Transcription factor activates proteasome subunit unfolded protein activating transcription factor 6. Medical search. Frequent questions

Beyond the organelle dynamics, the constant interaction with the ubiquitin-proteasome-system (UPS) has become an emerging aspect of healthy mitochondria. (hindawi.com)
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is the main pathway in the cell for the elimination of aberrant or misfolded proteins. (5dok.org)

citation needed] In normal functioning cells, this 13.6-kDa protein resides in the cytoplasm, yet in cancerous cells, it travels to the nucleus via phosphorylation at the Thr-108 position via the mitogenic cyclin dependent kinase (CDK2). (wikipedia.org)
This has led to the development of a range of ERK1/2 inhibitors (ERKi) that either inhibit kinase catalytic activity (catERKi) or additionally prevent the activating pT-E-pY dual phosphorylation of ERK1/2 by MEK1/2 (dual-mechanism or dmERKi). (babraham.ac.uk)
Our results suggest that ERKi, including current clinical candidates, act as 'kinase degraders', driving the proteasome-dependent turnover of their major target, ERK2. (babraham.ac.uk)
However, recent studies have suggested that BRAFi/MEKi and ERK1/2i resistance can arise through activation of a parallel signalling pathway leading to activation of ERK5, an unusual protein kinase that contains both a kinase domain and a transcriptional transactivation domain. (babraham.ac.uk)
Glucosamine entering the cell is also converted to glucosamine-6-phosphate using GNK (GlcNAc kinase). (biomedcentral.com)
Perilipin 5 (PLIN5) is a lipid-droplet-associated protein that coordinates intracellular lipolysis in highly oxidative tissues and is thought to regulate lipid metabolism in response to phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA). (uci.edu)
The Parkinson's disease genes pink1 and parkin , which encode a mitochondrially targeted protein kinase, and an E3 ubiquitin ligase, respectively, participate in a key mitochondrial quality-control pathway that eliminates damaged mitochondria. (sdbonline.org)
NF-κB activation requires the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, which is composed of two serine-threonine kinases (IKKα and IKKβ) and the regulatory subunit NEMO (IKKγ). (invivochem.com)

It has been found that upon accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the mRNA of this gene is processed to an active form by an unconventional splicing mechanism that is mediated by the endonuclease inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1). (cancerindex.org)
The IRE1 endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor activates natural killer cell immunity in part by regulating c-Myc. (cancerindex.org)
Here, we demonstrate that the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α) and its substrate transcription factor X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) drive NK cell responses against viral infection and tumors in vivo. (cancerindex.org)

Ageing leads to a gradual dysfunction of the proteostasis network and thus to proteome instability due to accumulation of damaged and/or misfolded proteins [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Thus the formation of aggregates renders these toxic proteins resistant to proteasomal degradation and initiates the accumulation of polyGln proteins and polyGln-interacting proteins. (5dok.org)
Accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER lumen triggers the dissociation of GRP78 from its quiescent UPR mediators. (molvis.org)

IRE1α-XBP1 were essential for expansion of activated mouse and human NK cells and are situated downstream of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. (cancerindex.org)
There was also an upregulation in expression of positive regulators and key components of the AMPK pathway, autophagy, proteasome function, and the unfolded protein response. (nature.com)
The vast majority of proteins entering the secretory pathway are synthesized on ribosomes docked at ER translocons and are co-transationally translocated into the ER lumen. (stanford.edu)
This highly complex 'protein biogenesis' process is assisted by a diverse network of folding catalysts and protein-modifying enzymes and is scrutinized by molecular chaperones and other 'quality control' factors which ensure that only correctly folded and assembled proteins exit the ER and proceed to distal compartments of the secretory pathway. (stanford.edu)
Our goal is to elucidate the functional networks that coordinate protein synthesis and quality control in the early secretory pathway. (stanford.edu)
The integrated stress response is a signaling pathway activated in cancer cells in response to both dysregulated growth and metabolism, and also following exposure to many therapies that appears one such targetable pathway for improved treatment of these diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
This pathway map also shows the Entner-Doudoroff pathway where 6-P-gluconate is dehydrated and then cleaved into pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3P [MD:M00008]. (easyomics.org)

These regulators include canonical genes that control lipid metabolism as well as genes involved in ubiquitination, transcription, and mitochondrial function. (stanford.edu)

These compounds generally penetrate cell membranes, act on specific target proteins in cells, regulate intracellular signaling pathways, and cause some changes in cell phenotype. (chemscene.com)
These ions also act as cofactors or structural components of proteins or enzymes that regulate several physiological processes such as mitochondrial respiration, energy metabolism, and antioxidants [ 3 , 4 ]. (ijbs.com)
These nutrient-driven post-translational modifications are highly altered in cancer and regulate protein functions in various cancer-associated processes. (biomedcentral.com)
NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells) is a family of highly conserved transcription factors that regulate many important cellular behaviors (e.g. inflammatory responses, cellular growth and apoptosis). (invivochem.com)

Exposure to extraterrestrial sources causes an imbalance in the intracellular Cu metabolic balance, leading to cytotoxic and organism-damaging effects [ 6 ]. (ijbs.com)
This review summarizes the unique immunomodulatory aspects of hRSV infection, the viral proteins involved in intracellular immune signaling, and the viral interactions in play with the host's immune system. (fortunejournals.com)
This review summarizes the unique immune-modulatory aspects of hRSV infection that are associated with the roles performed by viral proteins in intracellular immune signaling, their interactions with the host immune system, and their possible implications for disease pathology. (fortunejournals.com)
The IKK complex is a signal integration hub, which sequesters a wide variety of extra and intracellular signals to catalyze phosphorylation of various IκB and NF-κB proteins as well as of other substrates. (invivochem.com)

Membrane proteins must be threaded co-translocationally into the lipid bilayer to become membrane-integrated, often with complex topologies and typically form hetero- or homo- oligomers. (stanford.edu)
Beta-crystallins exist as oligomers formed from acidic (BETA-CRYSTALLIN A CHAIN) and basic (BETA-CRYSTALLIN B CHAIN) subunits. (lookformedical.com)
The proteins exist as large oligomers that are formed from ALPHA-CRYSTALLIN A CHAIN and ALPHA-CRYSTALLIN B CHAIN subunits. (lookformedical.com)

The mitochondria have their own chaperones and proteolytic enzymes that remove damaged or unfolded proteins [ 18 - 20 ]. (hindawi.com)
Although enzymes responsible for the addition and removal of acetyl groups were discovered almost 30 years ago, high-resolution structures of the enzymes in the context of their native complexes are only now beginning to become available, thanks to revolutionary technologies in protein structure determination and prediction. (bvsalud.org)
Oligomerization is a frequently encountered physical characteristic of biological molecules that occurs for a wide number of transcription factors, ion channels, oxygen-carrying macromolecules such as hemocyanin and enzymes. (baumaschinen-knell.de)
RNA enzymes may observe from also translocated proteins, they may phosphorylate suggested in proteins with delayed strategies, or they may outline known in membranes of factor factors. (evakoch.com)

It has been well acknowledged that pancreatic cancer has many different molecular subgroups with unique biological characteristics, which is partially responsible for the poor effectiveness and drug resistance observed for existing treatments [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
A family history of pancreatic cancer is an essential risk factor [ 20 ], and germline BRCA2 mutations comprise the highest proportion of known reasons for inherited pancreatic cancer [ 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Nevertheless, in neurodegenerative diseases these proteins accumulate with disastrous consequences for neurons, eventually leading to cell death. (5dok.org)

Cells express a pool of thousands of different proteins that need to be tightly controlled for proper cellular structure, organization, and function. (hindawi.com)
In addition, the subcellular distribution of mitochondria can affect the cellular transcriptome and transcription rates. (hindawi.com)
This gene product is a bZIP protein, which was also identified as a cellular transcription factor that binds to an enhancer in the promoter of the T cell leukemia virus type 1 promoter. (cancerindex.org)
Cu is not only involved in regulatory cell death (RCD), but also in exogenous factors that induce cellular responses and toxic outcomes. (ijbs.com)
Activation follows a spring-loaded mechanism not requiring further translation of other cellular factors in oocytes and is associated with unfolding of the inhibitory structure that blocks the tetramerization interface. (elifesciences.org)

6) These 25 amino acid peptides, in contrast to the majority of peptides within the Brevinine family, has low hemolytic action. (wikipedia.org)
Phosphorylation of eIF2α on Ser51 inhibits 5' cap-dependent mRNA translation, resulting in the global suppression of protein synthesis to facilitate adaptation to a variety of stresses linked to protein synthesis, including proteotoxic stress, viral replication, heme depletion and amino acid withdrawal [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

FLIM-FRET analysis of protein-protein interactions showed that PLIN5 S155 phosphorylation regulates PLIN5 interaction with adipose triglyceride lipase at the lipid droplet, but not with α-β hydrolase domain-containing 5. (uci.edu)

We show that UBB +1 is a substrate of the proteasome but is too short to be efficiently degraded. (5dok.org)

The trimeric Sec61/SecY complex is a protein-conducting channel (PCC) for secretory and membrane proteins. (cipsm.de)
MARV assembles and buds from the host cell plasma where MARV matrix protein (mVP40) dimers associate with anionic lipids at the plasma membrane inner leaflet and undergo a dynamic and extensive self-oligomerization into the structural matrix layer. (uci.edu)
An interleukin-1 subtype that is synthesized as an inactive membrane-bound pro-protein. (lookformedical.com)
An 11-kDa protein associated with the outer membrane of many cells including lymphocytes. (lookformedical.com)

Protein conformation is critically linked to function and often controlled by interactions with regulatory factors. (cipsm.de)

In the next step, the enzyme glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase (GNPNAT) catalyzes Ac-CoA and glucosamine-6-phosphate to generate N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcNAc-6P) and CoA. (biomedcentral.com)
This is followed by GlcNAc phosphomutase (PGM3/AGM1)-mediated isomerization into GlcNAc-1-phosphate (GlcNAc-1-P). Finally, UTP and GlcNAc-1Pz produce UDP-GlcNAc through UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase (UAP1/AGX1) enzyme [ 6 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Glucose enters the cell and undergoes two-step conversion to fructose-6P (fructose-6-phosphate), after which approximately 95% of it proceeds to glycolysis and 3-5% of it is converted to glucosamine-6P (glucosamine-6-phosphate) by the enzyme GFAT (glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase), utilizing glutamine that enters the cell. (biomedcentral.com)
globin in the presence is also activated into liver sites by AQP9 included in the enzyme heterodimer of reactions. (evakoch.com)

Glycoprotein acetylation (GlycA) is measured as a nuclear magnetic resonance signal (NMR) of the post-translational modification of glycosylated acute-phase proteins released during inflammation. (bvsalud.org)
Accumulating data now supports a causal role for hRSV LRTIs in the development of hypertension caused by inflammation around the small vessels in the airways [5, 6]. (fortunejournals.com)

Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
Melanoma in particular exhibits a high incidence of activating BRAF and NRAS mutations and such cells are addicted to the activity of these mutant oncoproteins. (babraham.ac.uk)

The heterochromatin-enriched HP1 proteins play a critical role in regulation of transcription. (cipsm.de)
Plastid-specific ribosomal proteins (PSRPs) have been proposed to play roles in the light-dependent regulation of chloroplast translation. (cipsm.de)
Based on the distinct phylogeny of the polymerase (L) protein and the presence of a conserved M2 gene, both of which are involved in transcriptional regulation and virus morphology, hRSV was renamed human Orthopneumovirus to fit with its taxonomical classification as a member of the Orthopneumovirus genus ( Pneumoviridae family) [7]. (fortunejournals.com)

The co-chaperone Hep1 is required to prevent the aggregation of mitochondrial Hsp70 proteins. (cipsm.de)
However, aggregation of the aggregation- prone polyGln proteins prevented proteasomal degradation. (5dok.org)

The proteostasis network (PN) is an assembly of distinct dynamic molecular pathways that control the functionality of the proteome (proteome homeodynamics) during protein synthesis, folding, trafficking, and degradation. (hindawi.com)
The coordinated transcription of the genome is the fundamental mechanism in molecular biology. (mdpi.com)
Alpha-crystallins also act as molecular chaperones that bind to denatured proteins, keep them in solution and thereby maintain the translucency of the lens. (lookformedical.com)
Other molecular components of hRSV, such as the G or N proteins, have also been explored as potential targets for disease control. (fortunejournals.com)
The molecular chaperone glucose-regulated protein 78 ( GRP78 ) or binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), in addition to Ca 2+ binding and protein processing functions, possesses one more key role: master initiator of early UPR signaling. (molvis.org)

This protein, also known as viral protein 3 (VP3) was isolated from chickens, and has been shown to cause PCD in transformed human cells. (wikipedia.org)
Apoptin may be used as a target for treatment or as an early indicator of druggable tumor-specific processes in future antitumor therapies This protein encoded for by Apoptin has the specific capability of attacking transforming cells while leaving untransformed cells unharmed. (wikipedia.org)
ERKi treatment of cells drives the poly-ubiquitylation and proteasome-dependent turnover of ERK2 and pharmacological or genetic inhibition of Cullin-RING E3 ligases prevents this. (babraham.ac.uk)
6. Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry and Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre (CiMIC), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany. (ijbs.com)
DEC-205 (CD205), a member of the macrophage mannose receptor protein family, is the prototypic endocytic receptor of dendritic cells, whose ligands include phosphorothioated cytosine-guanosine (CpG) oligonucleotides, a motif often seen in bacterial or viral DNA. (uci.edu)
A heterogeneous family of water-soluble structural proteins found in cells of the vertebrate lens. (lookformedical.com)

In line with this notion, mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that undergo fission and fusion and move into the cell along the microtubules to generate the mitochondrial network [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
Inadequate understanding of the antigenic intricacies of its viral proteins and the immune responses they generate in the host is the greatest obstacle to the progress of hRSV prevention and treatment. (fortunejournals.com)

The eIF2α kinases phosphorylate Ser51 of eIF2α which leads to suppression of global protein synthesis but selective enhancement of translation of some mRNAs, such as that encoding ATF4. (biomedcentral.com)

This gene encodes a transcription factor that regulates MHC class II genes by binding to a promoter element referred to as an X box. (cancerindex.org)
The isoform encoded by the unspliced mRNA, XBP1(U), is constitutively expressed, and thought to function as a negative feedback regulator of XBP1(S), which shuts off transcription of target genes during the recovery phase of ER stress. (cancerindex.org)
One basic problem is how a decrease in tRNA levels, by downregulating Pol III efficiency, influences the expression pattern of protein-coding genes. (mdpi.com)
hRSV is an enveloped virus with a negative-stranded, non-segmented RNA genome containing 10 genes distributed along 15.2 kilobases in the order 3′-NS1-NS2-N-P-M-SH-G-F-M2-L-5′ and encoding 11 proteins [8]. (fortunejournals.com)

Cell growth is primarily supported by growth factor-driven glucose and glutamine intake, which form building blocks for biosynthesis. (biomedcentral.com)

These studies focus on the degradation of specific disease related proteins and the general status of the UPS under conditions of an excess of aberrant or misfolded proteins. (5dok.org)
To evaluate the capacity of the UPS to degrade disease related proteins, polyglutamine (polyGln) proteins were targeted for proteasomal degradation. (5dok.org)
A mutant form of Ub, UBB +1 is another protein that can resist proteasomal degradation. (5dok.org)
Since the UPS is also responsible for the degradation of ER proteins we investigated the effect of ER stress on the functionality of the UPS. (5dok.org)
However, in these diseases the UPS is compromised and some proteins might resist degradation. (5dok.org)
degradation of polyglutamine proteins. (5dok.org)

Preexisting antivector immunity can severely compromise the ability of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium live vaccines to induce protective CD8 T-cell frequencies after type III secretion system-mediated heterologous protein translocation in orally immunized mice. (cipsm.de)
Most proteins are reoxidized by RNA Reconstitution II, ultimately a similar factors are as RNA immunity III engineers with promoting vital regions. (evakoch.com)
Currently, the prefusion F protein is considered the most effective antigen for inducing protective immunity. (fortunejournals.com)

These conditions include but are not limited to artery or vein occlusion in diabetic retinopathy, hypoxic retina in retinopathy of prematurity, aging in age-related macular degeneration, expression of mutant proteins in inherited retinal degeneration, traumatic injury leading to retinal detachment, and light sensitivity in the case of light-induced retinal degeneration. (molvis.org)

Using a combination of biophysical methods as well as cell and ovary culture experiments we explain how TAp63α is kept inactive in the absence of DNA damage but causes rapid oocyte elimination in response to a few DNA double strand breaks thereby acting as the key quality control factor in maternal reproduction. (elifesciences.org)
Recently published literature has provided evidence that the unfolded protein response (UPR) is involved in the development of retinal degeneration. (molvis.org)
A fish oil diet induces mitochondrial uncoupling and mitochondrial unfolded protein response in epididymal white adipose tissue of mice. (omrf.org)

A protein called p63, which is closely related to another protein that suppresses the formation of tumors, plays an essential role in detecting and responding to DNA damage. (elifesciences.org)

also found that the oocytes of mice already contain all the proteins necessary to activate p63. (elifesciences.org)

PARP inhibitors can trap the PARP-1 protein at a single-stranded break/DNA lesion and disrupt its catalytic cycle, ultimately leading to replication fork progression and consequent double-strand breaks. (biomedcentral.com)

citation needed] Additionally, this protein does not act alone. (wikipedia.org)

The ER is the 'port of entry' for proteins destined for the cell surface and beyond. (stanford.edu)
Cuproptosis causes proteotoxic stress and ultimately results in cell death by the binding of Cu ions to lipid-acylated proteins during the tricarboxylic acid cycle of mitochondrial respiration. (ijbs.com)
GNA1/GNPNAT1 (glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase) then converts glucosamine-6P (which can also be made by glucosamine entering the cell) into GlcNAc-6P (N-acetylglucosamine-6-Phosphate), also utilizing acetyl-CoA that is made from fatty acid metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
14) strand proteins in gene-internal of FGFR3 and capable sunshine amyloid or proteotoxic cell increasing( Otsuki, 1999). (evakoch.com)
The protein then switches to an active form when DNA damage is detected to trigger the process of cell self-destruction. (elifesciences.org)

Lipid-specific oligomerization of the Marburg virus matrix protein VP40 is regulated by two distinct interfaces for virion assembly. (uci.edu)

ERK1/2 inhibitors act as monovalent degraders inducing ubiquitylation and proteasome-dependent turnover of ERK2, but not ERK1. (babraham.ac.uk)

UDP-GlcNAc is then used for N-linked and O-linked glycosylation in the ER and Golgi and for O-GlcNAc modification of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins by OGT (O-GlcNAc transferase). (biomedcentral.com)
The nuclear transport receptor Importin-11 is a tumor suppressor that maintains PTEN protein. (omrf.org)

Apoptin: Apoptin, a protein produced from avian viruses, causes p53-deficient tumor-specific apoptosis manner. (wikipedia.org)

Instead, damaged or incorrectly synthesized proteins must be rapidly and efficiently destroyed lest they form toxic aggregates. (stanford.edu)

These proteins were efficiently degraded independent of the length of the polyGln repeat. (5dok.org)

This dissociation from PERK, ATF6, and IRE1 satisfies the demand for appropriate protein folding. (molvis.org)

however, mRNAs encoding a subset of factors important for error-free replication and chromosome segregation, including TIPIN, PLK2 and PLK3, remain at low abundance. (babraham.ac.uk)

Angiopoietin-like protein 4 (Angptl4) is a recently identified circulating protein expressed primarily in adipose tissue and liver. (baumaschinen-knell.de)

The experiments showed that in the inactive form, the two ends of the protein form a sheet that closes a key site on the protein and prevents it from changing into its active form. (elifesciences.org)
However, this closed form can be thought of as being like a spring-loaded trap - it doesn't take much energy to spring the trap and open the protein into its active form. (elifesciences.org)
This means that once the switch to the active form is triggered there is no delay waiting for other proteins to be made, which makes oocytes extremely sensitive to DNA damage. (elifesciences.org)

However, important knowledge gaps remain about the role played by various hRSV proteins in immunobiology and pathology. (fortunejournals.com)

The resulting loss of 26 nt from the spliced mRNA causes a frame-shift and an isoform XBP1(S), which is the functionally active transcription factor. (cancerindex.org)

The citric type, pin-pointed a available interface( complex), describes an Second subcellular transcription within a receptor path-finding. (evakoch.com)
Here we describe the 3.2 Å cryo-EM structure of human DEC-205, thereby illuminating the structure of the mannose receptor protein family. (uci.edu)

Among them, lysine acetylation is not only the most pervasive and dynamic modification but also highly consequential for regulating gene transcription. (bvsalud.org)

A repressor T activated in major plasma of the ones for the feedback of Master of Nursing at Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand. (evakoch.com)

A common feature in many of these diseases is the presence of aggregated proteins that are covalently linked to ubiquitin (Ub). (5dok.org)
The presence of these proteins accounts for the transparency of the lens. (lookformedical.com)

Anatomy15

Organisms8

Chemicals and Drugs134

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment25

Phenomena and Processes71

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Ubiquitin-protea2

Kinase8

Endoplasmic reticulum3

Accumulation3

Pathway7

Mitochondrial function1

Regulate4

Intracellular4

OLIGOMERs3

Enzymes4

Pancreatic2

Neurodegenerative diseases1

Cellular5

Amino acid2

Phosphorylation1

Substrate1

Membrane4

Regulatory1

Enzyme4

Inflammation2

Mutations2

Regulation3

Aggregation2

Molecular5

Cells6

Generate2

Phosphorylate1

Genes4

Glucose1

Degradation6

Immunity3

Mutant1

Response3

Another protein1

Mice1

Catalytic1

Additionally1

Cell5

Oligomerization1

Inhibitors1

Nuclear2

Apoptosis1

Toxic1

Efficiently1

IRE11

Chromosome1

Liver1

Form3

Role1

MRNA1

Receptor2

Modification1

Major1

Presence2