• The encoded protein may be involved in replication-dependent histone mRNA degradation, and interacts directly with the enhancer of mRNA-decapping protein 4. (nih.gov)
  • The human papillomavirus (HPV) E2 protein is a multifunctional protein essential for the control of virus gene expression, genome replication and persistence. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Upon co-expression in keratinocytes, L1 reduces nucleolar association of E2 protein, and when co-expressed with E1 and E2, L1 is partially recruited to viral replication factories. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The basal transcriptional apparatus (RNA Polymerase II, TATA-box binding protein and other components) in Pf is similar to that in free-living eukaryotes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In response to immune induction, uORF-inhibition is alleviated by three Ded1p/DDX3X-homologous RNA helicases which unwind the RNA structures, allowing ribosomes to bypass the inhibitory uORFs and upregulate defence protein production. (biorxiv.org)
  • During ER stress-a state of functional imbalance-adaptive and restorative programs such as the unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD), or autophagy, come into play [ 12 ] [ 13 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Three arms exist in the ER stress response: the protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) pathways, where each of the sensor proteins is a membrane protein ( Figure 1 ). (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The mammalian ER stress response consists of three arms: the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), protein kinase R (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) pathways. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • They have linear, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genomes that typically contain two genes encoding for a replication initiator protein, called NS1, and the protein the viral capsid is made of. (mdwiki.org)
  • Parvoviruses are believed to be descended from ssDNA viruses that have circular genomes that form a loop because these viruses encode a replication initiator protein that is related to NS1 and have a similar replication mechanism. (mdwiki.org)
  • [1] The NS gene encodes the non-structural (NS) protein NS1, which is the replication initiator protein, and the VP gene encodes the viral protein (VP) that the viral capsid is made of. (mdwiki.org)
  • The encoded protein can activate transcription through pyrimidine-rich initiator (Inr) elements and E-box motifs. (cancerindex.org)
  • Using cell-based assays, we show that co-expression of L1 and E2 results in enhanced transcription and virus origin-dependent DNA replication. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • While over half the genes are estimated to be regulated at the transcriptional level, few regulatory motifs and transcription regulators have been found. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The number of transcription associated proteins (TAPs) encoded by the Pf genome is about one third the number of TAPs associated with the transcriptional process in free-living eukaryotes [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In higher eukaryotes, the nuclear genome is compartmentalized into distinct chromatin territories to facilitate the regulation of complex processes such as DNA repair, transcription and replication. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recent breakthroughs have uncovered more and more DNA replication licensing machinery proteins (ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, geminin, etc.) functioning in other cell cycle events, including centrosome replication, mitotic events, transcription and so on. (intechopen.com)
  • Most parvoviruses contain a transcriptional activation domain near the C-terminus that upregulates transcription from viral promoters as well as alternate or overlapping open reading frames that encode a small number of supporting proteins involved in different aspects of the viral life cycle. (mdwiki.org)
  • Functional and pathway enrichment analysis showed that up-regulated genes were significantly involved in cell cycle, oocyte meiosis, DNA replication and p53 signaling pathway, while down-regulated genes were enriched in Huntington's disease,metabolic pathways. (oncotarget.com)
  • However, this integrated stress response pathway has been shown to be dispensable in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses studied so far 11 , 16 - 18 . (biorxiv.org)
  • The escalation in activity of the initiator Cholangiocarcinoma caspase 9 classes with the executioner caspase 3 pointing to the effort of the mitochondrial pathway. (pimpathway.com)
  • Proteolytic activity of caspase 8 had the same report as caspase 9 indicating the pres-ence of the death receptor dependent signalling pathway, as caspase 8 is the initiator caspase associated with the Fas mediated cell death on the other hand. (pimpathway.com)
  • We have identified a Golgi stress response pathway which is dysregulated in HD. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Chromosome replication is triggered when a nucleoprotein complex, termed the orisome, assembles, unwinds the duplex DNA, and recruits the proteins required to establish new replication forks. (mdpi.com)
  • The Golgi apparatus not only plays key roles in the transport, processing, and targeting of proteins, but also functions as a sensor of stress, signaling through the Golgi stress response. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • One stimulus that triggers the ER stress response is the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The transcriptome of the Pf asexual intraerythrocytic developmental cycle (IDC) has been analysed and transcriptional regulation has been shown to orchestrate a continuous cascade of gene expression, with genes being induced once per cycle, in a "just-in-time" manner, only when the gene product is required by the cell [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We describe aspects of phero-perception, stress responses, immune function and regulation of gene expression that support the persistence of B. glabrata in the field and may define this species as a suitable snail host for S. mansoni. (westminster.ac.uk)
  • Consequently, motifs are indispensable for temporal, spatial, conditional and basal regulation at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational level. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The regulation of metabolic genes and major virulence genes indicate that the dominant antigens might differ during the infection process and that vaccines based on these antigens might allow establishment of a precise and targeted immune response during the early phase of infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During latent infection, EBV genome exists as a circular episome and replicates by recruiting the cellular replication machinery [ 5 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • Euchromatin is replicated in early S-phase, when the replication machinery is present as a multitude of small replication foci that are well distributed throughout the nuclear interior. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A few of these genes associated with modification of nociceptive hypersensitivity could be sub deletion on the more bonuses HDAC5 gene, but not the HDAC9 gene, success inside a hypersensitive response to continual cocaine reward or pressure in mice. (mirnaarray.com)
  • We observed a downregulation in the expression of genes involved in host response, such as TNF signaling, IL-1β production, and phagosome formation in Mφ, and phosphatidylinositol signaling and TNF signaling in PMNs, being in line with the ability of the pathogen to survive within phagocytes. (frontiersin.org)
  • To test whether histone acetylation level regulates its replication dynamics, we induced either global hyperacetylation by pharmacological inhibition or by targeting a histone acetyltransferase to the heterochromatic region of the X chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our data reveal that histone acetylation level affects DNA replication dynamics of the sex chromosomes' heterochromatin and leads to a global reduction in replication fork rate genome wide. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, we highlighted a conserved role of histone acetylation level on replication dynamics across mammalian species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Euchromatin includes less-condensed transcriptional active regions, determined by a depletion of methylated DNA, an enrichment in specifically methylated histones such as H3K4, H3K36, H3K79 and a high level of histone acetylation [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Wang M, Yu F, Wu W, Wang Y, Ding H, Qian L. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded microRNAs as regulators in host immune responses. (ijbs.com)
  • Cellular 5'-3' mRNA exonuclease Xrn1 controls double-stranded RNA accumulation and anti-viral responses. (nih.gov)
  • During what phase of the cell cycle does cellular replication of DNA occur? (studymoose.com)
  • The polyglutamine repeats in mutant huntingtin cause its aggregation and elicit toxicity by affecting several cellular processes, which include dysregulated organellar stress responses. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The coding portion of the genome is flanked by telomeres at each end that form into hairpin loops that are important during replication. (mdwiki.org)
  • During replication, the hairpins repeatedly unfold, are replicated, and refold to change the direction of replication to progress back and forth along the genome in a process called rolling hairpin replication that produces a molecule containing numerous copies of the genome. (mdwiki.org)
  • Gene-environment interactions, sunlight and vitamin D, and T lymphocytes as autoimmune disease initiators and vitamin D targets are discussed to explain the rationale for reviewing vitamin D mechanisms in T cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Amongst the angiogenic aspects, VEGF and HIF1 stand out as prominent transcriptional targets for Stat3, and a necessity for Stat3 is proposed for func tionality of HIF1. (mirnaarray.com)
  • Viral messenger RNA (mRNA) is then transcribed and translated , resulting in NS1 initiating replication. (mdwiki.org)
  • Weinberg characterized "aberrant metabolic phenotype" with "autologous proliferation signaling, apoptosis resistance, evasion of proliferation inhibition, continuous angiogenesis, infiltration and migration, unlimited replication capacity, immune escape" in tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ATF4 regulates amino acid homeostasis, purine metabolism, response to oxidative stress, autophagy and apoptosis. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • PERK, (a component of the integrated stress response) then phosphorylates the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit −α (eIF2α), which results in global translational arrest. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • In conclusion, we mapped major epigenetic modifications controlling the structure of the sex chromosome-associated heterochromatin and demonstrated the occurrence of differences in the molecular mechanisms controlling the replication timing of the heterochromatic blocks at the sex chromosomes in female Microtus cabrerae cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The complexity of the pathogenic mechanism underlying the host immune response to Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia ( App ) makes the use of preventive measures difficult, and a more global view of the host-pathogen interactions and new insights into this process are urgently needed to reveal the pathogenic and immune mechanisms underlying App infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This review will update the current knowledge about EBV miRNAs implicated in host immune responses. (ijbs.com)
  • Obviously, the initiation of chromosome replication is essential to bacterial reproduction, but this process is not inhibited by any of the currently-used antimicrobial agents. (mdpi.com)
  • The DNA replication process is highly regulated both spatially and temporally, resulting in the changing pattern of replication structures throughout S-phase. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We found significantly increased severity of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) in fetuses of DENV-immune cynomolgus macaques infected with ZIKV in early pregnancy compared with naïve controls, which occurred despite no effect on maternal ZIKV infection or antibody responses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Further transcriptomic analysis of isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and PMNs from patients with acute brucellosis before treatment initiation and after successful treatment revealed a positive correlation of the molecular signature of active disease with pathways associated with response to interferons (IFN). (frontiersin.org)
  • What enzyme catalyzes the reaction whereby nucleotides are added to the polynucleotide chain during replication? (studymoose.com)
  • Multiple sclerosis and T1D have distinct target organs, genetic risk factors, onset ages, and female to male ratios, but target organ-specific T cells as initiators unite these diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition, the authors also review future strategies in DN treatment such as transcriptional reprogramming of mature adult kidney cells into uncommitted induced pluripotent stem cells for renal repair and therapeutics. (emjreviews.com)
  • Senescent cells accumulate with age as a result of the normal operation of living tissues: cells become senescent when damaged or when they reach the Hayflick limit on replication. (fightaging.org)
  • The DNA composition and transcriptional activity of these heterochromatin blocks have been studied, but little is known about their DNA replication dynamics and epigenetic composition. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Animal parvoviruses were first discovered in the 1960s, including minute virus of mice , which is frequently used to study parvovirus replication. (mdwiki.org)
  • Through an analysis of transcriptional data by dual RNA-seq, our study presents a novel global view of the interactions of App with its host and provides a basis for further study. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Unlike the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, the Golgi stress response is relatively unexplored. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • HD has also been linked to impaired stress responses involving redox homeostasis and endoplasmic stress response [ 5 ] [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a potent initiator of gene silencing in a diverse group of organisms that includes plants, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila and mammals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using pulse-chase replication labeling and time-lapse microscopy, we found that the heterochromatic block enriched for macroH2A/H3K27me3 of the X chromosome is replicated during mid-S-phase, prior to the heterochromatic block enriched for H3K9me3/HP1 beta, which is replicated during late S-phase. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This type of heterochromatin is replicated during the mid-S-phase, when the replication foci become larger and are located around the nucle(ol)ar periphery. (biomedcentral.com)