AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation Science
ChromosomesChromosome MappingTranscription FactorsTranscription, GeneticX ChromosomeChromosome BandingChromosome AberrationsSex ChromosomesChromosomes, Human, Pair 1Chromosomes, HumanMolecular Sequence DataBase SequenceChromosomes, BacterialChromosome SegregationChromosomes, Human, Pair 7Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11Chromosome DeletionChromosomes, Human, Pair 17Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9Chromosomes, FungalGene Expression RegulationChromosomes, PlantPromoter Regions, GeneticChromosomes, Human, 6-12 and XMutationChromosomes, Human, Pair 2Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22Chromosomes, MammalianRNA, MessengerChromosome PairingChromosomes, Human, Pair 13Sp1 Transcription FactorChromosomes, Human, Pair 4Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10DNA-Binding ProteinsChromosomes, Human, Pair 8Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19Chromosomes, Human, YChromosomes, Artificial, BacterialDNAAmino Acid SequenceNuclear ProteinsChromosome DisordersChromosomes, Human, XCell LineChromosomes, Human, Pair 12Chromosome PaintingChromosomes, Human, Pair 5Chromosomes, Human, 1-3In Situ Hybridization, FluorescenceChromosomes, Human, Pair 15KaryotypingTranscriptional ActivationChromosomes, Human, Pair 14Cloning, MolecularBinding SitesChromosomes, Human, Pair 18Chromosomes, Artificial, YeastTrans-ActivatorsChromosomes, Human, 16-18Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20Protein BindingRepressor ProteinsGenetic LinkageChromosomes, Human, 13-15Cell NucleusChromosome BreakagePlasmidsTranscription Initiation SiteChromosomes, Human, 21-22 and YGenetic MarkersHeLa CellsRing ChromosomesChromosome InversionChromosome PositioningPhenotypeChromatinModels, GeneticChromosomes, Human, 4-5TransfectionRNA Polymerase IISignal TransductionSaccharomyces cerevisiaeTranscription Factor AP-1X Chromosome InactivationCentromereTranslocation, GeneticGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalSTAT3 Transcription FactorGenesCells, CulturedGenes, ReporterBasic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription FactorsMeiosisReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionMitosisEscherichia coli
2023ReplicationTotal of 46 chromosomesGenomeEncodes2022Different chromosomesChromatin organizationDysregulationTrisomyTranslocationFactors1999EpubFunctionalTranslocationsProteinEmbryosNuclearRecombinationCancerCancersMRNA transcriptionOrganizationRegulateMalesKaryotypeAbnormalitiesMutationsNucleusGenes in humanInnateGene regulationCaenorhabditisRibosomalBone marrowSyndromeFactorTranscriptionalRegulatoryExpressionRevealsOccursCellMethodsBelongsMolecularChapterQuantitativeBiologyProteinsCellsSignificantly associatedEpidemiology
20231
Replication5
  • One should distinguish "natural" antimicrobial drugs ated with chromosome replication, plasmid conjugation (e.g., kanamycin), which are produced by microorganisms with replicative transfer, and gene migration with replica- from the environment, from semisynthetic (e.g., amikacin) tive transposition (1). (cdc.gov)
  • Topoisomerases are nuclear enzymes that modify the topological state of DNA and participate in fundamental metabolic processes such as replication, transcription, repair, recombination, and chromosome segregation (1) . (aacrjournals.org)
  • The protein is likely to be involved in the response to DNA damage during replication, as well as in the replication and transcription processes. (medscape.com)
  • These findings identify DNSN-1 as a missing link in our understanding of DNA replication initiation, suggesting that initiation defects underlie the human disease syndrome that results from DONSON mutations. (bvsalud.org)
  • they are also essential for DNA replication and mRNA transcription. (medscape.com)
Total of 46 chromosomes2
Genome7
  • Furthermore, this resource has allowed the identification of cis -regulatory sites in previously unexplored regions of the genome and the cooperating transcription factors underlying estrogen signaling in breast cancer. (nature.com)
  • Mapping all miRNAs to the tammar genome and comparing target genes among tammar, mouse and human, we identified 163 conserved target genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Small RNAs play important roles in many aspects of pre- and post-transcriptional gene regulation, epigenetic modifications, chromosome segregation and genome structure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • First, a full-length functional ZIKV cDNA clone was engineered as a bacterial artificial chromosome, with each reporter gene under the cap-independent translational control of a cardiovirus-derived internal ribosome entry site inserted downstream of the single open reading frame of the viral genome. (mdpi.com)
  • In its untangled, unfolded and completely linearized state, the human genome has a length of ~2 m. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dirk Schübeler has done important work in epigenomics and regulatory genomics, in particular with the dynamics of genome-wide methylation patterns, their role in gene regulation, and the interplay between chromatin state and the actions of transcription factors. (unibas.ch)
  • In addition to the approximately 2300 tests for individual genetic disorders, recent advances in technology have enabled the development of clinical tests which quickly and economically analyze the entire human genome. (cdc.gov)
Encodes2
  • The forkhead box D3 ( FOXD3 ) gene encodes a forkhead transcription factor that plays an important role in neural crest specification in vertebrates and therefore may be involved in human eye disease. (molvis.org)
  • For example, the TP53 gene, located on chromosome 17, encodes a 53-kd nuclear protein that functions as a cell cycle checkpoint. (medscape.com)
20221
  • 2022. Synthesizing habitat connectivity analyses of a globally important human-dominated tiger-conservation landscape. . (ncbs.res.in)
Different chromosomes3
  • A translocation involves the mechanical breakage and reconnection between different chromosomes (Obata 1999). (sarcomahelp.org)
  • Centromeres and flanking pericentromeric repeat regions of different chromosomes aggregate and form microscopically visible chromocenters in interphase nuclei [ 26 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Similarly, the large ribosomal RNA gene clusters that reside on different chromosomes manage to find each other in almost every cell nucleus to form another easily discernable nuclear entity, the nucleolus [ 27 - 29 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Chromatin organization1
  • Cytosine modifications directly affect the positioning of nucleosomes (the first level of chromatin organization into chromosome involving the DNA chain wound around a core of 8 histone proteins), and recruit chromatin-modifying complexes that modify histones. (i-sis.org.uk)
Dysregulation1
  • [ 21 , 22 ] Indeed, dysregulation of glucose metabolism, decreased processing of proinsulin, and elevated levels of gastric inhibitory peptide and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) can be observed before the onset of T2DM in normoglycemic individuals with TCF7L2 polymorphisms. (medscape.com)
Trisomy5
  • The first column shows maternal age, the second column shows the most common human chromosomal abnormality, trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), the third column shows all chromosomal abnormalities. (edu.au)
  • The Oocyte Mosaicism Selection theory [6] suggests that "the incidence of trisomy 21 mosaicism in a cohort of normal fetal ovarian samples, indicating that an accumulation of trisomy 21 germ cells does indeed take place during fetal oogenesis, i.e., from the first to the second trimester of pregnancy. (edu.au)
  • We presume that this accumulation of trisomy 21 (T21) cells is caused by their delay in maturation and lagging behind the normal cells. (edu.au)
  • Down Syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal aberration resulting from trisomy of the chromosome 21. (bvsalud.org)
  • The remaining cases are due translocation, mosaicism and partial trisomy of the chromosome 21. (bvsalud.org)
Translocation1
  • 22) reciprocal translocation that forms the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome. (genome.jp)
Factors6
  • Figure 5: Involvement of cooperating transcription factors at estrogen receptor binding sites. (nature.com)
  • Blattler A., FarnhamP.J. (2013) Cross-talk between site-specific transcription factors and DNA methylation states. (edu.pl)
  • Binding of sequence-specific transcription factors and associated chromatin-modifying enzymes can induce post-translational modification of histone tails and can facilitate nucleosome removal [ 3 - 5 ], which can turn functional sequences such as promoters and enhancers into active, nucleosome-depleted sites [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Enhancers promote transcription by providing a binding platform for transcription factors [ 12 ] that can act on (distal) target genes through three-dimensional chromatin looping [ 13 - 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • OBJECTIVE: The innate immune response in humans involves a wide variety of factors, including the tripartite motif-containing 5α (TRIM5α) and 22 (TRIM22) as a cluster of genes on chromosome 11 that have exhibited antiviral activity in several viral infections. (bvsalud.org)
  • Transcription of each S region is driven by a dedicated promoter that is responsive to specific transcription factors, which in turn are regulated by extracellular signals delivered by cytokines. (biomedcentral.com)
19991
  • 1999. Response of normal human keratinocytes to sulfur mustard (HD): Cytokine release using a non-enzymatic detachment procedure. (cdc.gov)
Epub3
Functional2
  • Chromosomes Genes are segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that contain the code for a specific protein that functions in one or more types of cells in the body or the code for functional ribonucleic. (msdmanuals.com)
  • LINE-1 retrotransposons drive human neuronal transcriptome complexity and functional diversification. (lu.se)
Translocations2
  • Translocations between MLL (a human trithorax -related gene) and AF4 or AF5q31 are involved in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Wittwer, 2001, Tang, 2001 and Su, 2001). (sdbonline.org)
  • Additional chromosome translocations are also observed,such as t(3;21)(q26;q22), which generates AML1-EVI1. (genome.jp)
Protein9
  • Transcription factor Sp4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SP4 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mature miRNA is then loaded onto an Argonaute protein (Ago2 in humans) where it then interacts with and regulates the mRNA target. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Genes contributing to the similarity include ribosomal protein (RP) genes as well as genes involved in transcription, translation and cell division. (karger.com)
  • This protein is an essential part (subunit) of a group of proteins known as the general transcription factor 2 H (TFIIH) complex. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Gene transcription is the first step in protein production. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Studies suggest that the XPD protein works together with XPB, another protein in the TFIIH complex that is produced from the ERCC3 gene, to start (initiate) gene transcription. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The CDK4-cyclinD complex normally phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein (Rb protein), leading to release of the E2F transcription factor and cell cycle progression. (medscape.com)
  • Protein synthesis is controlled by genes, which are contained on chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • EDMD1 is caused by mutations in the EMD gene on the X chromosome that codes for the nuclear envelope protein emerin. (medscape.com)
Embryos1
  • Expression analysis of several Hox genes in human embryos. (cnr.it)
Nuclear2
  • Superoxide dismutase 1 acts as a nuclear transcription factor to regulate oxidative stress resistance. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Following a complex process of miRNA transcription, processing, and nuclear export, miRNAs are further processed by the RNaseIII enzyme, Dicer, and its cofactor TRBP. (biomedcentral.com)
Recombination2
  • Transcription-coupled mutagenesis initiates class-switch recombination and somatic hypermutation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The process of switch recombination is activated and targeted by the transcription of switch (S) regions, guanine-rich, 2-10 kilobase stretches of DNA located just upstream of those constant regions that participate in switch recombination (Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Cancer1
  • Interestingly, the 1p36 region is frequently deleted not only in NB, but also in other human cancer types, including those of neural, epithelial and hematopoietic origin, indicating that the same tumor suppressor genes might be involved in a broad range of human cancers [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cancers4
  • Although SNHG3 has been recognized as a carcinogenic gene in a series of human cancers, the mechanism of SNHG3 in GC remains elusive. (hindawi.com)
  • miRNAs expressed in a wide variety of human cancers can regulate posttranscriptional gene expression by binding to the 3′ untranslated region of the target mRNAs and act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors to regulate cell signaling pathways, affecting tumorigenesis and tumor progression [ 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The inactivation of MMR genes, usually hMSH2 or hMLH1, is associated with human colorectal cancers and is responsible for the characteristic microsatellite instability (MSI)+ phenotype of these tumors. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Another important class of tumor suppressor genes involved in cell cycle control and in the generation of human cancers is the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors. (medscape.com)
MRNA transcription1
  • Coronavirus mRNA transcription: UV light transcriptional mapping studies suggest an early requirement for a genomic-length template. (uci.edu)
Organization2
  • Isolation and identification of the structural organization of the human homeobox gene family (HOX Complex). (cnr.it)
  • The Yokomori laboratory investigates the mechanisms of chromosome structural organization and how they affect DNA repair and gene regulation in human health and disease. (uci.edu)
Regulate2
  • The first class of small RNAs identified were the micro RNAs (miRNAs), which are small (~22 nt) non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by base pairing to mRNAs where they direct either mRNA cleavage or repress translation [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By controlling gene transcription, the TFIIH complex helps regulate the activity of many different genes. (medlineplus.gov)
Males2
  • Vaccination also is recommended for females aged 13 through 26 years and for males aged 13 through 21 years who were not vaccinated previously. (cdc.gov)
  • Males aged 22 through 26 years may be vaccinated. (cdc.gov)
Karyotype1
Abnormalities1
  • The table below shows the correlation of maternal age (mother's age) and the potential risk of human genetic abnormalities in children. (edu.au)
Mutations1
  • In humans, mutations affecting the genes of this family are associated with specific diseases. (sdbonline.org)
Nucleus4
Genes in human1
  • Although carcinogenic roles for the INK4B, INK4C, INK4D, CIP1, KIP1, and KIP2 genes appear to be limited, INK4A is among the most commonly mutated genes in human tumors. (medscape.com)
Innate1
  • BACKGROUND: The tripartite motif containing (TRIM)-22 participates in innate immune responses and exhibits antiviral activities. (bvsalud.org)
Gene regulation1
  • The characterization of new miRNA target genes and a unique profile for crasiRNAs has allowed for insight into multiple RNA mediated processes in the tammar, including gene regulation, species incompatibilities, centromere and chromosome function. (biomedcentral.com)
Caenorhabditis2
  • Caenorhabditis elegans gene dpy-21 , DumPY : shorter than wild-type. (nih.gov)
  • In this work, we show that Caenorhabditis elegans DNSN-1, the ortholog of human DONSON, functions during helicase assembly in a complex with MUS-101/TOPBP1. (bvsalud.org)
Ribosomal2
  • Identification of transcription and processing signals of ribosomal genes of D. melanogaster. (cnr.it)
  • Bortoluzzi S, Alessi FD, Romualdi C, Danieli GA: Differential expression of genes coding for ribosomal proteins in different human tissues. (karger.com)
Bone marrow1
  • 1991. Genetic activity of the human carcinogen sulphur mustard towards salmonella and the mouse bone marrow. (cdc.gov)
Syndrome1
  • This syndrome represents an important model for aging, possibly allowing improved understanding of mechanisms and therapeutics of human aging. (medscape.com)
Factor10
  • Sp4 transcription factor has been shown to interact with E2F1. (wikipedia.org)
  • Figure 4: Identification of enriched motifs within the estrogen receptor binding sites and validation of transcription factor binding. (nature.com)
  • The 4q25 genetic locus is adjacent to PITX2 , a transcription factor that determines left-right asymmetry of the heart [ 6 ]. (e-arrhythmia.org)
  • The sequence variant rs2106261 is an intronic SNP located in the ZFHX3 gene, also called AT motif-binding factor 1 ( ATBF1 ), on chromosome 16q22, and was highly associated with AF in a Chinese GeneID study [ 8 ]. (e-arrhythmia.org)
  • pRB functions as a negative regulatory transcription factor during the G1 to S phase cell cycle transition. (medscape.com)
  • p53 is a transcription factor whose expression is increased by DNA damage and blocks cell division at the G1 phase of the cell cycle to allow DNA repair. (medscape.com)
  • The main factor associated with the onset and progression of this neoplasia is the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. (bvsalud.org)
  • It was anticipated that a specific RNA target for AID would soon be identified, and would in all likelihood be found to encode a master regulator in the form of a critical nuclease or transcription factor [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MNX1 (motor neuron and pancreas homeobox 1), also known as HLXB9, is a homeodomain-containing transcription factor [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Transcription factor 7-like 2 ( TCF7L2 ) variants have been associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in multiple ethnic groups. (medscape.com)
Transcriptional2
  • Transcriptional elongation is a generic function, but is also regulated to allow rapid transcription responses. (sdbonline.org)
  • Bortoluzzi S, Alessi FD, Romualdi C, Danieli GA: The human adult skeletal muscle transcriptional profile reconstructed by a novel computational approach. (karger.com)
Regulatory1
  • To exert stimulatory or repressive effects on transcription, accessible regulatory DNA elements must be in close spatial proximity to susceptible genes. (biomedcentral.com)
Expression8
  • Expression analysis of the human Hox Complex in teratocarcinoma cells (N-tera2/D1) upon treatment with retinoic acid and the definition of temporal colinearity concept. (cnr.it)
  • Molecular mechanism controlling the expression of the HOX Complex gene family in human teratocarcinoma cells (N-tera2/D1). (cnr.it)
  • Expression of NBPF was analyzed in human skin and human cervix by immunohistochemistry. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Previous data has reported similarity between human brain and testis gene expression patterns. (karger.com)
  • Hence, it means that human testis could also play a crucial role in human speciation if these two tissues exhibit similar gene expression patterns. (karger.com)
  • Determining the large scale anatomy of gene expression patterns of various human tissues could draw a more convincing conclusion, and better our understanding of the correlation/inter-correlation among different tissues. (karger.com)
  • Among the 17 tissues, the highest similarity in gene expression patterns was between human brain and testis, based on DDD and clustering analysis. (karger.com)
  • Present results provide evidence to support the proposal that human testis and brain share the highest similarity of gene expression patterns. (karger.com)
Reveals2
  • This course reveals the variations in humans today had their roots in the DNA of two humans (Adam and Eve) and give glory to God for this wonder of life. (nlpg.com)
  • It is worth noting that the accumulated evidence reveals that lncRNA plays an essential role in human malignant tumors [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
Occurs2
  • Humans cannot affect emergence because it occurs by available aminoglycosides, have not yet emerged in strep- chance and represents a particular aspect of bacterial evo- tococci. (cdc.gov)
  • This phenomenon occurs during spermatogenesis, resulting in three copies of the chromosome 21. (bvsalud.org)
Cell2
  • Camp's research focuses on using single-cell genomic and imaging technologies, together with stem-cell-derived organoids, to understand human development, disease, and evolution. (unibas.ch)
  • 1998. Protection of human upper respiratory tract cell lines against sulphur mustard toxicity by hexamethylenetetramine (HMT). (cdc.gov)
Methods1
Belongs1
  • Using a loss-of-function strategy, we screened an original library of 1156 siRNAs targeting 386 individual curated human genes in stimulated microglial cells infected with Zika virus (ZIKV), an emerging RNA virus that belongs to the flavivirus genus. (bvsalud.org)
Molecular3
  • Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. (nature.com)
  • Miller focused on two examples from molecular biology: a pseudogene and a fused chromosome. (blogspot.com)
  • The Ph chromosome is the result of a molecular rearrangement between the c-ABL proto-oncogene on chromosome 9 and the BCR (breakpoint cluster region) gene on chromosome 22. (genome.jp)
Chapter3
  • Chapter 22. (cdc.gov)
  • In this chapter, electrophilic agents nogenicity from studies of exposed (benzene, 1,3-butadiene, and eth- include direct-acting electrophilic humans. (who.int)
  • or each of these agents, carcinogenicity in rats and/or mice, els, differences in exposure con- there was sufficient evidence of car- for example for the liver (aflatoxins, ditions between studies in animals cinogenicity from studies in rats and/ trichloroethylene [TCE], and vinyl and in humans, or limitations in Part 1 · Chapter 1. (who.int)
Quantitative1
  • We previously localized a Quantitative Trait Locus for HPFH in an extensive Asian-Indian kindred to chromosome 6q23. (biomedcentral.com)
Biology1
  • This homeschool curriculum with labs begins with a review of chemical principles needed for biology, including the biology of water, and concludes with human origins. (nlpg.com)
Proteins1
  • A tale of two paralogs: human Transformer2 proteins with differential RNA-binding affinities. (ncbs.res.in)
Cells1
Significantly associated1
  • The SNP in KCNN3 , on chromosome 1q21, was most significantly associated with lone AF in people of European ancestry in a study of 1,335 individuals with lone AF and 12,844 unrelated individuals without AF [ 9 ]. (e-arrhythmia.org)
Epidemiology1
  • This report summarizes the epidemiology of human papillomavirus (HPV) and associated diseases, describes the licensed HPV vaccines, provides updated data from clinical trials and postlicensure safety studies, and compiles recommendations from CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for use of HPV vaccines. (cdc.gov)