Transcription factors can induce epigenetic induce epigenetic adult mammalian cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

Fig. 1: Epigenetic mechanisms that maintain cell identities during development and throughout life. (nature.com)
In addition, iPSC technology offers a unique and tractable experimental system to study the molecular mechanisms underlying cell fate changes. (cornell.edu)
Once a cell type is specified, the mechanisms that restrict and maintain cell fate are important in ensuring tissue integrity, and their dysregulation often results in disease, particularly cancer. (distefano-lab.com)
Our current research aims to understand the post-transcriptional & epigenetic mechanisms that govern stem cell potency and cell fate decisions, and determine how to exploit these mechanisms to develop new therapeutic strategies. (distefano-lab.com)
Our current goal is to elucidate molecular mechanisms regulating establishment and maintenance of mammalian cell identity. (distefano-lab.com)
There his work focused on the mechanisms that control transcription factor-induced cell fate change. (distefano-lab.com)
His postdoctoral work focused on the role of post-transcriptional mechanisms in mammalian cell fate. (distefano-lab.com)
Although genetic influences are important, epigenetic mechanisms have been implicated in several aspects of the disease. (emjreviews.com)
This review considers the genetic and epigenetic control of nephrogenesis, together with the epigenetic mechanisms that accompany kidney development and recent advances in induced reprogramming and kidney cell regeneration in the context of DN. (emjreviews.com)
3 More recent studies have shown that epigenetic mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of DN. (emjreviews.com)
9 The current review examines the emerging evidence for epigenetic mechanisms and pathways in DN. (emjreviews.com)
By searching Pubmed, CNKI, Wanfang and other large databases, this review summarizes the damage mechanisms of cochlear hair cells mainly involve the breakage of tip links, mechanical damage of the core of the ciliary fiber actin, synaptic damage, as well as Oxidative stress by ROS intervention system. (biomedgrid.com)
Investigating the mechanisms underlying hearing loss and regeneration caused by cochlear hair cells is therefore crucial from a clinical standpoint. (biomedgrid.com)
In order to serve as a guide for the future development of pertinent therapeutic interventions, this review provides a systematic overview of recent research progress on the mechanisms disclosing cochlear hair cell injury as well as a detailed account of the molecular pathways regulating mammalian hair cell regeneration. (biomedgrid.com)
Then, we will discuss several principles that govern macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis), including the existence of redundant recognition mechanisms ("find-me" and "eat-me") that lead to a tight coupling between apoptosis and phagocytosis. (frontiersin.org)
In the second part, we will compare the mechanisms that mediate recognition and engulfment and their epigenetic, transcriptional, metabolic, and immunological consequences. (frontiersin.org)
The Hsieh laboratory is a neural stem cell biology laboratory that focuses on 4 major areas: (1) epilepsy-in-a-dish, (2) 3D cerebral organoids, (3) patient recruitment, and (4) mechanisms of adult neurogenesis. (utsa.edu)
B cells are therefore particularly dependent on 'quality control' mechanisms to oversee antibody production. (cipsm.de)
In order to understand the development of adiposity, it is crucial to identify the factors and mechanisms that regulate the recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) of the vascular stromal fraction of the adipose tissue and its transformation into lipid-filled adipocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
Understanding the epigenetic mechanisms underlying this trait may help improve the accuracy of breeding programs. (diagenode.com)
In the last four decades, transgenic and knockout mouse models have helped to understand the mechanisms of mammalian sex determination, germ cell development, and adult gonad functions. (lidsen.com)
In this review, we focused on the molecular mechanisms of ovarian sex determination and on understanding mutual cross-talks between central molecules in sex development which might impact fertility later in adult life. (lidsen.com)
We examine mechanisms by which trans-acting factors in Suv39, PRC2, SETDB1 and SIR writer systems regulate spreading of the respective heterochromatic marks across chromatin. (bvsalud.org)
While these systems are in some cases evolutionarily and mechanistically quite distant, common mechanisms emerge which these trans-acting factors exploit to tune the spreading reaction. (bvsalud.org)
Alongside genetic mutations and environmental influences, there is increasing evidence that epigenetic mechanisms play a significant role in the development and progression of LC. (bvsalud.org)
this process often begins with mutations that inactivate normal cellular mechanisms for monitoring the fidelity of DNA replication, resulting in the rapid accumulation of mutations in genes involved in controlling the growth and death of cells. (ernolaszlo.com)
In this issue, we generally review the mechanisms of cellular senescence in diabetic nephropathy, which involve telomere attrition, DNA damage, epigenetic alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction, loss of Klotho, Wnt/ β -catenin signaling activation, persistent inflammation, and accumulation of uremic toxins. (hindawi.com)
Previous reports indicate that the mechanisms of DN involve a multifactorial interaction of metabolic and hemodynamic factors such as high blood glucose, advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). (hindawi.com)

Unraveling the principles of this interplay will enable deeper understanding of physiological or pathological cell fate alterations, such as lineage specification and cancer respectively. (cornell.edu)
These alterations can take the form of epigenetic modifications, point mutations, translocations, amplifications or deletions and modify gene functions in ways that deregulate cellular signalling pathways leading to the cancer phenotype. (bmj.com)
Using animal models, the lab uses sophisticated tools to evaluate the evolution of stress-induced alterations in the activity of discrete neural populations and circuits. (utsa.edu)
Despite of the relevance of this issue, very little is known about the factors regulating the development of adipose tissue in fish, and the possible health alterations associated to an increased fat deposition. (biomedcentral.com)
Epigenetic Alterations of Repeated Relapses in Patient-matchedChildhood Ependymomas. (diagenode.com)
It has been increasingly recognized that other types of alterations in the genome, known as epigenetic changes, can modulate its structure and function without affecting the underlying DNA sequence. (ernolaszlo.com)
Epigenetic alterations, acting both independently and together with increasing mutational burden, genomic instability, and stem cell exhaustion, can influence gene expression in ways that promote aging (Saul 2021). (ernolaszlo.com)
e.g. inflammation, genotoxicity, and This chapter focuses on issues as- ellers, growth factors, growth factor epigenetic alterations) and can have sociated with the understanding and receptors, signal transducers, and both genetic and epigenetic origins. (who.int)

Thus, uncovering and understanding new molecular and cellular pathways that govern HSPC cell fate is critical for basic biology and to develop new therapeutic strategies for hematologic disorders. (distefano-lab.com)
They can act as signalling molecules that regulate a number of life and death pathways in cells, and they are generated by the immune system to fight microbes. (otago.ac.nz)
Prof Hampton's research is focused on how understanding how cells sense and respond to oxidants, and how these pathways might be modulated to prevent and treat human disease. (otago.ac.nz)
In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the different intracellular pathways involved in the programming of Treg cell homeostasis and functions in cancer. (mdpi.com)
Our research focuses on developmental pathways that regulate hematopoietic cell growth and differentiation and are disrupted in the course of neoplastic transformation, particularly in leukemias and lymphomas. (stanford.edu)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
Among them, the sirtuin, AMP-activated protein kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin, p53, and insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling pathways are most widely studied. (frontiersin.org)
We have gained crucial insights into molecular factors and pathways of the cells generating either the supporting gonadal cells or germ cells of both sexes. (lidsen.com)
The pleiotropic harmful effects of EDCs act through hormone-dependent downstream signaling pathways responsible for gonad development either through direct interaction with steroid hormone receptor or via epigenetic regulation. (intechopen.com)
Recent studies have revealed that AXL contributes to leukaemic phenotypes through activation of oncogenic signalling pathways that lead to increased cell migration and proliferation. (cancerindex.org)

Histone acetylation is mediated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) that leads to chromatin decondensation (accessible chromatin) and transcription activation. (wjgnet.com)
The maintenance phase often involves a plethora of non-DNA sequence specific chromatin cofactors that set up and maintain chromatin states through cell division and for extended periods of time-sometimes in the absence of the initial transcription factors 3 . (nature.com)
We hypothesize that the interplay among transcription factors, epigenetic modulators and chromatin topology determines the gene expression program and cell identity. (cornell.edu)
4 Acute hyperglycaemia leads to chronic metabolic and haemodynamic derangements, 5 which trigger chromatin structural changes, transcription factor activation, and gene expression. (emjreviews.com)
We are studying the role that normal chromatin structure plays in gene regulation in hematopoietic cells and how its disruption leads to altered development and cancer. (stanford.edu)
CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is a conserved transcription factor that performs diverse roles in transcriptional regulation and chromatin architecture. (preprints.org)
Histone modifications and chromatin-associated protein complexes are crucially involved in the control of gene expression, supervising cell fate decisions and differentiation. (researchgate.net)
Background: Bivalent chromatin domains consisting of the activating histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and repressive histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) histone modifications are enriched at developmental genes that are repressed in embryonic stem cells but active during differentiation. (researchgate.net)
Hat1 is implicated in chromatin assembly and DNA repair but its role in cell functions is not clearly elucidated. (sdbonline.org)
Elevated expression of H3/H4 in intestinal enterocytes in Drosophila alters chromatin organization, induces intestinal autophagy through transcriptional regulation, prevents age-related decline in the intestine. (sdbonline.org)
In mice, rapamycin treatment increases expression of histone proteins and Wdfy3 transcription, and alters chromatin organisation in the small intestine, suggesting the mTORC1-histone axis is at least partially conserved in mammals and may offer new targets for anti-ageing interventions. (sdbonline.org)
At the heart of this process are enzymes that deposit chemical information on chromatin, which attracts the factors that execute chromatin compaction and transcriptional or co/post-transcriptional gene silencing. (bvsalud.org)
We discuss how the chromatin substrate is prepared for heterochromatic spreading, and how trans-acting factors beyond writer enzymes regulate it. (bvsalud.org)

Figure 2 Epigenetic regulation of gene expression. (wjgnet.com)
DNA methylation and histone modifications play a central role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and cell differentiation. (cipsm.de)
Recent data show that these extrinsic environmental factors synergize with intrinsic age-related changes to influence epigenetic regulation of gene expression, ultimately contributing to the visible-and invisible-signs of skin aging (Chevalier 2019). (ernolaszlo.com)
Subsequent sections focus on the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and its relevance to skin aging. (ernolaszlo.com)

C: SVZ neural stem cell (NSC) cultures in self-renewal (neurosphere formation) and differentiation. (wjgnet.com)
Starting from the zygotic genome, stage- and cell-type-specific transcription factors initiate regulatory cascades that induce cell differentiation. (nature.com)
Altered epigenomes can lead to changes in programmed cell differentiation or, when accidental, to disease (bottom right). (nature.com)
Cell fate decisions, including events that occur naturally (e.g., development, differentiation, regeneration, and homeostasis) and experimentally (e.g., reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, directed differentiation, transdifferentiation), are typically mediated by transcription factors in concert with epigenetic modifications. (distefano-lab.com)
Life depends on constant replenishment of human body cells with new cells created by differentiation of adult stem cells. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
As Type D cells die from trauma or apoptosis they are replaced by new cells resulting from differentiation of Type B and Type C cells. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
Ideally, iPSC-based therapies in the future will rely on the isolation of skin fibroblasts or keratinocytes, their reprogramming into iPSCs, and the correction of the genetic defect followed by differentiation into the desired cell type and transplantation. (biomedcentral.com)
We are testing the hypothesis that specific transcription factors form regulatory networks to execute gene expression programs important for SSC fate decisions (self-renewal and differentiation), and ultimately, spermatogenesis. (utsa.edu)
Proliferation cluster comprised 1028 genes up-regulated from days 3 to 8 of culture meanwhile the differentiation cluster was characterized by 2140 induced genes from days 15 to 21. (biomedcentral.com)
Overall, our study demonstrates the coordinated expression of functionally related genes during proliferation and differentiation of rainbow trout adipocyte cells. (biomedcentral.com)
An error during these developmental steps in females may lead to defective gonads, affecting the differentiation and/or function of the gonads and the development, differentiation, and maturity of the germ cells. (lidsen.com)
Model simulations demonstrate that the low-Nanog state benefits cell differentiation through serving as an intermediate state to reduce the barrier of transition. (biomedcentral.com)
Our modeling results quantitatively show a dual role of Nanog during stem cell differentiation and reprogramming, and the importance of the intermediate state during cell state transitions. (biomedcentral.com)
Our approach offers a general method for analyzing key regulatory factors controlling cell differentiation and reprogramming. (biomedcentral.com)
Very few studies have addressed the functional roles of the bimodal heterogeneity of Nanog expression in the differentiation and specification process of stem cells. (biomedcentral.com)
One hypothesis based on these results is: During the stem cell differentiation process, the low-Nanog state of stem cell functions as the "gate-keeper" state. (biomedcentral.com)

A: Schematic of DNA methylation and histone modifications in neural stem cells (NSCs). (wjgnet.com)
Shortly afterwards, the original experimental protocol was replicated and optimized by several laboratories, confirming that iPSCs share the gene expression profile, epigenetic modifications, and proliferation rates as well as the pluripotency of ESCs [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
We model central nervous system development using organoids, and select three histone modifications as proxies for dynamic epigenetic change and validate our findings in a primary developing human brain. (researchgate.net)
Although this level of plasticity is still found in the fully differentiated gonads, errors like mutations or epigenetic modifications impact ovarian development and, later, folliculogenesis, resulting in infertility. (lidsen.com)

Transcriptional Control of Regulatory T Cells in Cancer: Toward Therapeutic Targeting? (mdpi.com)
Among immune cells, Foxp3 + regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are potent inhibitors of cancer immunity, and their presence within solid tumors is generally associated with a poor prognosis. (mdpi.com)
In occurs through the inhibition of DNA binding of cognate cis- hematopoiesis there exist several lineage branch points with regulatory motif while in the other case DNA binding is unaffected identified key transcription factors and external signals [3-5]. (lu.se)
Together, our study provides several lines of evidence supporting the intriguing concept that every cell type expresses precise lncRNA signatures to control lineage-specific regulatory programs. (nature.com)
Protein conformation is critically linked to function and often controlled by interactions with regulatory factors. (cipsm.de)
Hence, this chapter summarizes the biological plausibility of EDCs exposure and elucidates the mechanism of action underlying EDCs affecting the regulatory circuits of the mammalian HPG axis and reproductive function. (intechopen.com)
We present a gene regulatory network model to investigate the bimodal Nanog distribution in stem cells. (biomedcentral.com)
In terms of the gene regulatory network defining cellular potency, Nanog has direct mutual interactions with two other core stem cell specific genes Oct4 and Sox2. (biomedcentral.com)

Somatic cell reprogramming is the process by which enforced expression of defined embryonic transcription factors (TF) in somatic cells changes their fate to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). (cornell.edu)
The latter cells -similarly to embryonic stem cells (ESC) derived by explanting early mammalian embryos- are characterized by two hallmark properties: they can self-renew infinitely in culture and they can differentiate to form all cell types of the adult body holding a great potential for regenerative medicine. (cornell.edu)
Recent studies indicate that the mammalian cochlea would only regenerate during embryonic development and early neonatal period, while adult hair cells lack this ability [5,6]. (biomedgrid.com)
The potential use of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) for cell replacement therapies is limited by ethical concerns and the technical hurdles associated with their isolation from human embryos. (biomedcentral.com)
To circumvent these obstacles, considerable effort has been invested in attempting to derive ESC-like cells by reprogramming somatic cells to an embryonic state. (biomedcentral.com)
While CTCF is essential for embryonic development, little is known of its absolute requirement in somatic cells and the consequences of CTCF haploinsufficiency. (preprints.org)
Many promoters in embryonic stem (ES) cells harbor a distinctive histone modification signature that combines the activating histone H3 Lys 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) mark an. (researchgate.net)

Specifically, the concepts of tumour heterogeneity, oncogene addiction, non-oncogene addiction, tumour initiating cells, tumour microenvironment, non-coding sequences and DNA damage response will be reviewed. (bmj.com)
The intra- and intertumor heterogeneity of cell types and gene mutations as well as the complexity of the microenvironment contribute to limiting the efficacy of the current therapeutic options for high grade glioma. (mdpi.com)
Thus, it has been argued that the observed bivalency simply reflects cellular heterogeneity arising from the averaging of cells that carry either, but not both, marks at a given locus (Fig. 2). (researchgate.net)
So far there are only few data on the epigenetic heterogeneity of sperm within a given sample and how to select the best sperm for successful infertility treatment. (uni-wuerzburg.de)

DN is a complex multifactorial disease caused by multiple genetic and environmental factors. (emjreviews.com)
However, it is susceptible to genetic defects, noise exposure, ototoxic drugs, and aging, because mammals have limited ability to regenerate spontaneously, hair cell loss or damage may lead to permanent hearing loss. (biomedgrid.com)
Aging, excessive noise exposure, environmental chemical toxins, aminoglycoside drugs and genetic factors can all cause cellular damage further leading to hearing loss [3]. (biomedgrid.com)
In addition, as the genetic identity of the donor egg from which the ESCs are derived most likely will differ from that of potential recipients, patients who receive ESC-derived cells or tissues may face the same complications that result from organ transplantation (for example, immunorejection, graft-versus-host disease, and need for immunosuppression). (biomedcentral.com)
Hematopoietic stem cell lineage choices are decided by genetic networks that are turned ON/OFF in a switch-like manner. (lu.se)
Biochemical studies suggest that in one case this transcription factors to implement particular genetic programs. (lu.se)
Dr. Carless' research focuses on identifying genetic and epigenetic factors associated with complex diseases, and in understanding how these might contribute to disease risk, and be leveraged as potential novel therapies. (utsa.edu)
In addition to these basic issues concerning leukemia pathogenesis, we are devising new diagnostic procedures for detecting and monitoring leukemia patients based on molecular genetic abnormalities in the malignant cells. (stanford.edu)
We are becoming aware of a growing number of organisms that do not express genetic information equally from both parents as a result of an epigenetic phenomenon called genomic imprinting. (bvsalud.org)
Associations Between Pregnancy-Related Predisposing Factors for Offspring Neurodevelopmental Conditions and Parental Genetic Liability to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism, and Schizophrenia: The Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) , Havdahl et al. (subcriticalappraisal.com)
Genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors interact to result in the accumulation of macromolecular damage and molecular deficits that manifest as aging. (ernolaszlo.com)
This white paper will first provide a brief refresher on the central paradigm of molecular biology, the rigorously controlled process by which genetic information flows within cells and biological systems. (ernolaszlo.com)

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal hematopoietic disorders, representing high risk of progression to acute myeloid leukaemia, and frequently associated to somatic mutations, notably in the epigenetic regulator TET2. (diagenode.com)
Setting aside sporadic mutations, every somatic cell in the body contains an identical genome with an identical complement of genes, each of which encodes a specific protein. (ernolaszlo.com)
Activating mutations upstream may also underlie some epigenetic or within the ERK1/2 cascade are events that change cell signalling. (who.int)

Biologists have long sought to understand how a fertilized egg can form an organism composed of hundreds of specialized cell types, each expressing a defined set of genes. (nature.com)
The pluripotency of the initial cell and the establishment of cell types depend to a large extent on the coordinated deployment of hundreds of transcription factors that bind to specific DNA sequences to activate or repress the transcription of cell lineage genes 1 . (nature.com)
Epigenetic components (for example, Polycomb PRC1/2 and Trithorax group proteins) maintain the 'off' states of certain genes and the 'on' states of others, in a cell-type- and time-specific manner (the bottom panels show three genes, depicted schematically as chromatinized templates, in which transcription is triggered by specific transcription factors and silent or active states are maintained by PRC1/2 or Trithorax proteins, respectively). (nature.com)
The very important question to be addressed at that time was whether all cell types in the body have the same set of genes. (biologists.com)
However, prior to commitment, it has been cells, it is evident that GATA-1 and PU.1 are able to specify observed that many genes are expressed at intermediate or basal erythroid and myeloid cell fates (see [16] and references therein). (lu.se)
Deep RNA-DNA, RNA-protein interaction studies, and phenotype rescue analyses reveal that LETR1 is a nuclear trans-acting lncRNA modulating, via key epigenetic factors, the expression of essential target genes, including KLF4 and SEMA3C , governing the growth and migratory ability of LECs. (nature.com)
This mechanism also applies to hematopoietic cells transformed by other HOX genes, including CDX2, which is highly expressed in a majority of acute myeloid leukemias, thus providing a molecular approach based on GSK-3 inhibitory strategies to target HOX-associated transcription in a broad spectrum of leukemias. (stanford.edu)
Proliferation was characterized by enrichment in genes involved in basic cellular and metabolic processes (transcription, ribosome biogenesis, translation and protein folding), cellular remodelling and autophagy. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we show that bivalent domains and chromosome architecture for bivalent genes are dynamically regulated during the cell cycle in human pluripotent cells. (researchgate.net)
Central to this is the transient increase in H3K4-trimethylation at developmental genes during G1, thereby creating a 'window of opportunity' for cell-fate specification. (researchgate.net)
The Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), composed of EZH1/2, SUZ12, and EED, is an epigenetic silencer that controls the expression of target genes and is crucial for cell identity in multicellular organisms. (bvsalud.org)
In this study, we performed quantitative methylation analyses of six differentially methylated imprinted genes (H19, MEG3, LIT1, NESP55, PEG3 and SNRPN), one hypermethylated pluripotency gene (OCT4) and one hypomethylated tumor suppressor gene (APC) in chorionic villus, fetal and adult cortex, and adult blood samples. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Thus, gene expression must be tightly regulated so that only appropriate genes are expressed in a particular cell type. (ernolaszlo.com)

Acute leukemias induced by MLL chimeric oncoproteins are among the subset of cancers distinguished by a paradoxical dependence on GSK-3 kinase activity for sustained proliferation. (stanford.edu)
and negative regulation of cell population proliferation. (nih.gov)
In response to mito- pendence between the key mecha- gens, cell proliferation is triggered by nistic characteristics. (who.int)
H - Ras cell proliferation are also linked with haematopoietic cel s. (who.int)

This study shows that, similarly to H3 , histone H4 is inherited asymmetrically in Drosophila melanogaster male germline stem cells undergoing asymmetric division. (sdbonline.org)
Calebin-A induced death of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor cells by activation of histone acetyltransferase. (cancerindex.org)

Sperm DNA methylation is predominantly stable in mice offspring bornafter transplantation of long-term cultured spermatogonial stem cells. (diagenode.com)
DNA methylation changes from primary cultures through senescence-bypassin Syrian hamster fetal cells initially exposed to benzo[a]pyrene. (diagenode.com)
Development of DNA methylation-based epigenetic age predictors inloblolly pine (Pinus taeda). (diagenode.com)
The association of aberrant sperm DNA methylation patterns and compromised semen parameters suggests that disturbances in male germline epigenetic reprogramming contribute to this problem. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that plays an important role in gene regulation. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Our results are consistent with the view that most methylation variation may arise after fertilization, leading to epigenetic mosaicism. (uni-wuerzburg.de)

We consider the effects of the environment and both intergenerational and transgenerational epigenetic inheritance on biology, disease and evolution. (nature.com)
Rather, the issues that so beguiled pioneering developmental biologists have now become crucial to the understanding of such disparate fields as cancer biology, cloning and stem cell totipotency. (silverchair.com)
Professor Elena Cattaneo is Director of the Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Pharmacology of Neurodegenerative Diseases at the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, as well as a co-founder and first appointed Director of UniStem , the Centre for Stem Cell Research of the University of Milano. (eurostemcell.org)
9 Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. (jci.org)
The molecular biology underlying renal cell carcinoma (RCC) development and progression has been a key milestone in the management of this type of tumor. (cancerindex.org)

He developed the first rapid, ultra-efficient system to reprogram B cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. (distefano-lab.com)
In addition, the authors also review future strategies in DN treatment such as transcriptional reprogramming of mature adult kidney cells into uncommitted induced pluripotent stem cells for renal repair and therapeutics. (emjreviews.com)
According to a simplified model of this theory a newly-conceived human embryo consists of pluripotent stem cells (Type A), ones that can potentially divide into any body cells. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
Derivation of autologous induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) through direct reprogramming of easily accessible somatic cells holds the potential to transform the field of regenerative medicine. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we summarize current reprogramming methodologies with a focus on the production of transgene-free or genetically unmanipulated iPSCs and highlight important technical details that ultimately may influence the biological properties of pluripotent stem cells. (biomedcentral.com)
In 2006, a major breakthrough was reported in Japan by Takahashi and Yamanaka, who described the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from mouse fibroblasts via over expression of defined transcription factors [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Heterogeneous gene expressions of cells are widely observed in self-renewing pluripotent stem cells, suggesting possible coexistence of multiple cellular states with distinct characteristics. (biomedcentral.com)
These results suggest the co-existence of two cellular "sub-states" within the pluripotent stem cell state: high-Nanog sub-state and low-Nanog sub-state, rather than one well-defined, homogenous pluripotent cellular state. (biomedcentral.com)

One important heat shock protein is discussed further in the blog entry HSP70 to the rescue The relatively recent blog entries Mitohormesis and Radiation hormesis define hormesis in more detail and discuss it as it relates to mitochondrial oxidative stress and stress induced by radiation. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)

The whole adipogenic process was driven by a coordinated activation of transcription factors and epigenetic modulators. (biomedcentral.com)

Using semi-quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blots experiments, we compared changes in ETS-1 and ETS-2 expression, their protein levels, and the regulation of some of their target gene expressions at different stages of the ocular tumoral progression in the transgenic mouse model, Tyrp-1-TAg, with those in normal eyes from control mice of the same age. (molvis.org)
From development to aging and disease, the brain parenchyma is under the constant threat of debris accumulation, in the form of dead cells and protein aggregates. (frontiersin.org)
Preexisting antivector immunity can severely compromise the ability of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium live vaccines to induce protective CD8 T-cell frequencies after type III secretion system-mediated heterologous protein translocation in orally immunized mice. (cipsm.de)
We demonstrate here that GSK-3 maintains the MLL leukemia stem cell transcriptional program by promoting the conditional association of CREB and its coactivators TORC and CBP with homedomain protein MEIS1, a critical component of the MLL-subordinate program, which in turn facilitates HOX-mediated transcription and transformation. (stanford.edu)
In this study, we found that LIM-only protein 3 (LMO3) is hypomethylated and overexpressed in glioma cells and tissues. (oncotarget.com)
They further link to the activation of protein kinase C- (PKC-) induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [ 6 , 7 ], which further mediates the activation of downstream transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF- κ B). Thus, the main treatments of DN refer to modulate glycemic and blood pressure through insulin and RAS inhibitors. (hindawi.com)
DeMarini, and Chapter 20, by Rice and cell death determine the size protein in several signal ing path- and Herceg). (who.int)

Adipogenesis has been extensively studied in mammals [ 7 ] and several cell and animal models have been successfully used to describe the chronology of the molecular events governing this process. (biomedcentral.com)
Epigenetic anomalies develop during carcinogenesis regardless of whether the molecular initiating event is associated with genotoxic (GTx. (diagenode.com)
The main research theme of her lab is neural stem cells, and the molecular pathophysiology of Huntington's Disease . (eurostemcell.org)
Because clinical samples from the 2 patients were negative for all pathogens tested, urine and throat swab specimens were added to epithelial cells, and virus isolates detected were characterized by molecular analysis and electron microscopy. (cdc.gov)

The localization of RNAs in the cell can influence their folding, editing, splicing, translation, degradation, and even the fate of the proteins they encode. (distefano-lab.com)
The heterochromatin-enriched HP1 proteins play a critical role in regulation of transcription. (cipsm.de)
These are frequently activated by fusion to other transcriptional proteins resulting in chimeric transcription factors. (stanford.edu)
After transcription, the pre-mRNA transcript is spliced, joining coding exons together while excising introns and generating messenger RNA (mRNA), which is exported from the nucleus and read by ribosomes to produce polypeptides that fold into the final 3-dimensional structure of proteins ( Figure 1.1) . (ernolaszlo.com)
Although the senescent cells remain viable, they show typical changes with enlarged and flattened cell bodies, apoptosis resistance, increased activity of senescence-associated β -galactosidase (SA- β -gal), and upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors including p16 INK4A , ARF proteins, and p21 [ 13 - 16 ]. (hindawi.com)

We will then describe that resulting from engulfment and degradation of apoptotic cargo, phagocytes undergo an epigenetic, transcriptional and metabolic rewiring that leads to trained immunity, and discuss its relevance for microglia and brain function. (frontiersin.org)
Metabolic traits are another key factor, and they may trigger infertility, which can affect the normal development and function of the ovaries as well. (lidsen.com)

In particular, the FANTOM (Functional Annotation of the Mammalian Genome) consortium pioneered the discovery of the noncoding RNA world by providing, through Cap Analysis of Gene Expression (CAGE-Seq), the first evidence that large portions of our genome are transcribed, producing a multitude of sense and antisense transcripts 12 . (nature.com)
We examined the consequences of CTCF depletion in immortalised human and mouse cells using shRNA knockdown and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing and examined the growth and development of heterozygous Ctcf ( Ctcf +/- ) mice. (preprints.org)
Mammalian reoviruses, members of the genus Orthoreovirus , are nonenveloped double-stranded RNA viruses with a genome composed of 10 segments. (cdc.gov)
A fundamental characteristic of these viruses, because of their segmented genome, is that 2 distinct viruses can infect the same cell and combine their genomes, thus generating novel viruses ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)

Choroidal melanoma is the most common primary malignant ocular tumor in human adults. (molvis.org)

At the same time, the mechanism of hair cell regeneration may be related to gene regulation and epigenetic mechanism. (biomedgrid.com)

Moreover, my lab is testing the hypothesis that RNA sequestration is critical to maintaining adult tissue homeostasis. (distefano-lab.com)
The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis plays a crucial and integrative role in the mammalian endocrine regulation to maintain homeostasis. (intechopen.com)
The basic purpose of hormesis is maintaining a health condition of homeostasis or better in a cell, organ or entire organism. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)

SSCs are adult-tissue stem cells in the mammalian testis that balance self renewing and differentiating fate decisions to give rise to and sustain the entire spermatogenic lineage. (utsa.edu)

Figure 1 The neurogenic niches in the adult murine mammalian brain. (wjgnet.com)

These crucial regulators direct gene expression changes to establish cell-type specific transcriptional profiles. (distefano-lab.com)
The epigenetic regulation of spatiotemporal gene expression is crucial for human development. (researchgate.net)

Recently, RNAs have been shown to be selectively sequestered in cytoplasmic condensates, however, the functional role and composition of RNA condensates during cell fate specification remain unknown. (distefano-lab.com)
Student projects in my lab will revolve around cell-fate decisions in Spermatogonial Stem Cells (SSC). (utsa.edu)
The most obvious of the recurrent concepts to emerge from the meeting was the central role that similar inductive cues play across a variety of organisms and tissues in specifying cell fate. (silverchair.com)
Investigators have now turned their attention to the events downstream of these initial signals and how they are integrated to co-ordinate growth, pattern and cell fate. (silverchair.com)

We also summarize the important role of PRC2 in regulating biological behaviors such as epithelial mesenchymal transition, invasive metastasis, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, autophagy, and PRC2-mediated resistance to LC chemotherapeutic agents in LC cells. (bvsalud.org)

Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) have the capacity to self-renew and commit to fully mature specialized blood cell types. (distefano-lab.com)
In essence, early-on the body sets up pools of stem and progenitor cells to replace lost somatic cells. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)

At an advanced age, the pools of Type B and Type C cells become depleted in part because of replicative senescence and the cells remaining in the pools lose their ability to differentiate as necessary to replace Type D cells. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
Sav1 Loss Induces Senescence and Stat3 Activation Coinciding with Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis. (nih.gov)
Cellular aging or cellular senescence is the critical factor for the process of aging. (hindawi.com)
Furthermore, senescent cells, with the secretory features known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), could produce proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein1 (MCP-1), to greatly affect the neighboring cells [ 17 , 18 ]. (hindawi.com)

Nanog has been recognized as a critical pluripotency gene in stem cell regulation. (biomedcentral.com)

Gradually some of the cells stop dividing and differentiate into neurons and glial cells, which are the main cellular components of the CNS. (wikipedia.org)
With growth, these proliferate and, in a remarkably articulated manner, progressively differentiate into multipotent stem cells (Type B), progenitor cells (Type C), mature body somatic cells (Type E), and many eventually become senescent cells (Type E). (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
The above list is in order of increasing cell-type specificity and decreasing cell-type potency to differentiate into other cell types. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
Starting at conception and throughout life, all cells on this list except the senescent ones will selectively reproduce and possibly differentiate into cells of types further down in the list. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
At maturity there are relatively very few Type A cells and a mix of Type B, C and D cells, Type B and C cells typically live in protected stem cell niches where they reproduce and, as-needed differentiate to become the normal working body Type D cells. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
Cells in those pools replicate and differentiate throughout life. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
During development, the blood vascular system arises from endothelial cell progenitors that differentiate from mesodermal cells, mostly through the expression of the transcription factor (TF) ETV2. (nature.com)
Activation of the VEGFA/VEGFR2 signaling and expression of blood vascular endothelial cell (BEC) markers, such as NRP1 and EphrinB2, further differentiate these precursor cells into BECs, which then form the hierarchical network of blood vessels 4 . (nature.com)
We have previously shown that fish primary preadipocytes differentiate into mature adipocytes in vitro and that these cells represent a very helpful model system to study adipose tissue development in fish [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Similarly, new mammalian reoviruses, such as BYD1, JP, and BYL, were isolated from throat swab specimens of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome ( 10 ). (cdc.gov)
Similarly, Melaka virus ( 11 ), Kampar virus ( 12 ), and HK23629/07 virus ( 13 ) were isolated from adults with acute respiratory infection. (cdc.gov)

During development and lineage specification, pluripotent and adult stem cells generate the diverse arrays of specialized cells of the adult body. (distefano-lab.com)
We determine a comprehensive map of lineage-specific lncRNAs in human dermal lymphatic and blood vascular endothelial cells (LECs and BECs), combining RNA-Seq and CAGE-Seq. (nature.com)
Such a review cannot be comprehensive due to space constraints and I focused on the commitment of the female cell lineage and avoided discussing the male cell lineage. (lidsen.com)

As a brand new graduate student starting in October 1956, my supervisor Michail Fischberg, a lecturer in the department of Zoology at Oxford, suggested that I should try to make somatic cell nuclear transplantation work in the South African frog Xenopus laevis . (biologists.com)
It was clear that a definitive experiment required the replacement of a zygote nucleus by a somatic cell nucleus, asking whether the somatic nucleus could functionally replace the zygote nucleus by eliciting normal development of the enucleated recipient egg ( Fig. 1 )? (biologists.com)
Although exciting results have been achieved by means of somatic cell nuclear transfer, cell fusion, and culture-induced reprogramming [ 1 ], these procedures are technically demanding and inefficient and therefore unlikely to become a common approach for producing patient-specific pluripotent cells. (biomedcentral.com)
A single migratory somatic cell termed the distal tip cell (DTC),which is positioned at the tip of each arm, acts as a specialised signalling centre to control the development and the shape of the gonad through a series of inductive events. (silverchair.com)
체세포 핵 치환 (Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, SCNT)은 난자 의 핵 을 제거한 후에, 체세포 의 핵을 이식하여 복제 를 하는 기술을 말한다. (wikipedia.org)

Thereafter, a distinct subpopulation of endothelial cells lining the cardinal vein starts differentiating by expressing the TF PROX1, the master regulator of lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) identity, via the TFs SOX18 and COUPTFII. (nature.com)
Other reports also show that DN is highly associated with accelerated aging in various types of cells such as tubular cells, podocytes, mesangial cells, and endothelial cells [ 21 - 23 ]. (hindawi.com)

Montalbán-Loro R, Domingo-Muelas A, Bizy A, Ferrón SR. Epigenetic regulation of stemness maintenance in the neurogenic niches. (wjgnet.com)

This laboratory pursues several lines of investigation to understand how T cells contribute to autoimmune diseases and protection from infection, and how to modulate T cell immunity for therapeutic purposes in humans. (utsa.edu)

Importantly, it also mediates rapamycin-induced longevity and intestinal health. (sdbonline.org)

CONCLUSIONS: Causes of increased HF rates in hospital settings are unknown, and more detailed data are needed to investigate the aetiology and determine prevention strategies, particularly among adults with diabetes and especially young adults with diabetes. (cdc.gov)

Cellular immunology, T cell immunity, autoimmune diseases: The immune system plays a fundamental role in the defense against microbial pathogens. (utsa.edu)
This gene may be involved in several cellular functions including growth, migration, aggregation and anti-inflammation in multiple cell types. (cancerindex.org)

Clare's lab recently identified a population of progenitor/stem cells in mice that, on transplantation, is sufficient to generate a fully functional thymus. (eurostemcell.org)

introduced a new concept of CKD-associated secretory phenotype (CASP), which indicates that senescent renal cells could secrete SASP components of various cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF- α [ 19 , 20 ]. (hindawi.com)
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the seventh most frequently diagnosed tumor in adults in Europe and represents approximately 2.5% of cancer deaths. (cancerindex.org)

3) We are defining the properties of cancer stem cells that initiate and sustain the unique disease features of acute leukemias through the use of various adoptive animal models. (stanford.edu)

These results suggest a role for DNA replication in patterning epigenetic information in asymmetrically dividing cells in multicellular organisms. (sdbonline.org)

Many stem cells undergo asymmetric division to produce a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating daughter cell. (sdbonline.org)

IF we could find a way to rejuvenate adult stem cells in their niches, then the stem cell supply chain could possibly be transformed from being a once-through-in-life process to a continuing closed-loop process. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)

The best available evidence suggests that glioblastomas originate from cells that give rise to glial cells. (bmj.com)
Emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic factors play a significant role in regulating post-stro. (diagenode.com)

Although reovirus infection of humans usually induces mild symptoms, infection of newborn mice leads to severe pathologic conditions, such as lethal encephalitis, depending on the inoculation route and strain ( 4 , 5 ). (cdc.gov)

The neural plate is the source of the majority of neurons and glial cells of the CNS. (wikipedia.org)
D: Coronal view showing the adult mouse subgranular zone (SGZ) and the newborn neurons (red) being integrated in the granular cell layer (gr). (wjgnet.com)
The cell bodies of these neurons are clustered in groups, called nuclei. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)

During this time, the walls of the neural tube contain neural stem cells, which drive brain growth as they divide many times. (wikipedia.org)

It levels for the hematopoietic stem cell system [1,2]. (lu.se)

Purpose: We have previously shown that TRDMT1 methyltransferase is a regulator of chemotherapy-associated responses in glioblastoma cells. (diagenode.com)

In the future, with the continuous focus of research hotspots, the mechanism of inner ear hair cell regeneration and the therapeutic drugs derived from it will gradually be explained clearly. (biomedgrid.com)

Anatomy33

Organisms14

Chemicals and Drugs105

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Phenomena and Processes76

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Mechanisms28

Alterations8

Pathways10

Chromatin13

Regulation of gene ex4

Differentiation16

Modifications4

Regulatory8

Embryonic7

Heterogeneity4

Genetic12

Mutations3

Genes13

Proliferation4

Histone2

Methylation6

Biology5

Pluripotent stem8

Mitochondrial1

Modulators1

Protein7

Molecular4

Proteins5

Metabolic2

Genome4

Malignant1

Gene regulation1

Homeostasis3

Testis1

Murine1

Crucial2

Fate4

Apoptosis1

Stem and progenitor cells2

Senescence4

Pluripotency1

Differentiate9

Similarly2

Lineage3

Somatic cell5

Endothelial cells2

Stemness1

Modulate1

Rapamycin1

Conclusions1

Cellular2

Progenitor1

Renal2

Initiate1

Multicellular organisms1

Undergo1

Niches1

Suggests2

Newborn mice1

Neurons3

Neural stem1

Hematopoietic stem1

Regulator1

Regeneration1