MicroRNAs regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by binding to 3′- or less often to 5′-untranslated regions of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs), which in consequence leads to inhibited translation and/or induces degradation of targeted mRNA [ 1 ]. (archivesofmedicalscience.com)
Synapses3
Following transcription, Arc mRNA is transported out of the nucleus and localized to neuronal dendrites and activated synapses, a process dependent on the 3' UTR, polymerization of actin, and ERK phosphorylation. (wikipedia.org)
In the mammalian nervous system, neuronal activity regulates the strength and number of synapses formed. (elsevierpure.com)
We show that myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) transcription factors suppressed excitatory synapse number in a neuronal activity- and calcineurin-dependent manner as hippocampal neurons formed synapses. (elsevierpure.com)
Promoter2
The Y-box protein MSY3/Csda represses myogenin transcription in skeletal muscle by binding a highly conserved cis-acting DNA element located just upstream of the myogenin minimal promoter (myogHCE). (biomedcentral.com)
We have previously shown that MSY3/Csda binds a highly conserved cis-acting element located upstream of the myogenin promoter (myogHCE) and regulates the postnatal down-regulation of myogenin [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Nucleus1
The primary microRNA (Pri-miRNA) is produced in the cell nucleus through the transcription of a DNA strand mediated by RNA polymerase II [ 2 ]. (archivesofmedicalscience.com)
Genes1
When activated, MEF2 promoted the transcription of a set of genes, including ore and synGAP, that restrict synapse number. (elsevierpure.com)
Upstream2
see serum response factor) at ~1.5 kb upstream of the initiation site. (wikipedia.org)
and a synaptic activity response element (SARE) sequence at ~7 kb upstream that contains binding sites for cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2), and SRF. (wikipedia.org)
Proteins2
It is estimated that microRNAs regulate production of approximately 60% of all human proteins and enzymes that are responsible for major physiological processes. (archivesofmedicalscience.com)
MSY3 (MSY4, YB-2, CSDA, dbpA, ZONAB) is a member of the cold shock domain (CSD) family of proteins also known as Y-box proteins, which are evolutionarily conserved proteins that function as transcription factors and regulators of RNA metabolism and protein synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Serum1
Finally, inhibiting this pathway exacerbated the inflammatory response to stroke as CaMKK β or CaMK IV KO mice had increased levels of the pro-inflammatory serum cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) after stroke. (biomedcentral.com)
Response1
In response to increased neuronal activity, calcium influx into neurons induced the activation of the calcium/calmodulin-regulated phosphatase calcineurin, which dephosphorylated and activated MEF2. (elsevierpure.com)
Growth1
Arc is critical as a ubiquitous signaling factor in early embryonic development and is required for growth and patterning during gastrulation. (wikipedia.org)
Levels2
These animals proved viable and exhibit no gross malformations in neuronal architecture, but express higher levels of the GluR1 subunit and increased miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in addition to displaying deficiencies in long-term memory. (wikipedia.org)
However, the effect of biological sex on stroke outcome is evident even in clinical populations with only minimal differences in hormone levels, such as neonates and the elderly, which suggests that non-hormonal factors also contribute to outcome [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Element1
The 3' UTR of the mRNA contains a cis-acting element required for the localization of Arc to neuronal dendrites, as well as sites for two exon junction complexes (EJCs) that make Arc a natural target for nonsense mediated decay (NMD). (wikipedia.org)
Skeletal3
Mediates cellular functions not only in skeletal and cardiac muscle development, but also in neuronal differentiation and survival. (nih.gov)
16. Cross-talk between glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and p38MAPK regulates myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) activity in skeletal and cardiac muscle. (nih.gov)
Herein, we investigated the biological significance of Forkhead box P1 (FoxP1), a transcriptional repressor that we demonstrate is up-regulated in skeletal muscle in multiple models of cancer cachexia and in cachectic cancer patients. (bvsalud.org)
MEF2D3
Here, we report that MEF2D is present in rodent neuronal mitochondria, where it can regulate the expression of a gene encoded within mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). (nih.gov)
Immunocytochemical, immunoelectron microscopic, and biochemical analyses of rodent neuronal cells showed that a portion of MEF2D was targeted to mitochondria via an N-terminal motif and the chaperone protein mitochondrial heat shock protein 70 (mtHsp70). (nih.gov)
This is at least partly due to a progressive impairment of the cellular processes regulating cardiac and vascular homeostasis, finally leading to the development of cardiovascular pathologies. (hindawi.com)
Extracellular2
7. A novel role for extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 and myocyte enhancer factor 2 in medulloblastoma cell death. (nih.gov)
Activation of the cellular senescence genetic program prompts a series of molecular changes, mostly affecting cell cycle, extracellular matrix (ECM), secretion of growth factors, and inflammatory mediators. (hindawi.com)
MEF2C5
2. MEF2C and EBF1 Co-regulate B Cell-Specific Transcription. (nih.gov)
3. Developmentally regulated expression of MEF2C limits the response to BCR engagement in transitional B cells. (nih.gov)
4. ERK5 Cooperates With MEF2C to Regulate Nr4a1 Transcription in MA-10 and MLTC-1 Leydig Cells. (nih.gov)
5. MEF2C regulates c-Jun but not TNF-alpha gene expression in stimulated mast cells. (nih.gov)
12. BMK1/ERK5 regulates serum-induced early gene expression through transcription factor MEF2C. (nih.gov)
Protein6
Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein is a plasticity protein that in humans is encoded by the ARC gene. (wikipedia.org)
Dysfunction in the production of Arc protein has been implicated as an important factor in understanding various neurological conditions, including amnesia, Alzheimer's disease, Autism spectrum disorders, and Fragile X syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
and a synaptic activity response element (SARE) sequence at ~7 kb upstream that contains binding sites for cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2), and SRF. (wikipedia.org)
15. Differential regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1/2 and ERK5 by neurotrophins, neuronal activity, and cAMP in neurons. (nih.gov)
20. Interaction of myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) with a mitogen-activated protein kinase, ERK5/BMK1. (nih.gov)
Mitochondria have circular DNA (mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA), and mitochondrial biogenesis (mitobiogenesis) involves the replication, transcription, and translation of mtDNA-encoded genes, the interorganelle transport of phospholipids, and the import of nuclear-encoded proteins into mitochondria through the protein translocation machinery of the outer and inner membranes [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Gene3
The transcription factors in the myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) family play important roles in cell survival by regulating nuclear gene expression. (nih.gov)
This gene is a member of the myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) family of transcription factors. (nih.gov)
11. Freeze-responsive regulation of MEF2 proteins and downstream gene networks in muscles of the wood frog, Rana sylvatica. (nih.gov)
Regulation2
Plays a critical role in the regulation of neuronal apoptosis (By similarity). (nih.gov)
The 3' UTR of the mRNA contains a cis-acting element required for the localization of Arc to neuronal dendrites, as well as sites for two exon junction complexes (EJCs) that make Arc a natural target for nonsense mediated decay (NMD). (wikipedia.org)
Following transcription, Arc mRNA is transported out of the nucleus and localized to neuronal dendrites and activated synapses, a process dependent on the 3' UTR, polymerization of actin, and ERK phosphorylation. (wikipedia.org)
13. Phosphorylation and alternative pre-mRNA splicing converge to regulate myocyte enhancer factor 2C activity. (nih.gov)
Survival1
Plays diverse roles in the control of cell growth, survival and apoptosis via p38 MAPK signaling in muscle-specific and/or growth factor-related transcription. (nih.gov)
Transcriptional1
Transcriptional activator which binds specifically to the MEF2 element, 5'-YTA[AT](4)TAR-3', found in numerous muscle-specific, growth factor- and stress-induced genes. (nih.gov)
Cellular2
Mitochondrial mass and quality are tightly regulated by two essential and opposing mechanisms, mitochondrial biogenesis (mitobiogenesis) and mitophagy, in response to cellular energy needs and other cellular and environmental cues. (biomedcentral.com)
At the molecular level, in fact, a gradual weakening of the cellular processes regulating cardiovascular homeostasis occurs in aging cells. (hindawi.com)
Nuclear1
Given that the majority of mitochondrial proteins are nuclear-encoded, the transcription and translation of nuclear and mitochondrial genes must be tightly coordinated to ensure the creation of new mitochondria [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Development4
Arc is critical as a ubiquitous signaling factor in early embryonic development and is required for growth and patterning during gastrulation. (wikipedia.org)
Crucial for normal neuronal development, distribution, and electrical activity in the neocortex. (pharna.com)
Cell1
14. ERK5 regulates basic fibroblast growth factor-induced type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor expression and cell proliferation in lung fibroblasts. (nih.gov)
Essential1
Plays an essential role in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory by suppressing the number of excitatory synapses and thus regulating basal and evoked synaptic transmission. (pharna.com)
Site1
see serum response factor) at ~1.5 kb upstream of the initiation site. (wikipedia.org)