Transcription factors cytoplasmic transcription factor activating transcription factor 6. Medical search. Frequent questions

Upon binding of LPS and its co-receptor CD14, the subsequent transfer of LPS to the TRL4-MD2 complex starts a cascade of events leading to the activation of transcription factors that enhances the expression of many proinflammatory cytokines. (heart.org)
The gut microbiota-derived LPS activates TLRs which produce proinflammatory cytokines that can contribute to onset of obesity. (heart.org)
The p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) are a family of four related Ser/Thr kinases activated by proinflammatory cytokines and environmental stresses. (rndsystems.com)

In this study we used phosphorylation of the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein as a functional readout to identify cells responding to EGF and FGF-2. (beauty104.com.tw)
We found that O-GlcNAcylation and tyrosine phosphorylation act together to trigger pYSTAT5 levels and oncogenic transcription in neoplastic cells. (nature.com)
Our data show that O-GlcNAcylation of STAT5 is an important process that contributes to oncogenic transcription through enhanced STAT5 tyrosine phosphorylation and oligomerization driving myeloid transformation. (nature.com)
HCT 116 colon cancer cells were exposed to purvalanol, which activated ER stress via upregulation of PERK, IRE1α gene expression, eIF-2α phosphorylation and ATF-6 cleavage at early time-points in the HCT 116 colon cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
NF-κB dimers are activated by IKK-mediated phosphorylation of IκB, which triggers proteasomal IκB degradation. (abcam.com)
Upon phosphorylation, STAT3 proteins dimerize and translocate to the nucleus where they bind to promoter elements of target genes and modulate their transcription (4). (abwizbio.com)
In addition ot Tyr705 phosphorylation, Ser727 is required for maximal activation although Tyr705 phopsohrylation plays a key activating role (7,8). (abwizbio.com)
TRAF6 activates the transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) which promotes phosphorylation of kappa beta kinase (IKK) inhibitors α, β and γ. (heart.org)

The pathogenesis of HCL was clarified by the discovery of its underlying genetic cause, the BRAF V600E kinase-activating mutation, which is somatically and clonally present in almost all patients through the entire disease spectrum and clinical course. (medscape.com)
In the absence of Wnt signals, the cytoplasmic catenin beta-1 ( β-catenin ) is associated with a complex including auxin, glycogen synthase kinase 3 ( GSK-3 ), and adenomatous polyposis coli ( APC ) (the APC protein acts as the primary regulator of β-catenin function). (hindawi.com)
inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α), PRKR-like ER kinase (PERK) and activating transcription factor-6 (ATF-6). (spandidos-publications.com)
Then, protein families of TNF-α receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6), IL-1 receptor associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) and IRAK2 are recruited by MyD88 3 . (heart.org)
This is facilitated by glycolytic enzymes such as the M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) which diverts metabolites into PPP [ 6 ]. (degruyter.com)

The Sirtuin spices are our most popular spices that activate stress coping pathways, making them work better. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
Underlying pathogenic mechanisms in chronic kidney disease (CKD) include chronic inflammation, oxidant stress, and matrix remodeling associated with dysregulated nuclear factor- κ B, nuclear factor- κ B, and SMAD signaling pathways, respectively. (aspetjournals.org)
The Wnt pathway is one of the most critical signaling pathways activated by mutation in many cancers [ 7 - 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated as consequence of oxidative metabolism, activate signal transduction pathways, which contribute to cellular homeostasis [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Membrane-bound HER receptors activate numerous tumor promoting signaling cascades via this mechanism, including the PI3K/AKT, Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk, PLCγ/PKC, and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways [1] , [2] . (plos.org)
[ 11 ] PIs have also been shown to activate endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways by depleting the calcium in adipocytes. (medscape.com)

Activation of TRIF (or MyD88 independent) pathway occurs after endocytosis of TLR4-MD2 complex and is characterized by the activation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as p38, ERK1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal Kinases (JNK). (heart.org)

[ 5 ] By aberrantly activating the RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway, BRAF V600E shapes key biologic features of HCL, including its specific expression signature, hairy morphology, and antiapoptotic behavior. (medscape.com)
In the canonical signaling pathway , binding of a ligand to a cell surface receptor such as a member of the Toll-like receptor superfamily leads to the recruitment of adaptors (such as TRAF) to the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor (Figure 1). (abcam.com)
In my previous blog posts, I started to discuss the importance of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and how it contributes to aortic aneurysms and how microbiota-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can activate the whole signaling pathway . (heart.org)

The crystal structure of calpain 2 was solved in both holoenzyme and apo- state governments, providing home elevators the potential system of activation, that involves autocatalytic cleavage of the N-terminal pro-peptide ahead of substrate cleavage (6,7). (exposed-skin-care.net)

The results of the present study revealed that ketamine treatment induced NF‑κB p65 translocation to nuclei and activated COX‑2 expression and prostaglandin (PGE)2 production in bladder tissue, whereas COX‑2 inhibitor suppressed the inflammatory effect. (spandidos-publications.com)
Accompanying mutations of the KLF2 transcription factor or the CDKN1B/p27 cell cycle inhibitor are recurrent in 16% of patients with HCL and likely cooperate with BRAF V600E in HCL pathogenesis. (medscape.com)
Lnc408 can recruit transcript factor SP3 to CBY1 promoter to serve as an inhibitor in CBY1 transcription in BCSCs. (nature.com)
The dowstrean targets include cell cycle regulatory genes such as fos , cyclin D , c-Myc , pim1 and anti-apoptotic genes such as B-cell CLL/Lymphoma-2 ( Bcl-2 ), Bcl-xL , survivin and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein ( XIAP ) (6). (abwizbio.com)
Experiments using the PPARα inhibitor GW6471 or siRNA-mediated PPARα depletion showed that RV-mediated L1-RTP's inhibition depended on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). (researchsquare.com)

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) induce the proliferation of neural precursor cells isolated from specific regions of the embryonic and adult brain. (beauty104.com.tw)
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was initially showed to control acute-phase genes in response to interleukin-6 (IL-6) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) during inflammatory processes (1). (abwizbio.com)
The ErbB/HER family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) consists of four family members: the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ErbB1), HER2 (ErbB2/Neu), HER3 (ErbB3), and HER4 (ErbB4). (plos.org)

Akt is activated by increased levels of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)- P 3 ], a phospholipid signalling molecule produced by IIS-regulated class I PI3-kinases( Downward, 1998 ). (silverchair.com)
As a result, different cellular kinases, including the IRF3 kinases TBK1 and IKKε, become activated. (cdc.gov)
All IFNαs and IFNβ bind to the same receptor and as a result, the cytoplasmic kinases JAK1 and TYK2 become activated and phosphorylate the STAT1 and STAT2 molecules. (cdc.gov)
Once activated, p38 alpha phosphorylates a number of targets, including the cytoplasmic kinases MNK 4 and PRAK5 and the nuclear transcription factors ATF2 1 and STAT1. (rndsystems.com)

This can either occur by cell surface receptor interactions, as in the case with peptide growth factors, or by interactions with intracellular molecules, as in the case with steroid hormones. (beauty104.com.tw)
Thus, targeting signal molecules can be helpful for cancer therapy [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
15 The dynamic addition and removal of O-GlcNAc has been described for multiple cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins and it affects the function of various signaling molecules and transcription factors. (nature.com)
While cytoplasmic viral dsRNA is one of the viral molecules that trigger this cascade, other viral products and other cellular sensor molecules also likely participate in the induction of IFNβ. (cdc.gov)
HMGB1 is an abundant protein, 10 6 molecules per cell [ 7 ], which has been postulated as a redox sensor [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)

The signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) regulates differentiation, survival, proliferation and transformation of hematopoietic cells. (nature.com)
Upon binding of TRL4 to its co-receptor, myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2), a molecular complex is formed at surface level that becomes the binding site of LPS. (heart.org)

IRE1 regulates this activation through the nonconventional splicing of XBP1 mRNA and the degradation of a large pool of cytoplasmic mRNAs in the regulated‐IRE1 dependent decay (RIDD) pathway [ 9 , 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A (STAT5A) and STAT5B transcription factors have a conserved functional domain structure organized in N-terminal oligomerization, Coiled-coil, DNA-binding, Linker, SH2 and C-terminal transactivation domain. (nature.com)

Activated and released IRE1α acts as an RNase to initiate transcription of XBP1 mRNA and it becomes a transcriptional activator for unfolded protein response (UPR) gene targets, such as BiP and calreticulin ( 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

The insulin/insulin-like growth factor signalling (IIS) cascade performs a broad range of evolutionarily conserved functions, including the regulation of growth, developmental timing and lifespan, and the control of sugar, protein and lipid metabolism. (silverchair.com)
For example, reduced insulin signalling underlies the defects in glucose metabolism observed in diabetes,whereas changes in lipid metabolism associated with obesity are an important causative factor in establishing cellular insulin resistance in patients with Type 2 diabetes ( Haslam and James,2005 ). (silverchair.com)
PIs also have a high affinity for the catalytic site of HIV-1 protease, which shares a 60% sequence homology with 2 proteins involved in lipid metabolism, cytoplasmic retinoic acid-binding protein type 1 (CRABP-1), and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LDLR-RP). (medscape.com)

CRZ1, short for Calcineurin-Responsive Zinc Finger 1, is a transcription factor that regulates calcineurin dependent-genes in Candida albicans. (wikipedia.org)
O-GlcNAcylation regulates the transcriptional activity of p53, c-Myc, FoxO1 and CREB, as well as components of the basal transcription machinery, for example, the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. (nature.com)

Nuclei and nuclear remnants were detected with fluorescence microscopy of lens sections stained with 4′,6-diamino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI). (molvis.org)

A ubiquitous, cytoplasmic protein found in mature OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS of all VERTEBRATES. (bvsalud.org)

The present study investigated the methylation of CpG sites in the cyclooxygenase (COX)‑2 promoter via nuclear factor (NF)‑κB transcriptional regulation and elucidated its effect on the COX‑2 transcriptional expression in a ketamine‑induced ulcerative cystitis (KIC) animal model. (spandidos-publications.com)
The present findings revealed that there was a hypomethylation pattern of the COX‑2 promoter in association with the level of COX‑2 transcription in KIC. (spandidos-publications.com)
Activated IRF3, together with NF-κB and AP-1, accumulate in the nucleus, bind to the IFNβ promoter, and stimulate transcription. (cdc.gov)
EBF3 bound directly to p21 cip1/waf1 promoter and regulated transcription from both p21 cip1/waf1 and p27 kip1 promoters in reporter assays. (aacrjournals.org)

Because age-related cellular senescence and type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been recognised as risk factors for CRC development, the recent finding that type 2 diabetic patients present an elevated circulating volume of senescent cells raises the question whether type 2 diabetes facilitates the process of CRC tumorigenesis by inducing premature cell senescence. (frontiersin.org)
Binding to dsRNA by these proteins may result in initiation of helicase activity, concomitant with a conformational change that leads to recruiting additional cellular factors, including the recently identified IPS-1/MAVS protein ( 5 , 6 ). (cdc.gov)
STAT3 belongs to the STAT family of cytoplasmic transcription factors that induces cell membrane-mediated nuclear signal transduction in various cellular activities (2). (abwizbio.com)
The association of huntingtin with the cytoplasmic surface of a variety of organelles, including transport vesicles, synaptic vesicles, microtubules, and mitochondria, raises the possibility of the occurrence of normal cellular interactions that might be relevant to neurodegeneration. (medscape.com)

RelA, c-Rel, and RelB contain C-terminal transcriptional activation domains (TADs), which enable them to activate target gene expression. (abcam.com)

DNA meth-ylation represses transcription by interfering with transcription factor binding and indirectly by recruiting methyl-CpG-binding proteins and reducing chromatin remodeling activities ( 12 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Important cytoprotective mechanisms activated by oxidative inflammatory conditions are mediated by nitrated fatty acids that covalently modify proteins to limit inflammation and oxidant stress. (aspetjournals.org)
Proteins that act both at the cell surface and intracellularly will be discussed in this thesis, with particular emphasis on the fibroblast growth factors. (beauty104.com.tw)
18 Both enzymes, OGT and OGA as well as multiple O-GlcNAcylated proteins are enriched at sites of active transcription in human cells. (nature.com)
this family of proteins is hereafter called EBF) are a group of DNA-binding transcription factors with the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain. (aacrjournals.org)
The key regulator of this process, hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), can initiate apoptosis by inducing high concentrations of proapoptotic proteins, such as BNIP3, and can cause stabilisation of p53. (bmj.com)

This enables the active NF-κB transcription factor subunits to translocate to the nucleus and induce target gene expression. (abcam.com)
During hypoxia, an intricate balance exists between factors that induce or counteract apoptosis, or even stimulate proliferation. (bmj.com)
Commonly used radio- and chemotherapies are prooxidant strategies that alter cancer cells through ROS modulation and induce cell death [ 5 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)

Several risk factors and pathologies, including ageing, smoking, obesity and diabetes have been associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer patients. (frontiersin.org)
Nowadays, Lactobacilli with probiotic potency is a preventing factor in cancer and many diseases. (hindawi.com)
Although purvalanol-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death were demonstrated in prostate ( 5 ), breast ( 6 ) and colon cancer cells ( 7 ), the exact molecular mechanism of purvanol-induced apoptosis has not been elucidated yet. (spandidos-publications.com)

In 2020, global CRC cases increased by 6%, with a mortality rate of 29 per 100,000 people in men and 20 per 100,000 people in women ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)

Most cells have intracellular sensors of viral products that, when activated, initiate a signaling cascade that results in transcriptional induction of the IFNβ gene. (cdc.gov)
It also modulates gene transcription and recombination [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)

But if this is not possible, oxidative stress finally activates signals that will lead to cell death. (hindawi.com)

Moreover, we determined that during purvalanol-mediated ER stress, autophagic machinery was also activated prior to apoptotic cell death finalization. (spandidos-publications.com)

Furthermore, we show that the accumulation of activated Akt in the cytoplasm is responsible for this phenotype and leads to a much higher expression of LSD2, the fly homologue of the vertebrate lipid-storage protein perilipin. (silverchair.com)

Knowledge about how growth factors and hormones function is pivotal in order to rationally try to stimulate or inhibit their effects for therapeutical purposes. (beauty104.com.tw)

The canonical pathway activates NF-κB dimers comprising RelA, c-Rel, RelB, and p50. (abcam.com)

Activated inflammatory cel s, in- persistent inflammation cluding neutrophils and macrophag- es, produce reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. (who.int)

The ageing process is thought to contribute to tumorigenesis via aberrant genome maintenance and systemic inflammation that result in tissue damage and occurrence of unfavourable genome modifications ( 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
Recently, genome instability was a contributing factor to many age-related diseases. (researchsquare.com)

Post-translational modification of histones, in particular the removal or addition of acetyl groups on ϵ-N-acetyl lysine residues, play an important role in epigenetic regulation of transcription. (biomedcentral.com)

The nuclear protein activates the transcription of genes involved in cell-wall maintenance and ion homeostasis. (wikipedia.org)
β-catenin forms a complex with T-cell factor ( TCF ) /lymphoid enhancer factor ( LEF ) transcription factors and cofactors such as histone acetyltransferase p300 (p300), CBP, BCL9, and pygopus, to transcribe Wnt signaling target genes such as Cyclin D1 , C-Myc , and survivin [ 9 , 12 - 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
NF-κB then translocates to the nucleus to activate target genes. (abcam.com)
Cells will adapt by activating the expression of genes involved in metabolic adaptation, such as those involved in glycolysis. (bmj.com)
[ 11 ] In the CALERIE phase 1 study, however, we demonstrated that 6 months of 25% CR in healthy human s increased the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number. (medscape.com)

The cytoplasmic protein Crz1 is dephosphorylated by the calcineurin and is then targeted to the nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
In shortly, these findings highlight that the novel lnc408 functions as an oncogenic factor by recruiting SP3 to inhibit CBY1 expression and β-catenin accumulation in nucleus to maintain stemness properties of BCSCs. (nature.com)

Beclin-1 and Atg-5 expression levels were upregulated and LC3 was cleaved after a 6 h purvalanol treatment. (spandidos-publications.com)
Furthermore, RV increased the expression of sirtuin-6 (SIRT6), which inhibited the activation of L1. (researchsquare.com)

[ 1 , 2 ] and named after the hairlike cytoplasmic projections seen on the surface of the abnormal B-cells (see the image below). (medscape.com)
After growth factor treatment for 6 d, a population of nestin-positive cells responding to both EGF and FGF-2 were identified. (beauty104.com.tw)
The 6-d-old cultures also contained a small number of TuJ1-positive cells that responded to FGF-2 only. (beauty104.com.tw)
Not long after FGF1 and FGF2 were isolated, another group isolated a pair of heparin -binding growth factors which they named HBGF-1 and HBGF-2, whilst a third group isolated a pair of growth factors that caused proliferation of cells in a bioassay containing blood vessel endothelium cells which they called ECGF-1 and ECGF-2. (beauty104.com.tw)
Activation of this factor occurs in the stromal cells, tumor cells, and invading immune cells within the tumor microenvironment. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
Interleukin (IL)-9-producing subset called Th9 cell, Th22 cells which primarily secrete IL-22, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor- and Th25 cells via producing IL-25 are believed to be important for initiating allergic reactions and developing airway inflammation. (cdc.gov)
A leading contributing factor to metastasis and treatment resistance is the heterogeneity and plasticity of the cells within tumors 6 . (nature.com)
16HBE14o- cells were cultured in minimum essential modified Eagle's medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) with 10% FBS in a humidified incubator at 37 °C in 5% CO 2 in 6-well plates and allowed to grow to 70-80% confluence prior to the start of the experiments. (biomedcentral.com)
Whereas endothelial cells plated on fibronectin or fibrinogen activate NF-κB in response to flow, cells on collagen or laminin do not. (rupress.org)

Moreover, in the ketamine group, the level of Ten‑Eleven‑Translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase for demethylation as determined by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR assay was increased in comparison with the control group, but that was not the case for the level of DNA methyltransferases for methylation. (spandidos-publications.com)

Cani group's study in CD14 deficient mice showed that HFD or administration of LPS showed no effect on any parameters of metabolic syndrome symptoms, further suggesting a role for TLR4 in mediating metabolic endotoxemia, adiposity and insulinemia 6 . (heart.org)
Because no uniform morphologic changes occur with HIV lipodystrophy, lipohypertrophy and lipoatrophy are considered distinct entities, with different risk factors and metabolic processes underlying their development. (medscape.com)

In a subset of individuals, a muscle biopsy was performed for transcriptional profiling via quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and microarrays. (medscape.com)

Histological features of ketamine-associated damage in a rat bladder were characterized by an ulcerated urothelium, erythrocyte accumulation (hemorrhages), mononuclear cell infiltration and an increased interstitial fibrosis between detrusor smooth muscle bundles ( 1 , 4 - 6 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Upon ligand recognition in the MyD88 dependent pathway, it is recruited to the cytoplasmic domain of TLR. (heart.org)
Ligation of integrin α2β1 on collagen prevents flow-induced NF-κB activation through a p38-dependent pathway that is activated locally at adhesion sites. (rupress.org)

Acetylation of the N-terminal tails of histones "relaxes" the chromatin making it more accessible for binding by co-activating factors. (biomedcentral.com)

bFGF is a more potent angiogenic factor than VEGF ( vascular endothelial growth factor ) or PDGF ( platelet-derived growth factor ). (beauty104.com.tw)
IRE1's unique feature is its UPR-related RNase activity that is responsible for the production of a potent transcription factor, X box‐binding protein‐1 (XBP1s). (biomedcentral.com)

To accomplish this goal, various intracellular regions of HER3 were fused to the DNA binding domain of the yeast transcription factor Gal4 (Gal4DBD) and tested for their ability to transactivate Gal4 UAS-luciferase. (plos.org)

Although these factors possess remarkably similar sequence homology, they do not bind FGFRs and are involved in intracellular processes unrelated to the FGFs (Olsen et al. (beauty104.com.tw)

Severe reactions to the LPS are attributed to the MyD88 activation pathway resulting in production of IL-12, IL-6 and TNF-α 2. (heart.org)

Once activated, p38 phosphorylates a number of targets, including the nuclear transcription factors ATF2 and Max. (rndsystems.com)
We also found that miR-301a-3p targets the proapoptotic UPR factor growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible alpha ( GADD45A ). (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy17

Organisms8

Chemicals and Drugs136

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Phenomena and Processes71

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Cytokines3

Phosphorylation8

Kinase5

Pathways6

Mitogen activat1

Signaling pathway3

Cleavage1

Inhibitor5

Epidermal3

Kinases4

Molecules5

Differentiation2

Degradation1

Activator of transcription1

IRE11

Lipid metabolism3

Regulates2

Nuclei1

Receptor1

Promoter4

Cellular4

Transcriptional activation1

Proteins6

Induce3

Cancer3

20201

Gene2

Oxidative1

Apoptotic1

Cytoplasm1

Stimulate1

Canonical1

Inflammatory1

Genome2

Residues1

Genes5

Nucleus2

Expression2

Cells9

Assay1

Metabolic2

Reverse transcription1

Accumulation1

Dependent2

Chromatin1

Potent2

Yeast1

Sequence1

Activation1

Targets2