• The expression of further E2F target genes, as cyclin A, facilitates progression through S phase. (shu.edu)
  • The mammalian Hes basic helix-loop-helix repressor genes play central roles in these processes by maintaining progenitor cells in an undifferentiated state and by regulating binary cell fate decisions. (biologists.com)
  • In many organs, cell proliferation and differentiation are antagonistically regulated by multiple basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) activator and repressor genes. (biologists.com)
  • In particular,the Hes bHLH repressor genes play an essential role in the development of many organs by maintaining progenitor cells and by regulating binary cell fate decisions. (biologists.com)
  • Without Hes genes such as Hes1 , however, progenitor cells prematurely differentiate into certain types of neurons only, and are depleted before they have proliferated sufficiently and generated all neuronal and glial cell types. (biologists.com)
  • In these processes, Hes genes function as effectors of Notch signaling, which coordinates cellular events via cell-cell interactions. (biologists.com)
  • The results of GO analysis showed that the downregulated genes were significantly enriched in matrix adhesion and angiogenesis and upregulated differential genes were significantly enriched in cell adhesion and vascular development. (hindawi.com)
  • This task can be accomplished by replacing tumor suppressor genes that have been lost or mutated, selectively inserting genes that produce cytotoxic substances, or modifying the immune system to destroy the tumor cells. (medscape.com)
  • Binds DNA cooperatively with E2F family members through the E2 recognition site, 5'-TTTC[CG]CGC-3', found in the promoter region of a number of genes whose products are involved in cell cycle regulation or in DNA replication. (innatedb.com)
  • By contrast, the combination of UHRF1 depletion and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition reactivated the silenced genes and strongly suppressed CRC cell proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The combination of UHRF1 depletion and HDAC inhibition also induced marked changes in the gene expression profiles such that cell cycle-related genes were strikingly downregulated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • its interaction with TCF/LEF strongly promotes transcription of β-catenin target genes, such as c-MYC, Cyclin D1, and AXIN2 (11). (springernature.com)
  • New sequencing technologies have shown that a large number of aberrantly expressed lncRNAs are associated with multiple cancer types and indicated they have emerged as an important class of pervasive genes during the development and progression of cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Rb is able to suppress cell proliferation by binding to the E2F family of transcription factors, inhibiting its ability to activate transcription of genes necessary for cell cycle progression. (utrgv.edu)
  • Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of these genes identified an overrepresentation of genes related to the cell cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We discovered an unprecedented burst of differential expression of cell cycle related genes at one particular point during transition to flowering. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Subsequently, T cells receiving PD-1 signals displayed impaired Cdk2 activation and failed to phosphorylate two critical Cdk2 substrates, the retinoblastoma gene product (Rb) and the TGFβ-specific transcription factor Smad3 , leading to suppression of E2F target genes but enhanced Smad3 transactivation (Figure 3). (shu.edu)
  • A) Luciferase reporter genes were determined in ZR75-1 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells co-transfected with Glutaminase-IN-1 different concentrations of reporter and myc-ZKSCAN5. (bms-911543.com)
  • Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, whose products normally provide negative control of cell proliferation, contributes to malignant transformation in various cell types. (medscape.com)
  • Like Rb protein, many of the proteins encoded by tumor suppressor genes act at specific points in the cell cycle. (medscape.com)
  • TP53 activates the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, cell cycle regulation (p21), and MDM2. (medscape.com)
  • Another important class of tumor suppressor genes involved in cell cycle control and in the generation of human cancers is the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors. (medscape.com)
  • Inoculation with a high dose strains of LMP1 transgenic mice vide a powerful tool in mechanistic of EBV caused a B-cell lymphopro- were established that express LMP1 studies on the role of individual viral liferative disorder in these mice, under the control of the immunoglob- genes in cancer. (who.int)
  • however a 45 kD protein may also be observed in some cell types using the antiserum. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Because Cdc2 kinase is important for cell entry into mitosis, cyclin C's ability to regulate cell cycle progression may be attributed, in part, to modulation of Cdc2 protein expression.6 Cyclin C has a predicted molecular weight of 36 kD. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • CyclinE is a cell cycle regulatory protein which regulates the G1-S phase transition during cell proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Treatment of breast cancer cell lines with the combination of palbociclib and antiestrogens leads to decreased retinoblastoma protein (Rb) phosphorylation resulting in reduced E2F expression and signaling and increased growth arrest compared to treatment with each drug alone. (shu.edu)
  • Each new lot of antibody is quality control tested on cells overexpressing target protein and confirmed to give the expected staining pattern. (antibodiesinc.com)
  • Some of the new approaches depend on tumor biology and aim specifically to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis by targeting the tumor microenvironment or vasculature (leaving normal cells unaffected) or focusing on specific protein or signal transduction pathways. (medscape.com)
  • The Hippo kinase cascade functions as a central hub that relays input from the "outside world" of the cell and translates it into specific cellular responses by regulating the activity of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1). (bvsalud.org)
  • CLN transcription is modulated by physiological signals that regulate G1 progression, but it is unclear whether Cln protein stability is cell- cycle-regulated. (uky.edu)
  • Cln instability thus provides a means to couple Cln-Cdc28 activity to transcriptional regulation and protein synthetic rate in pre-Start G1 cells. (uky.edu)
  • Accordingly, mTOR influences the energy metabolism, protein synthesis, cell cycles and reparative processes including anti-apoptotic effects which are fundamental for cell life span. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cdc42 is a protein involved in cell cycle regulation. (immune-system-research.com)
  • The cyclinD/CDK4/6 complexes induce the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein and the release of E2F, which trigger G1 cell cycle progression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The SRY-box 4 (SOX4) gene, which is located on chromosome 6p22.3, encodes a 47-kDa protein that is a member of the sex-determining region Y-related high-mobility group-box transcription factor family and has functions in embryonic development and cell differentiation ( 3 , 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Oncogenic transcription factors such as the leukemic fusion protein RUNX1/ETO, which drives t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia (AML), constitute cancer-specific but highly challenging therapeutic targets. (prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)
  • Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a tumor suppressor protein that controls a critical checkpoint between the G1 phase and the S phase of the cell cycle. (utrgv.edu)
  • This study found an increase in excess GR transcriptional activity of protein phosphatase 1 alpha (PP1α) in HEK-293 cells and a decrease in the expression levels of GR-responsive gene knockdown following PP1α model A549 cells endogenously . (pp1a.com)
  • Equipped with a mouse model of stress (5-HT1A-R-/- mice) and a 5-HT1A-R-expressing hippocampal neuron-derived cell line, HN2-5, our earlier studies have reported that a 5-HT1A-R-mediated signaling pathway functions via extracellular receptor-activated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2)-catalyzed activation of protein kinase C alpha (PKC) to promote synaptogenesis at P15 in the hippocampal CA1 region [12,16]. (thetechnoant.info)
  • We show that the acetylation mimetic GAC.K316Q does not assemble into higher order oligomers and this modification likely inhibits protein activity in cells. (colinsbraincancer.com)
  • The transcription factor serum response factor (SRF), a phylogenetically conserved nuclear protein, mediates the rapid transcriptional response to extracellular stimuli, e.g. growth and differentiation signals. (wikigenes.org)
  • Cells have a protein on their surface called PD-1 (in orange above). (shu.edu)
  • D) Cytoplasmic and nuclear ZKSCAN5 protein levels in two types of breast cancer cell lines, ZR75-1 and MDA-MB-231. (bms-911543.com)
  • 1) The regulation of these protein levels is vital for the understanding of the cell cycle control and its dysregulation. (ukessays.com)
  • 2) Therefore, the proper control of protein levels is crucial for the cell cycle. (ukessays.com)
  • For example, the TP53 gene, located on chromosome 17, encodes a 53-kd nuclear protein that functions as a cell cycle checkpoint. (medscape.com)
  • The CDK4-cyclinD complex normally phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein (Rb protein), leading to release of the E2F transcription factor and cell cycle progression. (medscape.com)
  • The p19ARF protein, which is encoded by the same locus as p16, also leads to cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the ability of MDM2 to inactivate TP53. (medscape.com)
  • The p16INK4A protein is a cell-cycle inhibitor that acts by inhibiting activated cyclin D:CDK4/6 complexes, which play a crucial role in the control of the cell cycle by phosphorylating Rb protein. (medscape.com)
  • p27 is a protein that binds to and prevents the activation of different G1. (lu.se)
  • In a Phase 3 Paloma-III study of Pfizer's CDK4/6 inhibitor ( Ibrance - palbociclib) and an estrogen receptor antagonist ( Faslodex - fulvestrant), patients receiving the combination had significantly prolonged progression-free survival than women with breast cancer who received Faslodex, alone. (shu.edu)
  • Mice lacking the tumor suppressors p16(Ink4a) (Cdkn2a, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2a), p19(Arf) (an alternative reading frame product of Cdkn2a,), and p27(Kip1) (Cdkn1b, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1b) result in malignant progression of epithelial cancers, sarcomas, and melanomas, respectively. (koreamed.org)
  • Furthermore, PARP1 is indispensible for transcription of the pro-survival kinases MAP2K6, ERK1/2 and AKT1, and for maintaining MAPK activity by suppressing transcription of the MAPK inhibitor, MPK1. (aston.ac.uk)
  • However, the Cdc42 inhibitor had little effect on the phagocytic index of clear cells. (immune-system-research.com)
  • Although all three kinases have been reported to play a role in stem cell maintenance, there have been no previous simultaneous inhibitor. (springernature.com)
  • Agonist (100 nM 8-OH-DPAT) (D) treatment of freely dividing HN2-5 cells caused stimulation of PKC (Physique 1a) [25,26,27,28,29], which was blocked by the 5-HT1A-R antagonist WAY100635 (WAY) (10 M) but not by an inhibitor of the ERK1/2 kinase MEK (U0126) (U) (10 M) (Physique 1a). (thetechnoant.info)
  • p27 is a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor that blocks the activity of Cyclin E-CDK2, which phosphorylates pRb, thereby ushering the cell from G1 into S phase through the Restriction point (Figure 2). (shu.edu)
  • P15 INK4 is a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor that blocks the activity of Cyclind-CDK4,6, inhibiting it from hypophosphorylating Rb, thereby, rendering the cell cycle unresponsive to external proliferation signals. (shu.edu)
  • S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase inhibitor DZNep blocks transcription and translation of SARS-CoV-2 genome with a low tendency to select for drug-resistant viral variants. (cdc.gov)
  • When PD-1 binds to PD-L1 (yellow) on another cell, the T cell becomes deactivated. (shu.edu)
  • An intricate network of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) is organized in a pathway to ensure that each cell accurately replicates its DNA and segregates it equally between the two daughter cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cyclin-CDK inhibitors (CKIs), such as p16Ink4a, p15Ink4b, p27Kip1, and p21Cip1, are involved in the negative regulation of CDK activities, thus providing a pathway through which the cell cycle is negatively regulated. (kegg.jp)
  • In yeast, rapamycin inhibits the TORC1 kinase signaling pathway causing rapid alteration in gene expression and ultimately cell cycle arrest in G 1 through mechanisms that are not fully understood. (researchsquare.com)
  • Our data provide a new insight whereby rapamycin signaling via the Torc1 kinase may exploit the pheromone pathway to arrest cells in the G 1 phase. (researchsquare.com)
  • Mutations in proteins involved with the Rb/E2F pathway can result in hyper-proliferative cells that overtime can acquire and accumulate additional mutations, which could lead to tumorigenesis. (utrgv.edu)
  • The key integrator of the vernalization pathway is a MADS-box transcription factor, FLOWERING LOCUS C ( FLC ), which functions as a repressor of flowering and whose expression decreases during vernalization [ 24 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, PD-1 targets Ras and PI3K/Akt signaling to inhibit transcription of Skp2 and to activate Smad3 as an integral component of a pathway that regulates blockade of cell cycle progression in T lymphocytes. (shu.edu)
  • If some important proteins are mutated or there are defects in the signaling mechanisms, normal cell growth regulation will break down, possibly leading to the occurrence of cancer in the future. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As main findings, 23 miRNAs were already identified as being involved in genetic regulation of PCa cell response to RT. (frontiersin.org)
  • Regulation of the timing of cell differentiation and cell fate choice are key issues for making organs of the right size, shape and cell composition. (biologists.com)
  • All of them are present in the hippocampus, where they participate in the regulation of synaptic functionality and gene transcription [ 12 - 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This review expounds the up- or down-regulation of lncRNAs in OSCC and the molecular mechanisms by which lncRNAs perform their function in the malignant cell. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1) For example, the down-regulation of miR15s and miR - 16 - 1 in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, prostate cancer and pituitary tumours, leading to the inhibition of tumour growth and induce cell cycle arrest at the G 1 - phase by target cell cycle regulators ( cyclin D1, cyclin E1, cyclin D3 and CDK6). (ukessays.com)
  • Together, they are involved in the control of cell-cycle progression, transcription, and neuronal function. (umbc.edu)
  • The present results suggest that the expression of cell cycle-related markers may have supplementary functions in differentiated neurons that might be associated with neuronal plasticity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Eukaryotic cells respond to DNA damage by activating signaling pathways that promote cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. (kegg.jp)
  • Herein, we screened a histone mutant collection and report that one of the mutants, H2B R95A, is strikingly resistant to rapamycin due to a defective cell cycle arrest. (researchsquare.com)
  • The inhibition of Torc1 by rapamycin mimics nutrient starvation and causes an array of physiological changes that include global changes in gene expression, phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of various factors, decreased cell growth, degradation of proteins, and ultimately cell cycle arrest in the G 1 phase [4, 9-11]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Of these mutants, H2B R95A displayed striking resistance to rapamycin, which correlated with an inability to undergo cell cycle arrest. (researchsquare.com)
  • In addition, SNHG4 or RRM2 knockdown significantly induced cell cycle arrest and cell senescence, and inhibited DNA damage repair and cell proliferation, and the effects can be partially reversed by let-7a knockdown or RRM2 reoverexpression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pack LR, Daigh LH, Meyer T. Putting the brakes on the cell cycle: mechanisms of cellular growth arrest. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Activation of p21 or p16 therefore causes cell cycle arrest. (medscape.com)
  • Coronavirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase interacts with the p50 regulatory subunit of host DNA polymerase delta and plays a synergistic role with RNA helicase in the induction of DNA damage response and cell cycle arrest in S phase. (cdc.gov)
  • Cyclin C associates with Cdk8, forming a complex which can induce gene transcription of Cdc2 (Cdk1). (bdbiosciences.com)
  • One of the treatments applied in cancer is radiotherapy (RT), a therapeutic modality that uses ionizing radiation to induce damage in unwanted cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cancer cells are characterized by dual DNA methylation-related changes: global hypomethylation, which can induce chromosomal instability and oncogene activation, and regional hypermethylation, which is associated with transcriptional silencing. (biomedcentral.com)
  • SOX4 has been revealed to induce EMT, a key process during organ development and the progression of epithelial tumors to metastatic cancers ( 9 ), via its activation of the Wnt and transforming growth factor β signaling pathways in cancer cells ( 10 , 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Hence, it is of great importance to investigate the mechanisms that induce enzalutamide resistance in prostate cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During the first stage called G1, cells monitor their environment and, when the requisite signals are received, the cells synthesize RNA and proteins to induce growth. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Animal models for human tumour mental animals is not easy to answer does induce adult T-cell leukaemia/ viruses that make use of animal virus- for these agents, because cancer bi- lymphoma (ATLL), albeit in monkeys es are scarce. (who.int)
  • The cell cycle is strictly regulated and controlled by a complex network of signaling pathways [ 1 ], comprised of hundreds of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, a number of extracellular proteins can bind to their receptors and activate signaling pathways that promote the proliferation of cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The mechanisms of radioresistance are still poorly understood, despite it has been suggested that miRNAs play an important role in cell signaling pathways. (frontiersin.org)
  • Indeed, it has been shown that miRNAs play an important role in gene expression, mainly when associated with the monitoring of several cell and metabolic pathways, being also an essential component of the gene silencing machinery in most eukaryotic organisms ( 4 , 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • Numerous E3 ubiquitin ligases, which facilitate the ubiquitination of specific substrates, have been shown to control G1/S. In this chapter, we will discuss components in the ubiquitin proteasome system that are implicated in G1/S control, how these enzymes are interconnected, gaps in our current knowledge, and the potential role of these pathways in the cancer cycle and disease proliferation. (intechopen.com)
  • With the increased understanding of molecular mechanisms and basic pathways in the pathogenesis of squamous cell cancer of the head and neck , these pathways may be modified, and rational approaches in cancer therapy at the molecular level may be created. (medscape.com)
  • This enzyme contributes to repair of oxidative DNA damage by supporting several strand break repair pathways and nucleotide or base excision repair pathways, as well as acting as a co-activator of transcription factors such as NRF2 and HIF1a, which control expression of antioxidant enzymes involved in removal of electrophiles and secondary metabolites. (aston.ac.uk)
  • Specifically, human Cdc42 is a small GTPase of the Rho family, which regulates the signaling pathways controlling various cell functions. (immune-system-research.com)
  • Most of the identified module pairs cover cooperative pathways and components essential to the cell cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The main goal of RT consists in delivering a precise dose of radiation in a target volume, such as tumor, promoting the tumor cells eradication with as minimal damage as possible in surrounding normal tissues ( 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • BCSCs have the ability to self-renew and represent a relatively quiescent subpopulation of tumor cells that can escape the effects of chemotherapy because of their slower rate of proliferation, expression of drug transporters that can expel chemotherapeutics and higher DNA repair potential (5, 6). (springernature.com)
  • In addition, tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) produced by irradiated tumor cells can be captured by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the TME and presented to T cells. (nature.com)
  • These changes can be inherited and are, therefore, found in every cell, but more often, they are somatically acquired and restricted to tumor cells. (medscape.com)
  • Immunotherapy mainly includes immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as inhibitors of PD-1 (programmed cell death 1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). (nature.com)
  • The cell cycle has two major phases: interphase, the phase between mitotic events, and the mitotic phase, where the mother cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Virtually all mitogenic signals to the cell are processed through CDK4/6 - it is truly the central molecule that governs pRb phosphorylation status up through the R-point transition. (shu.edu)
  • In particular, ubiquitin-mediated degradation is critically important at transition points where it provides directionality and irreversibility to the cell cycle, which is essential for maintaining genome integrity. (intechopen.com)
  • Release of retinoblastoma-based repressive complexes from E2F-dependent gene promoters in response to cell transition to S phase enables transcription of PARP1. (aston.ac.uk)
  • Therefore, an improved understanding of the functions and the underlying molecular mechanisms of these proteins, particularly in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, may provide novel insights into the breast tumorigenesis and progression, and enable the development of effective anti-cancer therapeutics. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Floral transition is a critical event in the life cycle of a flowering plant as it determines its reproductive success. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Embryogenesis involves orchestrated processes of cell proliferation and differentiation. (biologists.com)
  • Embryogenesis depends on the timely proliferation of progenitor cells and their subsequent differentiation into multiple cell types. (biologists.com)
  • For example, in the developing nervous system of mouse embryos,progenitor cells proliferate and sequentially give rise to different types of cells by changing their differentiation competency. (biologists.com)
  • In this primer, we describe the key features of Hes factors and detail their roles in some representative processes of embryogenesis: namely, in the development of the nervous and digestive systems, two well-characterized processes, where Hes1 (and Hes3 and Hes5 in the nervous system) regulates cell proliferation and differentiation, and in the process of somite segmentation, where Hes7 functions as a biological clock. (biologists.com)
  • This family, which includes epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), plays a pivotal role in normal cell growth, lineage determination, repair, and functional differentiation. (medscape.com)
  • CDK6 plays an important role in cell differentiation. (umbc.edu)
  • Let-7 Let-7 has an essential role in cell cycle and the differentiation of cell cycle terminals. (ukessays.com)
  • A vast amount of research exists on the possible molecular mechanisms through which vitamin D affects cancer cell proliferation, cancer progression, angiogenesis, and inflammation. (mdpi.com)
  • In the present study, the function and underlying molecular mechanisms of miR‑320 in breast cancer tumorigenesis and progression were investigated. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • These results are consistent with previous studies and demonstrate that our methodology is effective for studying cooperative mechanisms in the cell cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In recent decades, the mechanisms driving the initiation and progression of PCa have been well characterized, and androgen receptor (AR) has been identified as a major player in PCa [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These data identify new mechanisms by which the cellular response to stress is differentially controlled at different stages of the cell cycle. (edgehill.ac.uk)
  • ZKSCAN5-Regulated VEGFC Promotes the Proliferation, Migration, and Tube Formation of HLECs Cancer cell-secreted VEGFC markedly enhanced the proliferation and migration of lymphocyte endothelial cells. (bms-911543.com)
  • p53 and its transcriptional targets play an important role in both G1 and G2 checkpoints. (kegg.jp)
  • Orderly progression through the cell cycle involves passage through sequential checkpoints. (shu.edu)
  • Background Renal cell carcinomas (CCR) account for 90% of renal tumors. (irjs.info)
  • Background Renal cell carcinomas (CCR) account for 1%C3% of all malignant visceral neoplasms and 90% of renal tumors. (irjs.info)
  • A previous study demonstrated that various proteins are dysregulated in primary tumors, and are associated with breast cancer development and progression ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • This theory holds that tumors arise from 1 of 2 undifferentiated stem cells: the excretory duct reserve cell or the intercalated duct reserve cell. (medscape.com)
  • During early G1 phase, mitogenic signals trigger activation of the CDK4/6-cyclin D complex, which partially deactivates Rb by phosphorylation. (shu.edu)
  • Estrogen is a mitogenic growth factor - disrupting the production or effective signaling of estrogen deprives cells of signals to divide. (shu.edu)
  • They are the first kinase activated by mitogenic signals to release cells from the G0 arrested state. (umbc.edu)
  • To make the decision of whether to enter the cell cycle or not, cells integrate information from a variety of intracellular and extracellular signals. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • In order to enter S phase, cells must sequentially activate CDK4/6 and CDK2. (shu.edu)
  • CDK7 is both a CDK-activating kinase (CAK), which phosphorylates cell-cycle CDKs within the activation segment (T-loop), and a component of the general transcription factor TFIIH, which phosphorylates the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of Pol II. (wikipedia.org)
  • Precise activation and inactivation of CDKs at specific points in the cell cycle are required for orderly cell division. (kegg.jp)
  • This Rrd1-dependent recruitment of RNAPII is associated with nucleosomal disassembly and transcription activation [6, 20, 21]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Additionally, M alone did not alter the activation level of ERK1/2 in AGN 205327 the HN2-5 cells (Physique S1). (thetechnoant.info)
  • Open in a separate window Physique 1 Serotonin 1A receptor-mediated activation of PKC and ERK1/2 in proliferating hippocampal neuron-derived HN2-5 cells. (thetechnoant.info)
  • In this regard we now provide novel information demonstrating that the assembly of higher order fiber-like GAC oligomers henceforth termed the GAC superstructure is necessary for proper enzyme activation both in vitro and in a cancer cell model. (colinsbraincancer.com)
  • By contrast, activation of NF-κB at the G1/S boundary resulted in a longer cell cycle and more synchronous initial NF-κB responses between cells. (edgehill.ac.uk)
  • Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRs) can contribute to cancer development and progression. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • SOX4 has been demonstrated to be upregulated in a number of types of cancer, and increased SOX4 activity was found to contribute to cancer development and progression ( 5 - 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Previously, it has been demonstrated that certain transcriptional targets of SOX4 are associated with cancer development and progression and the processing of microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) ( 12 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • To understand the molecular mechanism of SOX4 in breast cancer development and progression, the present study aimed to identify miRNAs that regulate the expression of SOX4, which revealed miR-320 as a potential candidate. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In vitro, palbociclib reduced cellular proliferation of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer cell lines by blocking progression of the cell from G1 into S phase of the cell cycle. (shu.edu)
  • In vitro treatment of ER-positive breast cancer cell lines with the combination of palbociclib and antiestrogens leads to increased cell senescence, which was sustained for up to 6 days following drug removal. (shu.edu)
  • By conducting an in vitro CRC cell line study through the knockdown of EGFR expression, we analyzed cell proliferation, colony formation and migration. (oncotarget.com)
  • In addition, knockdown of miR‑320 in breast cancer cell lines promoted cell proliferation and invasion in vitro, whereas miR‑320 overexpression had the opposite effect. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that SNHG4 overexpression markedly enhanced cell resistance to enzalutamide. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CDK7 is both a CDK-activating kinase (CAK) and a component of the general transcription factor TFIIH. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mutations in cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors controlling the G1 phase of the cell cycle are prevalent in various cancers. (koreamed.org)
  • [ 2 ] Options for second-line therapy in patients with relapsed/refractory disease include chemotherapy-free regimens with biologic targeted agents such as covalent Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, lenalidomide,venetoclax, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. (medscape.com)
  • 1. Artelt P, Grannemann R, Stocking C, Friel J, Bartsch J, Hauser H. The prokaryotic neomycin-resistance-encoding gene acts as a transcriptional silencer in eukaryotic cells. (koreamed.org)
  • Our data demonstrate that RUNX1/ETO maintains leukemia by promoting cell cycle progression and identifies G1 CCND-CDK complexes as promising therapeutic targets for treatment of RUNX1/ETO-driven AML. (prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)
  • Activated complexes accumulate in the nucleus where they cooperate with DNA-binding cofactors to regulate target gene transcription. (shu.edu)
  • Our study uncovered a novel molecular mechanism of lncRNA SNHG4 in driving prostate cancer progression and enzalutamide resistance, revealing the critical roles and therapeutic potential of RREB1, SNHG4, RRM2 and let-7 miRNAs in anticancer therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • that is histopathological y very simi- T cel s, B cel s, natural kil er cel s, LMP1 of EBV can transform ro- lar to that caused by hepatitis B vi- macrophages, and dendritic cells, dent fibroblasts and is expressed rus (HBV) in humans, but it does so and this humanized mouse model in most of the human cancers as- through a different mechanism. (who.int)
  • The HER (erbB) family of transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases is one of the cytostatic targets in tumor cell growth and survival. (medscape.com)
  • Although electrophiles are considered as detrimental to cells, accumulating recent evidence indicates that proliferating non-cancerous and particularly cancerous cells utilize these agents for pro-survival and cell cycle promoting signaling. (aston.ac.uk)
  • Notably, many lncRNAs dysregulation are associated with Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and affect various aspects of cellular homeostasis, including proliferation, survival, migration or genomic stability. (biomedcentral.com)
  • and progression-free survival (P = 0.001, 0.001, 0.004 and 0.037 respectively). (pp1a.com)
  • cytoplasmic and nuclear high PP1 expression was associated with a shorter overall patient survival and expression of cytoplasmic PP1 high with progression-free survival shorter (P = 0.005, 0.033, and 0.037, respectively). (pp1a.com)
  • Cdk5 high expression was associated with progression-free survival shorter (P = 0.006). (pp1a.com)
  • RT-induced damage to cancer cells leads to different outcomes, such as survival, senescence, or death. (nature.com)
  • A phase II study showed that patients with resected local-regionally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) had improved survival when pembrolizumab was added to adjuvant RT (NCT02641093). (nature.com)
  • One study reported an increased survival benefit with simultaneous RT compared with sequential administration, 8 while another study found no significant difference between the two strategies, 9 possibly because simultaneous RT plus immunotherapy and the administration of an ICI before RT may kill cancer cells as well a substantial number of immune cells, leading to poor systemic response and toxic side effects. (nature.com)
  • By acting as a ligand-dependent transcription factor of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mediates the action of glucocorticoids and regulates many physiological processes. (pp1a.com)
  • Knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of CCND2 by an approved drug significantly impairs leukemic expansion of patient-derived AML cells and engraftment in immunodeficient murine hosts. (prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)
  • Because ZKSCAN5 improved the secretion of VEGFC by breast cancer cells, the effects of the conditioned medium on HLEC proliferation and migration were investigated in ZKSCAN5 knockdown stable cell lines. (bms-911543.com)
  • The ZKSCAN5 knockdown ZR75-1 or MDA-MB-231 cell-conditioned medium decreased HLEC proliferation. (bms-911543.com)
  • In cells arrested in G1 and G0, RB1-E2F1 and RBL2-E2F4 dimers recruit chromatin remodelers such as HDAC1, SWI/SNF and PRC2 to condense chromatin and turn off transcription. (aston.ac.uk)
  • In this study, by comparing the activity of normal cell lines and cancer cell lines after treating with resveratrol, it was found that resveratrol has more significant cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines. (mdpi.com)
  • We conducted a systematic review of the literature on the effects of vitamin D on ovarian cancer cell. (mdpi.com)
  • Ibrance has now shown activity in combination with anti-estrogen therapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer both in the front-line and after progression following endocrine therapy. (shu.edu)
  • Anti-estrogen therapy involves blocking the production, binding, or signaling of estrogen in cancer cells. (shu.edu)
  • Notably, the G1/S boundary represents a major barrier to cell proliferation and is universally dysfunctional in cancer cells, allowing for the unbridled proliferation observed in malignancy. (intechopen.com)
  • The goal of specific molecular targets in cancer therapy is to create a "magic bullet" that selectively kills cancer cells. (medscape.com)
  • As our understanding of the molecular biology of HNSCC continues to develop, we can target the specific components of cancer cells that are not found in normal cells. (medscape.com)
  • Ideal targets should be both specific to cancer cells and commonly found in cancer cells. (medscape.com)
  • Various techniques have been developed for targeting cancer cells: gene therapy, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), antibody toxin conjugates, small-molecule inhibitors, antisense molecules, and tumor vaccines. (medscape.com)
  • The goal of gene therapy is to introduce new genetic material into cancer cells that selectively kills them without causing toxicity to the surrounding cells. (medscape.com)
  • The TGFß-stimulated spatiotemporal dynamics of YAP1 are abrogated in many cancer cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cell cycle dysfunction can cause severe diseases, including neurodegenerative disease and cancer. (koreamed.org)
  • Clear Cell (CC) RCC is the most common type of renal cancer, accounting for 75% of all primary kidney tumours [1]. (irjs.info)
  • Furthermore, the Overexpression of Cdc42 significantly enhanced the migration of cervical cancer cells. (immune-system-research.com)
  • Persistent active forms of transcription factors can also insert endothelium into cancer cells lacking Cdc42. (immune-system-research.com)
  • The results of a reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that miR‑320 was frequently downregulated in breast cancer tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Collectively, these results indicated that miR‑320 acts as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer tumorigenesis and progression. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • One driving factor behind chemoresistance and tumor aggressiveness of TNBC is breast cancer stem cells (BCSC). (springernature.com)
  • Cancer cell , 34 (4), 626-642.e8. (prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)
  • provide the aforesaid proliferative advantage to cancer cells (3-5). (colinsbraincancer.com)
  • PD-1 inhibition (Figure 1) has quickly become a front-line therapy for non-small cell lung cancer and melanoma . (shu.edu)
  • Most cancer cells have PD-L1 on their surface and escape being killed by turning off the T cell in this way. (shu.edu)
  • PD-1 expression by cancer cells blocks the proliferation of T-cells. (shu.edu)
  • transcription and predict ZKSCAN5 as a breast cancer therapeutic target. (bms-911543.com)
  • Statistical Analyses Statistical significance was assessed by using the two-tailed Students in breast cancer cells. (bms-911543.com)
  • B) Luciferase reporter gene detection in ZR75-1 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells co-transfected with expression in ZR75-1 and MDA-MB-231 cells, which were transfected with ZKSCAN5 shRNA, control shRNA, or ZKSCAN5 shRNA plus shRNA-resistant ZKSCAN5 (ZKSCAN5-R). The representative Western blot further showed the expression of ZKSCAN5. (bms-911543.com)
  • The conditioned medium from these cells re-expressing ZKSCAN5 could rescue these effects ( Figures?2A, B ). A similar tendency was also detected in HLEC migration analysis ( Figures?2C, D ). Open in a separate window Figure?2 VEGFC secreted by cancer cells, under the influence of ZKSCAN5, regulates HLEC proliferation, migration, and tube formation. (bms-911543.com)
  • Patients who are radioresistant respond poorly to RT and may experience cancer progression. (nature.com)
  • In this review, we discuss the changes in irradiated cancer cells and immune cells in the TME under different RT regimens and describe existing and potential molecules that could be targeted to improve the therapeutic effects of RT. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, inflammatory mediators released by irradiated dying cells can attract and regulate immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), further killing cancer cells. (nature.com)
  • One exception is hu- humanized SCID mice, the use of al oncogenic viruses that are strictly man T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 surrogate hosts has not proven very species-specific, causing cancer in (HTLV-1): in addition to its ability to useful for defining tumour site con- humans only. (who.int)
  • genic models are inadequate for number of activated CD8-positive T LMP1 was strongly expressed in the understanding the cancer etiology in cells increased considerably in the lymphoma tissues but was hardly the context of natural viral infection. (who.int)
  • According to a hypothesis, polyphenol (PP) activity against several forms of cancer, proliferative diseases, inflammation and neurodegeneration is mainly exerted through the inhibiting and modulating activities against a wide range of receptors, enzymes and transcription molecules 88 . (bvsalud.org)
  • CDKs regulate the cell's progression through the phases of the cell cycle by modulating the activity of key substrates. (kegg.jp)
  • Downstream targets of CDKs include transcription factor E2F and its regulator Rb. (kegg.jp)
  • Progression through the cell cycle is driven by the oscillating activity of Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs). (intechopen.com)
  • An entirely new perspective on CDK7 function was opened when CDK7 was identified as a subunit of transcription factor IIH (TFIIH) and shown to phosphorylate the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). (wikipedia.org)
  • Meanwhile, Cdc42 promotes the expression of β1 integrin by activating a transcription factor called SRF. (immune-system-research.com)
  • Here we demonstrate that the dynamics of Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) signalling and the cell cycle are prioritised differently depending on the timing of an inflammatory signal. (edgehill.ac.uk)
  • Using iterative experimental and computational analyses, we show physical and functional interactions between NF-κB and the E2 Factor 1 (E2F-1) and E2 Factor 4 (E2F-4) cell cycle regulators. (edgehill.ac.uk)
  • As a transcription factor whose expression is increased by DNA damage, p53 blocks cell division at the G1 phase of the cell cycle to allow DNA repair. (medscape.com)
  • The SMAD proteins are a family of transcription factors consisting of 8 members, SMAD1-8, which are further subdivided into 3 classes based on structural and functional properties. (shu.edu)
  • Specifically, the boundary between G1 and S-phase is tightly regulated by the ubiquitin proteasome system. (intechopen.com)
  • Cyclin C may play a dual role within the cell in its ability to regulate both cell cycle progression as well as gene transcription. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • These results provide a global view of the cell cycle and the method can be used to discover the dynamic coordination properties of functional components in other cellular processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cigarette smoke exerts inflammatory and suppressive effects on immune cells, alters mucosal immunity and promotes autoimmunity, resulting in oral cancers [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, very little data are available on IS of circulating cells of MetS patients although clinical data show that inhibited mTOR, with specific inhibitors such as Serolimus or Everolimus after kidney transplantation, significantly increase the presence of de novo thrombotic micro-angiopathy with artery lesion characterized by intimal cell proliferation, necrosis and narrowed lumen. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Many aspects of Hes expression are regulated by Notch signaling, which mediates cell-cell communication. (biologists.com)
  • However, the expression of cell cycle markers in the postnatal or adult brain is still a matter of controversial debate. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we hypothesized that specific histone residue(s) might be involved in facilitating gene expression such that cells mount a response to rapamycin. (researchsquare.com)
  • Lastly we demonstrate that MDA-MB 231 cells silenced for the endogenous GAC expression and stably expressing an ectopic fiber-prone superactive mutant proliferate more consume higher amounts of glutamine and grow bigger than the wild-type and mock transformed cells. (colinsbraincancer.com)
  • A, B) Cell proliferation and colony formation assays in HLECs cultured in conditioned medium come from ZR75-1 or MDA-MB-231 cells stably infected with lentivirus carrying ZKSCAN5 shRNA or ZKSCAN5 shRNA plus ZKSCAN5-R. The representative Western blot displays the expression of ZKSCAN5. (bms-911543.com)
  • The role of CDK7 in transcription was confirmed in vivo in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. (wikipedia.org)
  • During cell growth and proliferation, ubiquitin plays an outsized role in promoting progression through the cell cycle. (intechopen.com)
  • Indeed, it has been shown that a histone mutant H3 K56A causes yeast cells to display sensitivity to rapamycin, however, this mutation also sensitizes cells to a variety of DNA damaging agents, suggesting that the H3 K56A mutation has a broader role rather than a specific function towards rapamycin stress [22, 23]. (researchsquare.com)
  • 10) Therefore, it is important to evaluate its role in the cell cycle and its dysregulation. (ukessays.com)
  • The furin-S2' site in avian coronavirus plays a key role in central nervous system damage progression. (cdc.gov)
  • 1998. Protection of human upper respiratory tract cell lines against sulphur mustard toxicity by hexamethylenetetramine (HMT). (cdc.gov)
  • In embryonic stem cells, SMAD2/3-TIF1γ recognizes specific chromatin marks, promoting access of SMAD2/3-SMAD4 to otherwise repressed targets. (shu.edu)
  • [ 1 ] Early stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is treated relatively well with single-modality therapy (either surgery or radiation alone). (medscape.com)
  • Go to Imaging of Nasopharyngeal and Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma for complete information on these topics. (medscape.com)