [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We found that the expanded cells possessed significantly improved immune effector functions, including proliferation, differentiation, and cancer cell killing, both in vitro and in the humanized mouse model. (nature.com)
  • Consistent with this, iNKT cells from different organs show distinct basal activation, proliferation and clonal expansion. (elifesciences.org)
  • We found that Akt inhibition did not compromise CD19CAR T cell proliferation and expansion in vitro, independent of the T cell subsets, as comparable CD19CAR T cell expansion was observed after culturing in the presence or absence of Akt inhibitor. (biomedcentral.com)
  • TIM-4 is thought to enhance the engulfment of apoptotic cells and play a role in regulating T cell proliferation. (bioxcell.com)
  • The progression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is strongly associated with the modification of diverse immune cell populations to create a niche appropriate for the proliferation and survival of leukemic B cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Even though GITR-activation in effector T cells promotes activities including cytokine production and proliferation, the agonistic properties of this antibody alone were not effective in the absence of activating FcgR engagement. (sanguinebio.com)
  • Tissue homeostasis is critically dependent on the function of tissue-resident lymphocytes, including lipid-reactive invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • Characterized by cell-surface molecules including CD103, CD69, and CD49a, T RM -like tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can be found in a wide range of human cancers, where they portend improved prognosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • Currently, the most widely-used TIL production method is to isolate infiltrating lymphocytes from tumor tissues and then culture and expand these cells in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cell-mediated immune responses are initiated by T lymphocytes that are themselves stimulated by cognate peptides bound to MHC molecules on antig en-presenting cells (APC). (thermofisher.com)
  • They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation. (lookformedical.com)
  • A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • A classification of B-lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • Moreover, γδ T cells can directly kill target cells without the involvement of dendritic cells (DCs) and perform dual functional roles in antitumor and anti-infective immunity. (nature.com)
  • T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin (TIM)-4, the only TIM protein not expressed on T cells, is found on macrophages and dendritic cells. (bioxcell.com)
  • Dendritic cells (DCs) are the central architects of the immune response, inducing inflammatory or tolerogenic immunity, dependent on their activation status. (bioxcell.com)
  • Injected lentiviral vector preferentially transduced splenic dendritic cells and resulted in long-term expression. (jci.org)
  • B ) Muzzle skin was digested and analyzed via FACS for Siglec F + eosinophils (left panels), Ly- 6G + neutrophils (middle panels), Ly-6C + MHC-II lo monocytes and Ly-6C + MHC-II hi monocyte-derived dendritic cells (right panels). (elifesciences.org)
  • In addition, H. pylori infection also involves neutrophils and increased antigen presenting activity of dendritic cells (DC) [ 9 ]. (nimml.org)
  • Multimodal immunogenic cell death (ICD) together with autophagy often induced by OVs not only presents potent danger signals to dendritic cells but also efficiently cross-present tumor-associated antigens from cancer cells to dendritic cells to T cells to induce adaptive antitumor immunity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The recent success of T cell immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapies for cancer has revealed CD8 T cells as potent mediators of immunity against advanced cancers ( 4 , 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Beside the focuses on the aspects of treatment, companion diagnostics are increasingly recognized as playing important roles in patient screening, treatment regimen, efficacy evaluation, and real-time monitoring of CAR-T cell therapies. (ijbs.com)
  • Moreover, improved preclinical TCR/CAR screening is likely to enhance the safety of engineered T cell therapies, and additional T cell engineering to further enhance engineered T cells at various levels has generated promising results, including: (1) modulation of affinity, (2) safety control elements, and (3) targeting TME components. (cip.com.cn)
  • WATANABE K, NISHIKAWA H. Engineering strategies for broad application of TCR-T- and CAR-T-cell therapies[J]. International Immunology , 2021 , 33 (11): 551-562. (cip.com.cn)
  • WEBER E W, MAUS M V, MACKALL C L. The emerging landscape of immune cell therapies[J]. Cell , 2020 , 181 (1): 46-62. (cip.com.cn)
  • ANDERSON, A K, STROMNES I M, GREENBERG P D. Obstacles posed by the tumor microenvironment to T cell activity: a case for synergistic therapies[J]. Cancer Cell , 2017 , 31 (3): 311-325. (cip.com.cn)
  • Microbial components, such as LPS, are key mediators of total body irradiation (TBI) enhancement, but our ability to strategically use these toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists to bolster the potency of T cell-based therapies for cancer remains elusive. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Functionally, Akt inhibition did not dampen cell-mediated effector function, while Th1 cytokine production increased. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Upon engagement of cell surface receptors such as the T cell receptor, co-stimulatory molecules, and cytokine receptors, the PI3K-Akt pathway is activated, resulting in downstream responses via phosphorylating a range of intracellular proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The DCs are then pulsed with synthetic peptide or cell lysate and matured with cytokine or TLR agonists. (jci.org)
  • However, CAR-T cells can also produce some adverse events after treatment of hematological malignancies, such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS), neurotoxicity, and on-target/off-tumor toxicity, which may cause systemic immune stress inflammation, destruction of the blood-brain barrier, and even normal tissue damage. (hindawi.com)
  • Anergy, as a mechanism for tolerance, was demonstrated by the ability to reverse the tolerant state after culturing tolerant cells in recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2). (nih.gov)
  • Isolated B cells also imparted T cells with the CpG-associated phenotype and improved tumor immunity without the aid of additional antigen-presenting cells or other immune cells in the culture. (bmj.com)
  • Since iNKT cell activation can prevent or promote immunopathology in diverse disease contexts, the strict control of peripheral iNKT cell homeostasis is vital to regulate local immunity. (elifesciences.org)
  • Beyond the common features shared by all iNKT cells (including their CD1-restriction and innate-like properties), cells found in discrete tissues have distinct phenotypes and functions that critically modulate the outcome of immunity ( Crosby and Kronenberg, 2018 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • The regulatory function of macrophage TIM-4 in the engulfment of apoptotic/necrotic bodies in innate immunity-mediated disease states remains unknown. (bioxcell.com)
  • Resident memory (T RM ) cells are a distinct tissue-localized T cell lineage that is crucial for protective immunity in peripheral tissues. (frontiersin.org)
  • While a great deal of effort has focused on defining their role in immunity to infections, studies now reveal T RM cells as a vital component of the host immune response to cancer. (frontiersin.org)
  • This review will recount the path to discovering the importance of resident memory CD8 T cells as they pertain to cancer immunity. (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition to highlighting key studies that directly implicate T RM cells in anti-tumor immunity, we will highlight earlier work that implicitly suggested their importance. (frontiersin.org)
  • These early classifications of T cell memory were quickly brought to bear on the question of what T cell subset provides the best immunity against cancer. (frontiersin.org)
  • The antitumor immunity helps eliminate the uninfected cancer cells in primary and metastatic nodules, and enforce micrometastases in dormant state. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To determine the mechanisms of how innate immune activation via lymphodepletion potentiated antitumor T cell immunity, we utilized the pmel-1 melanoma mouse model. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. (lookformedical.com)
  • Expanded natural killer cells killed both allogeneic and autologous primary myeloma cells avidly via a perforin-mediated mechanism in which the activating receptor NKG2D, natural cytotoxicity receptors, and DNAX-accessory molecule-1 played a central role. (haematologica.org)
  • Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists can invigorate antitumor T cell responses when administered directly to patients, but these responses often coincide with toxicities. (bmj.com)
  • The RMT4-53 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 4 (TIM-4), a phosphatidylserine-binding receptor and member of the Ig superfamily. (bioxcell.com)
  • The most active T cell endogenous inhibitory pathway is the immunoglobulin superfamily such as CD28/cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4): B7-1/B7-2 receptor/ligand grouping, which plays a central role in coordinating immune responses [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In particular, Treg affect the expression of CD62L and IL-4 receptor in neutrophils, both of which are crucial for the function of these cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CTLA-4 is related to the T cell co-stimulatory receptor CD28, and acts to suppress T cell function by competing with CD28 for binding to CD80 and CD86 on antigen presenting cells and recruiting inhibitory molecules into the TCR signaling synapse. (sanguinebio.com)
  • A second article in the same issue of The Journal of Experimental Medicine by Bulliard et al also explored the role of FcgR engagement on the effects of Ipilimumab as well as an agonistic antibody (DTA-1) targeting the T cell activating receptor GITR (TNFR glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein), which is also expressed on both activated T cells and T REG s. (sanguinebio.com)
  • Local administration or OV mediated-expression of ligands for Toll-like receptors can rescue the function of tumor-infiltrating CD8 + T cells inhibited by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and thus enhances the antitumor effect. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is still unclear which molecular factors and cell types are involved in shaping neutrophil function and phenotype in the CLL microenvironment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Even though clinical results are encouraging for both approaches, several major challenges have been identified, including: target antigen selection such as less tumor toxicity and antigen escape, T cell homing to the tumor, T cell infiltration into the tumor, T cell persistence, and local immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. (cip.com.cn)
  • Ipilimumab functions to increase the ratio of effector T cells to T REGS in the tumor microenvironment and has been shown to require binding to both types of T cells for maximal anti-tumor effectiveness. (sanguinebio.com)
  • Among these 132 patients, 8 liver cancer patients and 10 lung cancer patients who received ≥5 cell infusions showed greatly prolonged survival, which preliminarily verified the efficacy of allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell therapy. (nature.com)
  • Efficacy was dependent on the number of CD8+ T cells able to recognize tumor antigens that infiltrated the malignant tissue. (unav.edu)
  • Combining tumor-specific adoptive T cell therapy to the aCTLA-4/aPD1/rIL2 or aCTLA-4/aPD1/aCD137 reg-imens enhances efficacy in a synergistic manner. (unav.edu)
  • Insights into future directions and challenges for the appropriate development of biomarkers to evaluate both product bioactivity and treatment efficacy of T cell therapy trials. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This suggests that unique tissue-specific factors (including local lipid antigens, cytokines and/or hormones) may shape the population of iNKT cells resident in those tissues, ultimately regulating local immune responses. (elifesciences.org)
  • B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. (lookformedical.com)
  • Applications Tested: The J43 antibody has been tested by flow cytometric analysis of Con A-simulated mouse splenocytes and mouse PD-1 transfected cells. (thermofisher.com)
  • A test is defined as the amount (µg) of antibody that will stain a cell sample in a final volume of 100 µL. (thermofisher.com)
  • Activating receptors contain cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAM) and activate the FcgR-expressing cell to mediate functions including antibody-dependant cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis of the antibody-labeled target cell. (sanguinebio.com)
  • Mechanisms of peripheral tolerance include inactivation of autoantigen-recognizing T and B cells by the induction of apoptosis, anergy or conversion into immunosuppressive regulatory cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • As shown in figure 1, the inflammatory response towards H. pylori is initiated through the interaction between the pathogen lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and the Toll-like receptors (TLR) expressed on gastric epithelial cells [ 6 ]. (nimml.org)
  • T-cell activation is generally self-limited as activated T cells express receptors such as PD-1 (also known as PDCD-1) that mediate inhibitory signals from the APC. (thermofisher.com)
  • CagA is an effector protein injected into the gastric epithelial cells by a type IV secretion system encoded by the cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI). (nimml.org)
  • Some features typical of CLL neutrophils, e.g., the B-cell-supportive secretion profile, have already been described. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Many strategies and approaches have been tried to overcome these obstacles, including arming CAR-T cells with knock-out of PD-1 expression or secretion of cytokines/chemokines and using CAR-T cells in combination with other treatments [ 3 - 5 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • 1 Significant advances have been made by combining novel agents with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation which allows for long-term disease-free survival in the majority of transplant-eligible patients. (haematologica.org)
  • Therefore, we developed a novel formula to improve the expansion of peripheral γδ T cells from healthy donors. (nature.com)
  • γδ T cells, specifically the Vγ9Vδ2 subset, which is the dominate subset among γδ T cells in human peripheral blood, recognize target cells in a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-independent manner. (nature.com)
  • Within peripheral tissues iNKT cell recent thymic emigrants exhibit a different TCR repertoire than mature cells, suggesting that the iNKT population is shaped after arrival to the periphery. (elifesciences.org)
  • Recent studies in mouse tumor models have shown that T RM cells are induced by cancer vaccines delivered in peripheral tissue sites, or by the depletion of regulatory T cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • whereas T EM cells were shown to recirculate predominantly through blood, and peripheral tissues ( 10 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In the early 2000's, large and persistent populations of antigen (Ag)-specific CD8 T cells in peripheral tissues were initially classified as T EM cells in recirculation from the blood ( 8 , 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Peripheral tolerance evolved to counteract autoantigen-recognizing T or B cells that escape central tolerance. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, most of these studies were performed on cells isolated from peripheral blood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since regulatory T cells (Treg) play an important role in CLL progression and influence the activity of neutrophils, we investigated the crosstalk between Treg and neutrophils in the spleen using a murine model of CLL. (biomedcentral.com)
  • sought to clarify the mechanism by which Ipilimumab functions to alter the ratio of effector T cells/ T REG s in a murine tumor model. (sanguinebio.com)
  • Traditionally, the treatment of hematological malignancies is administrated by chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and stem cell transplantation. (hindawi.com)
  • Studies have demonstrated the importance of the Akt pathway in the regulation of T cell differentiation and memory formation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, studies have shown that the sustained activity of Akt progressively drives T cells toward terminal differentiation and diminished anti-tumor activity [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We therefore hypothesized that manipulation of the magnitude of Akt activation may prevent terminal differentiation of CAR T cells as they are expanded to a therapeutic dose. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Due to their HLA-independent mode of action, allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can be considered for clinical application. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, a phase I clinical trial in 132 late-stage cancer patients with a total of 414 cell infusions unequivocally validated the clinical safety of allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. (nature.com)
  • Allogeneic-donor-derived cells can be genetically modified to eliminate expression of HLA-A. (ashpublications.org)
  • HLA-A disruption from donor cells is a step toward generating allogeneic cells as an off-the-shelf therapeutic. (ashpublications.org)
  • Long-term engraftment of allogeneic cells necessitates eluding immune-mediated rejection, which is currently achieved by matching for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) expression, immunosuppression, and/or delivery of donor-derived cells to sanctuary sites. (ashpublications.org)
  • Macrophages interact with T helper (Th) cells during infection and release cell-polarizing cytokines such as IL-17 [ 8 ]. (nimml.org)
  • Besides, the effects of different T cell functional modulators and cytokines on TIL manufacture have also been examined. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The mechanisms responsible for the tolerant state following feeding with antigen have been shown to involve both anergy and suppression. (nih.gov)
  • Lentiviral vector-based dendritic cell vaccines induce protective T cell responses against viral infection and cancer in animal models. (jci.org)
  • Informed by studies in infectious disease models, and instructed by a clear role for T RM cells in autoimmunity, we will discuss strategies for therapeutically promoting T RM responses in settings where they don't naturally occur. (frontiersin.org)
  • The persistence of such responses is fundamentally thought to be based on the ability of T cells to act as potent effectors and, subsequently, generate long-lived memory ( 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Various biological processes including immunoreaction of infection, tumor prevention, and human aging could cause telomere damage, tumor-related stress responses, and T regulatory (Treg) cells activation, which even trigger T cell senescence showing the distinctive phenotypic and functional alternation [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Reprogramming is a promising treatment, which redifferentiates T-induced pluripotent stem cells (T-IPSCs) into naïve and cytotoxic T cells or dedifferentiates within their own lineage [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In the present study, cell lineage tracing studies by adoptive transfer of GFP+ or dye-labelled macrophages identified that monocyte/macrophages from bone marrow can give rise to myofibroblasts via the process of macrophage-myofibroblast transition (MMT) in a mouse model of unilateral ureteric obstruction. (oncotarget.com)
  • Thus, even for functionally different (antagonistic versus agonistic) immunotherapeutic antibodies targeting these same T cell populations, FcgR-mediated ADCC of T REG s appears to be a critical mechanism for anti-tumor effects. (sanguinebio.com)
  • The commonly used division into N1 and N2 neutrophils does not fully define the changes that occur in these cells during the neoplastic process. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. (lookformedical.com)
  • Nonetheless, how signals from the tissue environment shape the iNKT cell population to best fit their function in their tissues of residency remains unclear. (elifesciences.org)
  • The effect of TIM-4 costimulation on T cell activation remains unclear. (bioxcell.com)
  • The role of circulating bone marrow derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) for vascular repair in scleroderma (SSc) remains unclear. (hku.hk)
  • In vitro studies in Smad3 null bone marrow macrophages also showed that Smad3 was required for TGF-β1-induced MMT and collagen production. (oncotarget.com)
  • In lymph nodes lacking significant levels of these macrophages, frequencies of both effector T cells and T REGS were increased. (sanguinebio.com)
  • Tumor-associated T REGS expressedhigher levels of CTLA-4 than their effector T cell counterparts, or than T REGS present in the lymph node, indicating that higher CTLA-4 expression levels mediate ADCC via macrophages in the tumor. (sanguinebio.com)
  • Lymphodepletion enhances adoptive T cell transfer (ACT) therapy by activating the innate immune system via microbes released from the radiation-injured gut. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, we propose that damage to and subsequent release of mtDNA elicits a protective signalling response that enhances nDNA repair in cells and tissues, suggesting that mtDNA is a genotoxic stress sentinel. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant plasma cell disorder with debilitating symptoms related to anemia, immunosuppression, bone destruction, and renal failure. (haematologica.org)
  • Vγ9Vδ2 T cells recognize pyrophosphates secreted by many microbes or overproduced by malignant cells in the context of butyrophilin 3A1 molecules. (nature.com)
  • 18 Such advantages enable γδ T cells to rapidly respond against malignant transformation and pathogenic stress. (nature.com)
  • Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. (lookformedical.com)
  • Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. (lookformedical.com)
  • Immune tolerance co-evolved as a safety system that maintains a state of immune unresponsiveness to autoantigens and self-tissues ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Loss of immune tolerance to autoantigens associated with a specific organ results in the activation of organ-specific T and B cells that in turn cause organ-specific inflammation and the development of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) ( 5 ), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) ( 6 ), psoriasis ( 7 ), and type 1 diabetes (T1D) ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Evidence reported to date suggests overlapping functions for these ligands and their constitutive expression on some normal tissues and upregulation on activated antigen-presenting cells. (thermofisher.com)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. (lookformedical.com)
  • One method is to target senescent T cells which have selective apoptosis function. (hindawi.com)
  • The first is the direct oncolysis of cancer cells by the virus, which is, in most cases a mixture of apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis and autophagic cell death, often with one as predominant for a particular OV. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. (lookformedical.com)
  • Central tolerance occurs during lymphocyte development in the primary lymphoid organs (i.e. thymus and bone marrow), where T or B cell clones that recognize autoantigens with high-affinity are deleted. (frontiersin.org)
  • While bone marrow-derived myofibroblasts in renal fibrosis has been reported, the cell origin and mechanisms regulating their transition into myofibroblasts remain undefined. (oncotarget.com)
  • In conclusion, we have demonstrated that bone marrow-derived fibroblasts originate from the monocyte/macrophage population via a process of MMT. (oncotarget.com)
  • Classical definitions of memory T cells derive from the belief that T cells localize and recirculate predominantly throughout the blood and secondary lymphoid organs ( 7 , 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • We tested whether natural killer cells expanded by co-culture with K562 cells transfected with 41BBL and membrane-bound interleukin-15 could kill myeloma cells with a high-risk gene expression profile in vitro and in a unique model which recapitulates human myeloma. (haematologica.org)
  • Despite this prototypical TCR repertoire gene usage, in recent years it has become apparent that there are variations within the iNKT cell repertoire that ultimately impact the antigen recognition capacity and consequently the functional outcomes during an immune response. (elifesciences.org)
  • We develop a multifocal HCC model to test immunotherapies by introducing c-myc using hydrodynamic gene transfer along with CRISPR-Cas9-mediated disruption of p53 in mouse hepatocytes. (unav.edu)
  • The hepatocyte has been suggested as a suita- characterised with respect to insulin mRNA transcription, ble target cell for such gene therapy [1-9]. (deepdyve.com)
  • The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1). (lookformedical.com)
  • CpG fostered the expansion of potent CD8 + T cells with the signature phenotype and antitumor ability via empowering a direct B-T cell interaction. (bmj.com)
  • Generating potent CAR T cells is of increasing importance in the field. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Indeed a wealth of studies from humans and mouse models establishes a particularly potent role for CD8 T cells in controlling the outgrowth of malignancies ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • CD137 (4-1BB) is a member of the TNFR family that mediates potent T cell costimulatory signals upon ligation by CD137L or agonist monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). (unav.edu)
  • Background Adoptive T cell transfer (ACT) therapy improves outcomes in patients with advanced malignancies, yet many individuals relapse due to the infusion of T cells with poor function or persistence. (bmj.com)
  • Cell surface engineering to provide new characteristics and functions to cells has drawn continuous interest from researchers in biomedical science as cell therapy has emerged as a prominent therapeutic strategy equivalent and complementary to the conventional therapeutic approaches. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Of note, CD19, CD20, CD30, CD33, CD123, and CD269 as ideal targets have shown extraordinary potential for CAR-T cell therapy and other targets such as CD23 and SLAMF7 have brought promising future for clinical trials. (hindawi.com)
  • Moreover, we will review the disadvantages of CAR-T cell therapy and propose several comprehensive recommendations which might guide its development. (hindawi.com)
  • T cell therapy represents an emerging and promising modality for the treatment of both infectious disease and cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the context of cell therapy trials, the definition of biomarkers can be extended to include a description of parameters of the cell product that are important for product bioactivity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This review will focus on biomarker studies as they relate to T cell therapy trials, and more specifically: i. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An overview and description of categories and classes of biomarkers that are specifically relevant to T cell therapy trials, and ii. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These results support the use of liver cells as a potential therapy for type 1 diabetes. (deepdyve.com)
  • Synthetic biology and engineered T cell therapy[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2023, 4(2): 373-393. (cip.com.cn)
  • KERSTEN M J, SPANJAART A M, THIEBLEMONT C. CD19-directed CAR T-cell therapy in B-cell NHL[J]. Current Opinion in Oncology , 2020 , 32 (5): 408-417. (cip.com.cn)
  • MULLARD A. FDA approves fourth CAR-T cell therapy[J]. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery , 2021 , 20 (3): 166. (cip.com.cn)
  • The cofactor is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent - it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. (bontac.com)
  • Removing senescent T cells from the physiological cycle to maintain the homeostasis of memory and effector T cells is the way of replacement. (hindawi.com)
  • Thus, the mechanism of action of Ipilimumab has been presumed to involve releasing anti-tumor effector T cells from CTLA-4-inhibition and/or limiting T REG activity in the tumor and therefore resulting in an increase in the ratio of effector T cells/ T REG s within the tumor. (sanguinebio.com)
  • In addition, the isolation and storage of umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem cells have been used to rebuild the immune system for the treatment of hematological malignancies and might be promising for the dynamic equilibrium expansion of functional T cells [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • CpG-conditioned CD8 + T cells acquired a unique proteomic signature hallmarked by an IL-2Rα high ICOS high CD39 low phenotype and an altered metabolic profile, all reliant on B cells transiently present in the culture. (bmj.com)
  • With respect to phenotype, Akti-treated CD19CAR T cells expressed higher levels of CD62L and CD28 as compared to untreated CD19CAR T cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The obtained results underline the plasticity of the neutrophil phenotype, observed under the influence of leukemic cells alone and depending on the presence of Treg. (biomedcentral.com)
  • furthermore, the expanded γδ T cells were adoptively transferred into late-stage liver and lung cancer patients. (nature.com)
  • 2014). "T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 4 (TIM-4) signaling in innate immune-mediated liver ischemia-reperfusion injury" Hepatology 60(6): 2052-2064. (bioxcell.com)
  • Finally, in a newly established model of liver IRI, adoptive transfer of WT but not TIM-4-deficient BMM readily recreated local inflammation response/hepatocellular damage in the CD11b-DTR mouse system. (bioxcell.com)
  • Together with previous reports that proinsulin is a possible autoantigen in the development of Type 1 diabetes, the autoimmune destruction of insulin producing liver cells is a distinct possibility. (deepdyve.com)
  • DNA modifying enzymes and competent this population of trans-differentiated liver cells was bacteria for transformation were purchased from Promega induced to produce the prohormone convertases PC1/3 (Madison, Wisconsin, USA). (deepdyve.com)
  • Human insulin and rat insulin standards for producing liver cells must not be destroyed by the the in-house radioimmunoassay (RIA) were obtained immune system or else this could lead to liver damage. (deepdyve.com)
  • In this review, we aim to summarize the composition of CAR-T cell and its application in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), multiple myeloma (MM), and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). (hindawi.com)
  • Recently two CAR-T cell based therapeutics, Kymriah (Tisagenlecleucel) and Yescarta (Axicabtagene ciloleucel) approved by US FDA (US Food and Drug Administration) are now used for treatment of B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) respectively in the US. (ijbs.com)
  • Two CD19-targeting CAR-T cell products, Kymriah from the Novartis (East Hanover, NJ USA) and Yescarta from the Kite Pharma (Santa Monica, CA USA), have been approved by the US FDA for treating B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), respectively [ 1 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • T cell immune protection plays a pivotal role in the treatment of patients with hematological malignancies. (hindawi.com)
  • 2013). "Interruption of dendritic cell-mediated TIM-4 signaling induces regulatory T cells and promotes skin allograft survival" J Immunol 191(8): 4447-4455. (bioxcell.com)
  • In addition, suppressor immune cells such as FOXP3 + regulatory T cells (Tregs) exert dominant immune suppression to control autoreactive T and B cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Indeed, neutrophils are able to support leukemia progression through mechanisms that mimic the cooperation of neutrophils with healthy regulatory B cells [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CTLA-4 is a negative regulatory molecule expressed by activated T cells as well as by negative regulatory T cells (T REG s). (sanguinebio.com)
  • We repurposed the TLR9 agonist, CpG, commonly used in the clinic, to bolster T cell-B cell interactions during expansion for ACT. (bmj.com)
  • While innate immune cells are important for early tumor immune surveillance, T cells are fundamentally recognized for their crucial role in the antigen-specific recognition and elimination of malignantly transformed cells ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • However, it is plausible that chronic infection by microorganisms or self-DNA released from necrotic or incompletely apoptosed cells, or possibly even cellular retrotransposons, may activate innate immune pathways that cause inflammation-aggravated autoimmunity ( 1 - 3 ). (aai.org)
  • However, T cell exhaustion might lead to the possibility of immune escape of hematological malignancies. (hindawi.com)
  • Various T cell subsets including CD8+ T cells, bulk T cells, central memory T cells and naïve/memory T cells were isolated from PBMC of healthy donors, activated with CD3/CD28 beads, and transduced with a lentiviral vector encoding a second-generation CD19CAR containing a CD28 co-stimulatory domain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Such memory T cells were traditionally defined as being comprised of both central memory (T CM ) and effector memory (T EM ) subsets ( 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. (bontac.com)