Transcription lysine residues. Medical search. Frequent questions

Bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins are key epigenetic regulators that interact with acetylated lysine (AcLys) residues of histones or transcription factors. (bvsalud.org)
Because of their tight association with DNA, it has long been postulated that the histones directly participate in many different DNA-templated programs including transcription, replication, recombination and DNA repair. (histonecode.com)
Since these modifications occur only on specific amino acid residues on specific histones in various eukaryotic organisms, these observations strongly linked the modifications involvement in nuclear processes. (histonecode.com)
The bromodomain of TAFII250, a component of the transcription initiation machinery of the cell, which specifically binds certain acetylated residues on histones. (histonecode.com)
The methylation/demethylation of histones, via the amino acid residues lysine and arginine, is an important epigenetic tool to regulate DNA packaging and, therefore, DNA transcription. (chemistryviews.org)
Post-translational modification of histones, in particular the removal or addition of acetyl groups on ϵ-N-acetyl lysine residues, play an important role in epigenetic regulation of transcription. (biomedcentral.com)
Biotin also regulates gene expression, mediated by biotinylation of lysine residues in histones H2A, H3, and H4, and by various transcription factors. (nebraska.edu)
Histones are proteins that help package DNA in the nucleus of cells, and their modification plays a crucial role in regulating gene transcription. (agefluidman.com)
Methylation of lysine residues on histones can lead to gene activation or repression, depending on which lysine residue is modified. (agefluidman.com)
Phosphorylation of specific serine or threonine residues on histones can lead to changes in chromatin structure, allowing or preventing the binding of transcription factors and other regulatory proteins. (agefluidman.com)
Histone modifications associated with gene activation, such as acetylation of histones, can create a more relaxed chromatin structure, allowing transcription factors and RNA polymerase to access the DNA and initiate gene transcription. (agefluidman.com)
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histones include the acetylation of specific lysine residues by histone acetyltransferases (HATs), deacetylation by histone deacetylase (HDACs), the methylation of lysine and arginine residues by histone methytransferases (HMTs), the demethylation of lysine residues by histone demethylases (HDMTs), and the phosphorylation of specific serine groups by histone kinases (HKs). (gentaur.be)
Where and how many methyl groups are added to the histones largely determines whether the chromatin is available for transcription or not. (epigentek.com)
The AAC03, anti-acetyl lysine antibody recognizes proteins post-translationally modified by acetylation on the epsilon amine groups of lysine residues that occur on 30-50% of all proteins and in particular histones, p53, tubulin and myosin. (cytoskeleton.com)
Bromodomains are proteins that contain modules of ~110 amino acids that recognize and bind acetylated lysine residues in histones and other proteins. (frontiersin.org)
It helps in deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) and gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. (novusbio.com)
HDACs catalyze the removal of acetyl groups from acetylated lysine residues in histones, resulting in the modulation of gene expression. (bms.com)
Bromodomains are essential in regulating gene expression and chromatin structure, as acetylation of histones is associated with open chromatin and active gene transcription. (enamine.net)
includes BRD2, BRD3, BRD4, and BRDT bromodomains, which are characterized by an extended ZA loop that interacts with acetylated lysine residues on histones. (enamine.net)
These small proteins (~110 amino acids) are able to recognize and read the acetylated lysine (KAc) modifications on histones and are subsequently responsible for transducing and translating signals into various normal or abnormal phenotypes. (sygnaturediscovery.com)

BACKGROUND The histone methyltransferase (HMT) family includes histone lysine methyltransferases (HKMTs) and histone/protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). (cancerindex.org)
EPZ-6438 is an inhibitor of EZH2, a histone methyltransferase (HMT) responsible for methylation of lysine and arginine residues and controls gene transcription fidelity in cells. (tomonjon.com)
Tail residues - lysine (K) and arginine (R) - may be methylated at varying degrees with differing outcomes. (epigentek.com)
Thus, studying the effects of these modifications will allow researchers to better understand how the transfer or removal of different amounts of methyl groups to or from various lysine or arginine residues will impact gene expression. (epigentek.com)
Mutation of just 3 methylation sites (K505, K506, and K507) to arginine residues (3xR mutation) was sufficient to maximally reduce JMJD2A transcriptional activity and also decreased its binding to ETV1. (jci.org)
With HypoPP hyperpolarization-activated cation leak counteracting K + -rectifying current, mutations cause outermost arginine or lysine substitution. (medscape.com)

The acetylation of lysine residues promotes the binding of transcription factors to histone H4. (bestbiochem.com)
Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors increases the acetylation of lysine residues on histone proteins by inhibiting the activity of HDAC enzymes. (pharmiweb.com)

Furthermore, acetylation of a specific lysine residue binds to bromine-containing domains of certain transcription and chromatin regulatory proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Acetylation is a common histone modification that involves the addition of an acetyl group to the amino acid residues of histone proteins. (agefluidman.com)
By altering the structure of chromatin, histone modifications can either promote or hinder the binding of transcription factors and other regulatory proteins to specific gene loci. (agefluidman.com)
Methylation of specific lysine residues, such as H3K4, can also promote gene activation by recruiting proteins that facilitate transcription. (agefluidman.com)
Methylation of lysine residues on the tails of histone proteins is a major determinant of the transcription state of associated DNA coding regions. (ox.ac.uk)
In addition to histone methyltransferases and demethylases which function to modify the methylation state of lysine sidechains, other proteins recognize specific histone methylation marks essentially serving as code readers. (ox.ac.uk)
Although these proteins have been shown to be crucial for proper development, little is known about their function in regulating transcription in early animal development. (luc.edu)
Sequential acetylation and deacetylation of specific lysine residues on TF - such as signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT), NFκB p65 and forkhead box class O proteins - in the nucleus or cytoplasm, influence TF protein stability, nuclear localization, DNA binding capacity, activation and gene target specificity. (biomedcentral.com)
HDACs also deacetylate non-histone proteins, such as transcription factors. (bms.com)
Bromodomains recognize acetylated histone lysine residues and function as 'readers' of these epigenetic histone marks to regulate chromatin structure and gene expression by linking associated proteins to the acetylated nucleosomal targets. (activemotif.com)
It helps to open up the chromatin by neutralizing the positive charge of histone lysine residues and providing binding platforms for "reader" proteins. (omicsdi.org)
Bromodomains are protein domains found in various proteins and are involved in the recognition of acetylated lysine residues on histone proteins. (enamine.net)
Non-histone chromosomal proteins that regulate GENE EXPRESSION through a variety of mechanisms including recognizing acetylated HISTONE LYSINE residues and through transcriptional machinery regulation. (bvsalud.org)
Programmable DNA binding proteins have emerged as an exciting platform for engineering synthetic transcription factors for modulating endogenous gene expression 5 - 11 . (cdc.gov)
Among the established custom DNA binding domains, Cas9 is most easily scaled to facilitate genome-scale perturbations 3 , 4 due to its simplicity of programming relative to zinc finger proteins and transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs). (cdc.gov)

For instance, acetylation of H3K9 combined with methylation of H3K4 is associated with active gene transcription, while methylation of H3K9 combined with deacetylation of H3K27 is associated with gene repression. (agefluidman.com)

The morphological and functional maturation of Paneth cells occurred in the first 2 weeks and was accompanied by histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) trimethylation. (researchsquare.com)

Wild-type lysine demethylases (KDMs) catalyze the removal of N-methyl groups by coupling methyl group hydroxylation with oxygen-dependent 2-oxoglutarate decarboxylation. (chemistryviews.org)
Instead, CGI methylation timing negatively correlates with enrichment for histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation and dependence on the H3K4 demethylases KDM1A and KDM1B, implicating chromatin remodelling as a major determinant of methylation timing. (biomedcentral.com)
Inhibitor scaffolds for 2-oxoglutarate-dependent histone lysine demethylases. (ox.ac.uk)

Specifically, in some lower eukaryotes, a histone H2B variant binds to a histone H2A variant called H2AZ, localizes to active genes, and supports transcription in those regions. (wikipedia.org)
For example, the bromodomain, a conserved motif found within certain transcription factors, binds to acetylated lysine residues on histone H3 and/or H4 (Figure 3). (histonecode.com)
Furthermore, these genes are regulated by the acetylated histone reader bromodomain-containing protein four (BRD4) [31], which strongly binds to di-acetylated histone H3 at lysine 9 and 14 and tetra-acetylated histone H4 at lysine five, 8, 12, 16, rather than individual acetylated lysine [36]. (trpv1inhibitor.com)
For example, the TATA-binding protein (TBP) is a general transcription factor that binds specifically to a DNA sequence called the TATA box, which has repeated sections of A-T base pairs. (biotopics.co.uk)
The two lobes of CaM both compete for binding at the same site on ER-α (residues 292, 296, 299, 302, and 303), which explains why full-length CaM binds two molecules of ER-α in a 1:2 complex and stabilizes ER-α dimerization. (rcsb.org)

For example, methylation of lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3K4) is associated with gene activation, while methylation of lysine 9 (H3K9) or lysine 27 (H3K27) is associated with gene repression. (agefluidman.com)
Lysine methylation is involved in both transcriptional activation (H3K4, K36, K79) as well as silencing (H3K9, K27, H4K20). (epigentek.com)
Acetylation of all histone residues are activating, and H3K4 is no exception. (epigenie.com)
Like all lysine residues, H3K4 can be mono, di, or tri methylated, and each have slightly different distributions. (epigenie.com)
The link between H3K4 and transcription is about is clear-cut as relationships get in the epigenetic world, but of course it isn't 100%, that would just be too easy. (epigenie.com)
The COMPASS-like family of lysine methyltransferases, MLR/MLX complexes, are epigenetic regulators that are essential for normal development through the methylation of the fourth lysine residue on histone 3 (H3K4), a universal epigenetic mark associated with active transcription. (luc.edu)

Overall, the study's results suggest that lysine K241 regulates coupling of 2-oxoglutarate turnover and histone demethylation. (chemistryviews.org)
Lysine-241 has a role in coupling 2OG turnover with substrate oxidation during KDM4-catalysed histone demethylation , Rebecca L Hancock, Martine I Abboud, Tristan J Smart, Emily Flashman, Akane Kawamura, Christopher J Schofield, Richard Hopkinson, ChemBioChem 2018 . (chemistryviews.org)
JmjC domain-containing histone demethylase 1B (JHDM1B, also called FBXL10 or KDM2B) is a conserved and ubiquitously expressed member of the JmjC domain-containing histone demethylase (JHDM) family involved in the demethylation of trimethylated lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3K4me3) and dimethylated lysine 36 on histone H3 (H3K36me2), thereby removing active chromatin marks and inhibiting gene transcription [ 2 - 4 ]. (oncotarget.com)

Further studies are essential to investigate whether or not acetylation and methylation of histone H3 at every single lysine are altered by TNF- treatment with/without short-, medium-, and long-chain fatty acids in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (trpv1inhibitor.com)
The dynamic methylation of histone lysyl residues plays an important role in biology by regulating transcription, maintaining genomic integrity, and by contributing to epigenetic effects. (ox.ac.uk)

On the other hand, histone modifications associated with gene repression, such as methylation of lysine 9 or 27, can lead to a more condensed chromatin structure, preventing the binding of transcription factors and RNA polymerase and effectively silencing gene expression. (agefluidman.com)

1) Ligation of cytokine or other inflammatory receptors leads to phosphorylation and/or dimerization of transcription factors (TF), followed by their nuclear translocation and association with histone acetyl transferases (HATs). (biomedcentral.com)
Activation of p53-mediated gene transcription is a critical cellular response to DNA damage and involves a phosphorylation-acetylation cascade of p53. (biomedcentral.com)

Methylation, on the other hand, can either activate or repress gene expression depending on the specific amino acid residue being modified and the degree of methylation. (agefluidman.com)
Methylation of this fourth amino acid residue from the N-terminus of histone H3 is one of the most studied histone modifications, and with good reason: it's tightly associated with the promoters of active genes. (epigenie.com)

Even so, it has been reported that histone H3K9 and K27 acetylation is very important for transcription activation and repression because these lysine residues of histone H3 are also methylated and induces transrepression [37]. (trpv1inhibitor.com)
Methylation of H3 at lysine 9 by this protein results in recruitment of additional epigenetic regulators and repression of transcription. (mouseanti.com)

Specialized transcription factors, which recognize teloboxes and RY motifs, also directly bind to building blocks of the Polycomb Group and thus stabilize the memory of target genes. (mpg.de)
These domains are named after their ability to recognize the acetyl-lysine side chain, which has a similar shape to a bromide ion. (enamine.net)

Post-translational acetylation occurs on the epsilon amino group of lysine residues as a reversible and highly dynamic PTM that is known to be a key regulator in multiple cellular events, including chromatin structure, transcription, metabolism, signal transduction and cytoskeletal regulation (2-3). (cytoskeleton.com)
Epigenetic and signal transduction contributions of histone deacetylase activity to gene transcription and cell biology. (biomedcentral.com)

BPTF also specifically recognizes H3 tails trimethylated on lysine 4 ( H3K4me3 ), which mark transcription start sites of virtually all active genes. (activemotif.com)

BPTF (Bromodomain PHD finger transcription factor) is a histone-binding component of NuRF (nucleosome-remodeling factor), a complex which catalyzes ATP-dependent nucleosome sliding and facilitates transcription of chromatin. (activemotif.com)
By exploiting our in-house fragment library, various biophysical techniques including surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and protein X-ray crystallography, we have identified and characterized fragments that bind at the acetyl-lysine binding site of the first bromodomain in BRD3 (BRD3/BD1). (sygnaturediscovery.com)

Although more highly transcribed genes acquire methylation earlier, the major transitions in the oocyte transcriptome occur well before the de novo methylation phase, indicating that transcription is generally not rate limiting in conferring permissiveness to DNA methylation. (biomedcentral.com)
The accessibility and transcription of ribosomal genes is controlled at several levels, with their epigenetic regulation being one of the most important. (oncotarget.com)
In these cellular models, prolonged JHDM1B downregulation triggered a surge of 45S pre-rRNA transcription and processing, associated with a re-modulation of the H3K36me2 levels at rDNA loci and with changes in DNA methylation of specific CpG sites in rDNA genes. (oncotarget.com)
Although the formation of messenger RNA, based on the structure of a section of DNA making a gene, and its function in the coding for the sequence of of amino acids in the resulting polypeptides is well known, less is known about the mechanism by which specific genes are selected for transcription and translation. (biotopics.co.uk)
the transcription of genes to produce functional mRNA molecules that are then translated by ribosomes to form polypeptides the involvement in protein synthesis of tRNA molecules that are also encoded by genes. (biotopics.co.uk)
They pass back into the nucleus to perform their roles in initiating transcription of other genes. (biotopics.co.uk)
Transcription factors contain a DNA-binding domain (DBD), which attaches to the specific sequence of DNA adjacent to the genes that they regulate. (biotopics.co.uk)
As a transcription factor that both activates and represses target genes p53 demands a highly complicated network to control and fine-tune responses to the different stress-signals encountered [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Nrf2 activates transcription of antioxidant enzymes by binding to the antioxidant response element (ARE) in the promoter regions of its target genes [ 23 , 24 ]. (hindawi.com)
Upon exposure to ROS, Keap1 undergoes a conformational change that allows Nrf2 to translocate to the nucleus, bind to the ARE region, and initiate transcription of target genes [ 24 ]. (hindawi.com)
Oxidized Keap1 dissociates from Nrf2, allowing Nrf2 to translocate to the nucleus, bind to the ARE region, and initiate transcription of target genes. (hindawi.com)

These lysine residues have important functions in transcriptional activation, replication and nuclear division. (bestbiochem.com)
For example, the acetylation of key lysine residues of histone H3 and H4 by enzymes known as histone acetyltransferases (HATs) was known to play a pivotal role in transcriptional activation. (histonecode.com)

BRDs can act as scaffolds that enable the recruitment of large protein complexes or they can act as transcription factors themselves. (frontiersin.org)
While this is still an active area of research, it is clear that specific histone methylation states regulate transcription by promoting the binding of positive transcription factors and blocking negative ones. (epigenie.com)
The process of transcription (production of an RNA copy of a section of DNA) takes place within the nucleus, in response to transcription(al) factors which move in from the cytoplasm. (biotopics.co.uk)
It may also regulate transcription through direct binding to DNA or transcription factors. (activemotif.com)

They further link to the activation of protein kinase C- (PKC-) induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [ 6 , 7 ], which further mediates the activation of downstream transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF- κ B). Thus, the main treatments of DN refer to modulate glycemic and blood pressure through insulin and RAS inhibitors. (hindawi.com)
Cas9 nuclease can be converted into an RNA-guided DNA binding protein (dCas9) via inactivation of its two catalytic domains 12 , 13 and then fused to transcription activation domains. (cdc.gov)

Antibody AAC01 detects acetyl lysine PTMs. (cytoskeleton.com)

Through the facilitation of chromatin remodeling, it stimulates transcriptional elongation and sets the stage for further modifications that regulate multiple elements of transcription. (wikipedia.org)
Set9, a novel histone H3 methyltransferase that facilitates transcription by precluding histone tail modifications required for heterochromatin formation. (epigenie.com)
Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies showed that HIPK2 was required in vivo for efficient p300/p53 co-recruitment onto apoptotic promoters and that both p53 modifications at Ser46 and Lys382 were necessary for p53 apoptotic transcription. (biomedcentral.com)

It functions by binding acetylated lysine residues on chromatin and transcriptional regulators, exemplified by the role it plays in the regulation of transcription by promoting the binding of GATA. (sygnaturediscovery.com)

Ubiquitination of FANCI, on the other hand, largely protects the ubiquitin on FANCD2 from USP1-UAF1 deubiquitination , with key hydrophobic residues of FANCI's ubiquitin being important for this protection. (cdna-clone.com)

TAF1 and TAF1L bromodomains are found in transcription factor TFIID and have an N-terminal extension that interacts with other complex subunits. (enamine.net)
However, bromodomains of the BET family have a high degree of structural similarity, especially in the acetylated lysine binding pocket, making the design of selective inhibitors problematic. (sygnaturediscovery.com)

Integrated Analysis of Genetic Abnormalities of the Histone Lysine Methyltransferases in Prostate Cancer. (cancerindex.org)

CaM facilitates dimerization of ER-α in the absence of estrogen, and stimulation of ER-α by either Ca(2+) and/or estrogen may serve to regulate transcription in a combinatorial fashion. (rcsb.org)

For instance, when histone H4 is monomethylated on lysine 20 (H4K20me1), this common histone modification results in the contraction of chromatin. (epigentek.com)

This specific binding is believed to be necessary for transcription initiation. (histonecode.com)
Ubiquitination can either activate or repress gene expression, depending on the specific histone residue being modified and the type of ubiquitin chain attached. (agefluidman.com)
While these interactions are highly specific with respect to site and methylation state of particular lysine residues, they are generally weak and therefore difficult to monitor by traditional assay techniques. (ox.ac.uk)
A key step in the FA pathway is the monoubiquitination of each of the two subunits (FANCI and FANCD2) of the ID2 complex on specific lysine residues. (cdna-clone.com)
Here we show that Glioma Amplified Sequence 41 (Gas41), a shared subunit of the two H2A.Z-depositing complexes, functions as a reader of histone lysine acetylation and recruits Tip60/p400 and SRCAP to deposit H2A.Z into specific chromatin regions including bivalent domains. (omicsdi.org)

Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that is upregulated in times of oxidative stress. (hindawi.com)

Ubiquitinated histone H2B is often found in regions of active transcription. (wikipedia.org)
As a result, there is highly programmed methylation of a defined set of ~2000 CGIs in oocytes, mostly on account of their location within active transcription units. (biomedcentral.com)
Histone acetylation is associated with active transcription in eukaryotic cells. (omicsdi.org)

It plays an important role in the biology of the nucleus where it is involved in the packaging and maintaining of chromosomes, regulation of transcription, and replication and repair of DNA. (wikipedia.org)

Although the current generation of dCas9-based transcription activators is able to achieve up-regulation of some endogenous loci, the magnitude of transcriptional up-regulation achieved by individual single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) 12 typically ranges from low to ineffective 8 - 11 . (cdc.gov)

Consistently, mutations in the aromatic residues of the Gas41 YEATS domain abrogated the interaction. (omicsdi.org)

Preceding research have demonstrated that histone acetylation not just induces euchromatin formation from heterochromatin, but additionally recruits transcription initiation and elongation complexes to the promoter/ enhancer and gene physique regions, respectively [38,39]. (trpv1inhibitor.com)

Specifically, the ubiquitin on histone H2B opens up and unfolds regions of chromatin allowing transcription machinery access to the promoter and coding regions of DNA. (wikipedia.org)

So how can a tiny methyl group be so important for transcription? (epigenie.com)

By binding in this way they flag a position where the enzyme RNA polymerase can attach and start the transcription process. (biotopics.co.uk)

Anatomy14

Organisms12

Chemicals and Drugs112

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment33

Phenomena and Processes84

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care2

Histones20

Arginine6

Acetylation of lysine residues2

Proteins15

Deacetylation1

Accompanied by histone1

Demethylases3

Binds5

H3K46

Demethylation3

Methylation of histone2

Condensed chromatin structure1

Phosphorylation2

Amino acid re2

Repression2

Recognize2

Signal Transduction2

H3K4me31

Bromodomain2

Genes11

Transcriptional activation2

Factors4

Protein2

PTMs1

Modifications3

Regulators1

Hydrophobic1

Bromodomains2

Methyltransferases1

Regulate transcription1

Histone modification1

Specific5

Nuclear1

Active transcription3

Replication1

Activators1

Mutations1

Recruits1

Machinery1

Important for transcription1

Polymerase1