Transcription and replication eukaryotic cells replication through transcriptional. Medical search. Frequent questions

These modifications and their regulation constitute the operational code for the CTD to control transcription initiation, elongation and termination and to couple transcription and RNA processing. (wikipedia.org)
Cyclin-CDK inhibitors (CKIs), such as p16Ink4a, p15Ink4b, p27Kip1, and p21Cip1, are involved in the negative regulation of CDK activities, thus providing a pathway through which the cell cycle is negatively regulated. (kegg.jp)
Here, we characterize the role of this alarmone in the regulation of the hlyCABD(II) operon of the UPEC isolate J96, encoding the toxin alpha-hemolysin that induces cytotoxicity during infection of bladder epithelial cells. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Moreover, these DNA viruses exhibit a highly controlled but complex program of transcription during replication which makes them useful and attractive models for studies on eukaryotic gene regulation. (wisc.edu)
Our goal is to investigate the molecular mechanisms that govern baculovirus replication to better understand fundamental problems in regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and the interaction of viruses with their host cell. (wisc.edu)
The nucleus-encoded proteins that define a lot of the mitochondrial proteome are translated on cytosolic ribosomes and positively brought in and sorted into mitochondrial sub-compartments by external and internal membrane translocase devices in a fashion that is dependent for the electrochemical potential14 15 Transcriptional posttranscriptional and post-translational settings of regulation can BMS-790052 be found for nucleus-encoded mitochondrial proteins. (academicediting.org)
Your second year builds on this knowledge and covers areas such as gene regulation, cell biology and metabolism. (kent.ac.uk)
Viral regulation of B7 family inhibitory molecules in epithelial cells leads to suppression or termination of immune responses [ 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
Recent years have witnessed a sea change in our understanding of transcription regulation: whereas traditional models focused solely on the events that brought RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to a gene promoter to initiate RNA synthesis, emerging evidence points to the pausing of Pol II during early elongation as a widespread regulatory mechanism in higher eukaryotes. (nature.com)
Lis, J. Promoter-associated pausing in promoter architecture and postinitiation transcriptional regulation. (nature.com)
Below we discuss mechanisms in the form of pioneer transcription factors, histone modifications, and recently identified actin-dependent mechanisms that regulate chromosome accessibility and gene regulation during cellular reprogramming. (cytoskeleton.com)
It is not understood whether these elements function collectively to confer transcriptional regulation, or individually to control specific aspects of activation or repression, such as initiation versus maintenance. (prolekarniky.cz)
GATA factor cross-regulation represents an instructive model system for investigating the contribution of individual cis elements to the initiation and maintenance of transcriptional repression. (prolekarniky.cz)
Although H3.3 has been well studied in metazoans, information regarding the assembly of H3.3 onto chromatin and its possible role in transcription regulation remain poorly documented outside of Opisthokonts. (biomedcentral.com)

The transcription of rRNA genes takes place in a specialised structure of the nucleus called the nucleolus, where the transcribed rRNAs are combined with proteins to form ribosomes. (wikipedia.org)
In this millennium, two gathering forces will reshape molecular cell biology: genomics, the complete DNA sequence of many organisms, and proteomics, a knowledge of all the possible shapes and functions that proteins employ. (freepdfbook.com)
Finally, we demonstrate that Polycomb proteins and associated epigenetic marks are crucial for the control of the replication timing of the INK4a/ARF locus during senescence. (plos.org)
Our results suggest that in young cells Polycomb proteins are recruited to the INK4/ARF locus through CDC6 and the resulting silent locus is replicated during late S-phase. (plos.org)
Evidence supporting the direct control of the cell cycle by Pc-G proteins in vertebrates came from studies on mouse Bmi1 mutants. (plos.org)
Viral RNA as well as viral proteins interact with different components of the host cell, acting as key determinants of viral pathogenesis. (bionity.com)
The arteriviruses are highly species specific, but share many biological and molecular properties, including virion morphology, a unique set of structural proteins, genome organization and replication strategy, and the ability to establish prolonged or true persistent infection in their natural hosts. (bionity.com)
Both viral and cellular proteins are required for replication and transcription. (bionity.com)
Cell macromolecular synthesis may be controlled after CoV infection by locating some virus proteins in the host cell nucleus. (bionity.com)
These unique viruses are known for their prolific multiplication in insect (moth) cells and are the most popular eukaryotic vectors for high level expression of foreign gene products (proteins). (wisc.edu)
Early genes encode transcriptional regulatory factors, whereas late genes encode virus structural proteins. (wisc.edu)
After transcription, the pre-mRNA transcript is spliced, joining coding exons together while excising introns and generating messenger RNA (mRNA), which is exported from the nucleus and read by ribosomes to produce polypeptides that fold into the final 3-dimensional structure of proteins ( Figure 1.1) . (ernolaszlo.com)
Histones are conserved eukaryotic proteins that pack DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. (biomedcentral.com)
The tasks of mitochondrial particular ribosomal proteins aren't realized but these protein are thought to get evolved to modify the coordination of mitochondrial translation with extra-mitochondrial pathways in eukaryotic cells. (academicediting.org)
Recent breakthroughs have uncovered more and more DNA replication licensing machinery proteins (ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, geminin, etc.) functioning in other cell cycle events, including centrosome replication, mitotic events, transcription and so on. (intechopen.com)
In proliferating cells, CDK1-mediated FOXO1 phosphorylation at the G2-M phase represses FOXO1 interaction with 14-3-3 proteins and thereby promotes FOXO1 nuclear accumulation and transcription factor activity, leading to cell death of postmitotic neurons. (arigobio.cn)
While extensive research on a group of proteins, called 'polarity proteins', has elucidated how cells establish directional identity, little is known about how they maintain that orientation during the shape changes and rearrangements that occur during tube formation. (uw.edu)
To explore this role, I am studying crb protein localization during tube elongation, assaying DA defects after knocking down expression using RNAi in subsets of cells, and analyzing the distribution of adhesion, motor, and other polarity proteins when crb is completely absent in null clones. (uw.edu)
While transcription factors bind and recruit chromatin-modifying and remodeling proteins, the relative contribution of individual cis elements residing within clusters of cis elements to the transcriptional control of endogenous loci is incompletely understood. (prolekarniky.cz)
We speculated that the defect of protein synthesis attenuated expression of other exoglucanases or glucan synthesis-related proteins, and then induced release of Xog1p to the cell wall. (ncl.edu.tw)

Eukaryotic transcription proceeds in three sequential stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. (wikipedia.org)
The initiation of gene transcription in eukaryotes occurs in specific steps. (wikipedia.org)
SncRNAs are less than 200 nt in length, consisting of microRNAs (miRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), endogenous small interfering RNAs (endo-siRNAs or esiRNAs) and transcription initiation RNAs (tiRNAs) [ 6 ]. (ijbs.com)
The origin recognition complex (ORC) is essential for initiation of eukaryotic chromosome replication as it loads the replicative helicase-the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) complex-at replication origins 1 . (nature.com)
In this chapter, we mainly discuss the coordination regulations between DNA replication initiation and other cell cycle events that ensure genomic integrity. (intechopen.com)
DNA replication occurs once and only once per cell cycle mainly regulated by DNA replication initiation factors in eukaryotic cells. (intechopen.com)
The pre-replication complex (pre-RC) assembly or the DNA replication licensing is the first step in DNA replication initiation, characterized by the sequential recruitment of ORCs, Cdc6, Cdt1 and MCMs to the DNA replication origins to form the pre-RC at the end of mitosis ( Bell and Dutta 2002 ). (intechopen.com)

2022 ). Such positive charge generally facilitates histone-DNA binding, thereby favors chromatin condensation and transcriptional repression (Bannister and Kouzarides 2011 ), but in rare case leads to transcription activation as well (Wang et al. (biomedcentral.com)
The covalent modification of histones to yield specific histone marks promotes either the activation or repression of transcription [3] . (prolekarniky.cz)

RNA polymerase I (Pol I) catalyses the transcription of all rRNA genes except 5S. (wikipedia.org)
These rRNA genes are organised into a single transcriptional unit and are transcribed into a continuous transcript. (wikipedia.org)
We are examining the mechanisms that control the proper turn on and turn off of viral genes during infection by focusing on the molecular interactions between cis-acting DNA regulatory sequences and virus/host transcription factors. (wisc.edu)
We have characterized the promoters and enhancers required for proper transcription of early AcMNPV genes and continue to investigate the trans-acting factors involved. (wisc.edu)
this process often begins with mutations that inactivate normal cellular mechanisms for monitoring the fidelity of DNA replication, resulting in the rapid accumulation of mutations in genes involved in controlling the growth and death of cells. (ernolaszlo.com)
Setting aside sporadic mutations, every somatic cell in the body contains an identical genome with an identical complement of genes, each of which encodes a specific protein. (ernolaszlo.com)
Thus, gene expression must be tightly regulated so that only appropriate genes are expressed in a particular cell type. (ernolaszlo.com)
We describe the first report of RNA sequencing of 5' capped (Pol II) RNAs isolated from acutely hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected Huh 7.5 cells that provides a general approach to identifying differentially expressed annotated and unannotated genes that participate in viral-host interactions. (mdpi.com)
More interestingly, a large number of noncoding fragments were found in peripheral blood cells of patients with asthma, including natural antisense chains, pseudogenes, and differential expression of ncRNA between genes [ 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
Although pausing has been connected to extremely rapid and synchronous activation of genes, pausing is also highly associated with constitutively expressed genes that encode signalling and transcription factors. (nature.com)
Distinct signals that act through diverse targeted transcription factors can regulate different steps in the transcription pathway and provide a highly modulated transcriptional response at individual genes. (nature.com)
Genes encoding the RNA portion of the ribosome (rDNA) are present in essentially all eukaryotic genomes as tandem repeated arrays. (uw.edu)
PTFs also enable other transcription factors, histone modifiers, and nucleosome remodeling complexes to alter the chromatin state and promote gene expression of silenced genes. (cytoskeleton.com)
The transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4 were found to trigger endogenous expression of pluripotent genes [2] and were identified as PTFs due to their ability to access closed chromatin [3] . (cytoskeleton.com)
ChIP-seq experiments in growing Tetrahymena show H3.3 enrichment over the promoters, gene bodies, and transcription termination sites of highly transcribed genes. (biomedcentral.com)
H3.3 knockout followed by RNA-seq reveals large-scale transcriptional alterations in functionally important genes. (biomedcentral.com)

Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a novel type of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), are ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotic cells during post-transcriptional processes. (ijbs.com)
ncRNAs play important roles in controlling gene expression at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. (ijbs.com)

Gene transcription occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. (wikipedia.org)

Histone N-terminal tails are susceptible to post-translational modifications (PTMs) and can influence many biological processes, such as transcription, replication, and chromosome maintenance. (epigentek.com)
Our results establish that ORC, in addition to its canonical role as the MCM loader, has a second crucial function as a master regulator of nucleosome organization at the replication origin, a crucial prerequisite for efficient chromosome replication. (nature.com)

Crystal structures of RNA polymerases I and II provide an opportunity to understand the interactions among the subunits and the molecular mechanism of eukaryotic transcription in atomic detail. (wikipedia.org)
Histone lysine methylation is a well-established transcriptional mechanism for regulating gene expression in eukaryotic cells. (epigentek.com)
Level of PI(3,5)P2 elevates by 20X its basal level, under hyperosmotic stress, helping cells to sustain salt toxicity, the mechanism of which is incompletely understood. (upstate.edu)
Taken together, one important mechanism for obese adipose CD4+ T cell activation may be mediated through MHCII expressed on ATMs and adipocytes. (exposed-skin-care.net)
The mechanism for CD8+ T cell activation in adipose tissue is not fully understood. (exposed-skin-care.net)
This is when, during replication, the template or newly synthesised strand loops slightly out of the replication mechanism, bypassing the replication machinery, resulting in the omission, if the parent template strand loops, or addition, if the daughter strand loops, of a nucleotide base. (ukessays.com)
These studies reveal how an individual cis element establishes a normal developmental program via regulating specific steps in the mechanism by which a critical transcription factor is repressed. (prolekarniky.cz)

The methylation patterns on histones are tightly controlled by lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) and demethylases (KDMs) to preserve cell fate and genomic stability. (epigentek.com)
Epigenetic alterations, acting both independently and together with increasing mutational burden, genomic instability, and stem cell exhaustion, can influence gene expression in ways that promote aging (Saul 2021). (ernolaszlo.com)
However, it has been proven that more than 62% of genomic DNA serves as a template for transcription, which indicates that there are abundant non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in human transcriptome [ 2 , 3 ]. (ijbs.com)
The precise regulations of pre-RC protein levels and assembly are effective ways to prevent reassembly of de novo MCM2-7 onto the replicated origins to re-license and re-replicate the genomic DNA in the subsequent phases of the same cell cycle ( Figure 1) . (intechopen.com)

Changes in rDNA copy number can occur through DNA breakage and repair as well as through errors in DNA replication. (uw.edu)
Both missense and nonsense mutations result in an incorrect, and likely dysfunctional, polypeptide structure, and can be caused by a number of various errors in DNA replication. (ukessays.com)

Contributing to the interest of the present topic is the fact that modulation of gene activity involves the sensing of intra- and inter-cellular conditions, DNA binding and DNA dynamics, and interaction with the replication/transcription machinery of the cell. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
As docking units, they influence the recruitment of the transcriptional machinery, thus establishing unique gene expression patterns that ultimately promote different biological outcomes. (aging-us.com)
all tested eukaryotes have evolved replication fork barriers (RFBs), ensuring that replication machinery does not collide with transcribing RNA polymerases. (uw.edu)
In this closed state, chromatin structure becomes an obstacle for eukaryotic transcription by impeding the interaction of RNA polymerase machinery and most transcription factors (TFs). (cytoskeleton.com)

When cells enter senescence the binding to RD of both PRC1 and PRC2 complexes is lost leading to a decreased level of histone H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3). (plos.org)
While canonical histones H3.1 and H3.2 are synthetized and loaded during DNA replication, the histone variant H3.3 is expressed and deposited into the chromatin throughout the cell cycle. (aging-us.com)
Histone-modifying enzymes, which regulate eukaryotic chromatin conformation and gene expression, are key epigenetic factors controlling fungal development, virulence, and secondary metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
and they are associated with altered histone acetylation and transcription factor (nerve growth factor-induced clone A [NGFIA]) binding to the glucocorticoid receptor promoter. (deepdyve.com)

Including the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication and transcription devices possess distinct evolutionary roots in bacteriophage8-10 whereas the mitochondrial translational equipment has a very clear evolutionary romantic relationship to bacterias11. (academicediting.org)

Given the considerable stability of the nucleosome, eukaryotic cells employ a staggering array of interconnected molecular mechanisms that locally modify the electrostatic interaction between the highly basic histones and the negatively charged DNA molecules. (aging-us.com)
However, how this nucleosome organization is established and whether this organization is required for replication remain unknown. (nature.com)
Here, using genome-scale biochemical reconstitution with approximately 300 replication origins, we screened 17 purified chromatin factors from budding yeast and found that the ORC established nucleosome depletion over replication origins and flanking nucleosome arrays by orchestrating the chromatin remodellers INO80, ISW1a, ISW2 and Chd1. (nature.com)
Fig. 1: ORC is a master regulator of nucleosome organization at origins of replication. (nature.com)

Molecular Cell Biology concentrates on the macromolecules and reactions studied by biochemists, the processes described by cell biologists, and the gene control pathways identified by molecular biologists and geneticists. (freepdfbook.com)
Eukaryotic cells respond to DNA damage by activating signaling pathways that promote cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. (kegg.jp)
The electrochemical potential is harnessed for additional crucial mitochondrial functions such as buffering the signalling ion BMS-790052 Ca2+ through uptake by a uniporter in the inner membrane3 4 A reduction in the electrochemical potential of mitochondria in cells has evolved like a read-out for mitochondrial practical position which as talked about later creates indicators to activate pathways that restoration and/or eliminate faulty mitochondria. (academicediting.org)
Our results provide an evolutionary perspective on H3.3's conserved role in maintaining the transcriptional landscape of cells and on the emergence of specialized chromatin assembly pathways. (biomedcentral.com)

These mutations impaired replication through chromatin in vitro and were lethal in vivo. (nature.com)
Fig. 3: Effects of Orc1 mutations on cell viability, complex formation, origin DNA binding and MCM loading. (nature.com)
Fig. 4: Chromatin defects due to Orc1 mutations correlate with replication defects. (nature.com)
Sometimes mutations occur during replication due to interactions of DNA with the environment. (ukessays.com)
In order to tackle mutations caused by mis-incorporated, inserted or deleted bases, cells exhibit the use of a system known as DNA mismatch repair. (ukessays.com)

A novel protein call AnkA in A. phagocytophilum is translocated from the bacterium within a host vacuole into the host nucleus, where it forms complexes with heterochromatin and is largely responsible for many host transcriptional changes by directly binding to regulatory regions of the DNA. (cdc.gov)
Moreover, we show that the Polycomb protein BMI1 interacts with CDC6, an essential regulator of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. (plos.org)
Upon senescence, Jmjd3 is overexpressed and the MLL1 protein is recruited to the locus provoking the dissociation of Polycomb from the INK4/ARF locus, its transcriptional activation and its replication during early S-phase. (plos.org)
Techniques used in the laboratory include gene cloning and sequencing, site-directed mutagenesis, in vitro transcription and RNA mapping, construction of recombinant baculoviruses, protein purification, and immunoblot analysis, and others pertinent to molecular virology such as cell culture and virus propagation. (wisc.edu)
The cryo-EM analysis also revealed a population of free V 1 bound to Oxidation Resistance 1 (Oxr1p), a poorly characterized protein that has been implicated in protecting cells from oxidative stress. (upstate.edu)
To accomplish this, the transcriptional unit is preceded by regulatory elements, such as promoters and enhancers, that modulate production of its protein encoding transcript ( Figure 1.2 ). (ernolaszlo.com)
Hamilton: B. C. Decker Inc.). A number of anti-angiogenic activities have been reported for this protein, such as inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation. (justia.com)
The DNA damage-recognition problem in human and other eukaryotic cell: the XPA damage binding protein. (ncl.edu.tw)
DDB, a putative DNA repair protein, can function as a transcriptional partner of E2F1. (ncl.edu.tw)
Cdk1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1), also known as p34Cdc2 (cell division control protein kinase 2) depends on cyclin A and B and is triggered by a positive feedback loop at the end of G2 phase, which is the key event that initiates mitotic entry. (arigobio.cn)
In yeast, the RFB is a specific sequence to which the protein Fob1 binds, blocking replication forks that converge with transcription. (uw.edu)
Moreover, C. albicans Hom6p affects expression of the cell wall protein Xog1p which is a major exoglucanase and is found to be involved in cell adhesion. (ncl.edu.tw)
C. albicans Hom6p thus had an effect on cell survival and cell adhesion by maintaining protein synthesis and cell wall function. (ncl.edu.tw)

Once this threshold is attained, RNA polymerase passes the promoter and transcription proceeds to the elongation phase. (wikipedia.org)

CDKs regulate the cell's progression through the phases of the cell cycle by modulating the activity of key substrates. (kegg.jp)
However, it is unknown whether the fine-tuning of KDM1A splicing isoforms, already shown to regulate neuronal maturation, is crucial for the specification and maintenance of cell identity during cardiogenesis. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
As scaffolding molecules, they significantly regulate the DNA packaging into the nucleus of all eukaryotic cells. (aging-us.com)
Programmed cell death ligands 1 (PD-L1, B7-H1, CD274) and (PD-L2, B7-DC, CD273) belong to the B7 family and are widely expressed in activated T cells, B cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, and other cells to regulate activation or inhibition [ 20 ]. (hindawi.com)

Long and structurally disordered, the CTD contains multiple repeats of heptapeptide sequence YSPTSPS that are subject to phosphorylation and other posttranslational modifications during the transcription cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Mitotic cell cycle progression is accomplished through a reproducible sequence of events, DNA replication (S phase) and mitosis (M phase) separated temporally by gaps known as G1 and G2 phases. (kegg.jp)
Precise activation and inactivation of CDKs at specific points in the cell cycle are required for orderly cell division. (kegg.jp)
The cell cycle is the process of accurate self-reproduction and proliferation of a cell. (intechopen.com)
Misregulation of the cell cycle may result in malignant cell proliferation, tumorigenesis or cell death. (intechopen.com)
Inactivated by PKR/EIF2AK2- and WEE1-mediated phosphorylation upon DNA damage to stop cell cycle and genome replication at the G2 checkpoint thus facilitating DNA repair. (arigobio.cn)
Reactivated after successful DNA repair through WIP1-dependent signaling leading to CDC25A/B/C-mediated dephosphorylation and restoring cell cycle progression. (arigobio.cn)
In most eukaryotes, two classes of histones have been described: (1) replicative or canonical histones, expressed only during the S phase of the cell cycle, which are assembled onto chromatin in a DNA replication-dependent (RD) manner, and (2) variant histones, which differ in their primary amino acid sequences, are expressed throughout the cell cycle, and can be deposited in a replication-independent (RI) fashion [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

These problems are being investigated in systems that range from bacteria and bacteriophage to yeast to human cells and their viruses. (berkeley.edu)
Localization and sequence analysis of yeast origins of DNA replication. (nature.com)
Nieduszynski, C. A., Knox, Y. & Donaldson, A. D. Genome-wide identification of replication origins in yeast by comparative genomics. (nature.com)
Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, I am reversing the direction of the RFB in each of the 150 rDNA repeats in yeast to prevent replication fork stalling. (uw.edu)

Cellular senescence is a fundamental cellular program that is activated after a finite number of cell divisions and operates to avoid further cell proliferation. (plos.org)
indicated that ATMs colocalized with T cells in lymphoid clusters within adipose tissue and may act as APCs, which express high levels of MHCII and also costimulatory molecules and process and present antigens to induce CD4+ T-cell proliferation and activation in adipose tissue of obese mice (29, 68, 105). (exposed-skin-care.net)
showed that adipose tissue from obese mice induced proliferation of splenic CD8+ T cells, indicating a CD8+ T cell-activating environment in obese adipose tissue (31). (exposed-skin-care.net)
DNA replication is a fundamental process essential for cell proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)

A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that separates the processes of transcription and translation. (wikipedia.org)
Prokaryotes have attracted the interests of researchers not only because the processes taking place in their world are important to cells, but also because many of the effects often can be readily measured, both at the single cell level and in large populations. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
The dynamic nature of chromatin establishes the access to the genetic material and, as a consequence, influences a large number of biological processes, such as DNA replication, repair and transcription [ 1 , 2 ]. (aging-us.com)

Destruction of cyclin B during metaphase results in inactivation of Cdk1, allowing mitotic exit and cell division. (arigobio.cn)

Together, these results provide a unified model that integrates replication, transcription and epigenetics at the INK4/ARF locus. (plos.org)

Eukaryotic transcription occurs within the nucleus where DNA is packaged into nucleosomes and higher order chromatin structures. (wikipedia.org)
Eukaryotic cells compact their large genome into highly ordered chromatin structures within the nucleus. (aging-us.com)

Like the bacterial chromosomal DNA, plasmid DNA is replicated upon cell division, and each daughter cell receives at least one copy of the plasmid. (addgene.org)
The origin from the mitochondrial proteome can be an assortment of 'older' bacterial and 'fresh' eukaryotic-derived proteins2. (academicediting.org)
dedicated ConclusionsAn properties in the soluble competing epub are digested on the been strategy sequences that are data of the Bacterial application as effects in the cell for the bacteriophage. (naturheilpraxis-gisbert-fussek.de)

Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all different types of RNA, RNA polymerase in eukaryotes (including humans) comes in three variations, each translating a different type of gene. (wikipedia.org)

Coronavirus (CoV) genome replication takes place in the cytoplasm in a membrane-protected microenvironment, and starts with the translation of the genome to produce the viral replicase. (bionity.com)
NF90/NF110 are also functional in inhibiting viral replication through binding to viral mRNAs. (ijbs.com)

Modern biology is rooted in an understanding of the molecules within cells and of the interactions between cells that allow construction of multicellular organisms. (freepdfbook.com)
All the concepts of molecular cell biology continue to be derived from experiments, and powerful experimental tools that allow the study of living cells and organisms at higher and higher levels of resolution are being developed constantly. (freepdfbook.com)
In this fourth edition, we address the current state of molecular cell biology and look forward to what further exploration will uncover in the twenty-first century. (freepdfbook.com)
In addition research into animal viruses has made an important contribution to our understanding of viruses in general, their replication, molecular biology , evolution and interaction with the host. (bionity.com)
Research in our laboratory involves the molecular biology and replication of eukaryotic DNA viruses. (wisc.edu)
This white paper will first provide a brief refresher on the central paradigm of molecular biology, the rigorously controlled process by which genetic information flows within cells and biological systems. (ernolaszlo.com)
In your first year, your modules give you an insight into various biological and chemical disciplines, including biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, microbiology and physiology. (kent.ac.uk)

In eukaryotic organisms, there is a multitude of specialized, differentiated cells that are formed by specific gene programs. (cytoskeleton.com)

Berbenetz, N. M., Nislow, C. & Brown, G. W. Diversity of eukaryotic DNA replication origins revealed by genome-wide analysis of chromatin structure. (nature.com)

More abundantly made are the so-called non-coding RNAs account for the large majority of the transcriptional output of a cell. (wikipedia.org)

RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is responsible for the transcription of all mRNAs, some snRNAs, siRNAs, and all miRNAs. (wikipedia.org)
All three eukaryotic polymerases have five core subunits that exhibit homology with the β, β', αI, αII, and ω subunits of E. coli RNA polymerase. (wikipedia.org)
First, an RNA polymerase along with general transcription factors binds to the promoter region of the gene to form a closed complex called the preinitiation complex. (wikipedia.org)
region on a DNA molecule involved in RNA polymerase binding to initiate transcription. (insdc.org)

The three resulting recombinant viruses were used to infect tumor cells in cultures and human tumor xenografts in nude mice. (uni-wuerzburg.de)

Required in higher cells for entry into S-phase and mitosis. (arigobio.cn)

This occurs through deamination, where the hydrolysis of cytosine, turning it into uracil, causes the base to mispair with adenine during replication, and ultimately be replaced by thymine. (ukessays.com)

2) sequence segment located between the promoter and the first structural gene that causes partial termination of transcription. (insdc.org)

Endostatin inhibits endothelial cell migration by inhibiting phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase via binding to α5β1 integrin (Wickstrom et al. (justia.com)

2002) J Cell Biol, 158: 529-539). (justia.com)

Notably, circRNAs display cell-type, tissue-type and developmental-stage specific expression patterns in eukaryotic transcriptome, which reveals their significant regulatory functions in gene expression. (ijbs.com)

Cell Biol. (ncl.edu.tw)

a cis-acting sequence that increases the utilization of (some) eukaryotic promoters, and can function in either orientation and in any location (upstream or downstream) relative to the promoter. (insdc.org)
a transcriptional cis regulatory region that when located between an enhancer and a gene's promoter prevents the enhancer from modulating the expression of the gene. (insdc.org)

Unlike overall download the heritage of time that is site of well transient tailor components transient to the computationally full models, study process cell vectors regulatory plants that have far appealing predictions and cells of translation. (scoutconnection.com)

In analyzing the stability of DNA replication origins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae we faced the question whether one set of sequences is significantly enriched in the number and/or the quality of the matches of a particular position weight matrix relative to another set. (biomedcentral.com)
In analyzing the stability of DNA replication origins in S. cerevisiae (see Stable vs. unstable ARSs in mcm1-1 mutant below) we faced the question of whether one set of sequences has more and/or better binding sites of a particular transcription factor than the other. (biomedcentral.com)

Our findings prove the existence of a divergent scaffolding role of KDM1A splice variants, independent of their enzymatic activity, during hESC differentiation into cardiac cells. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
LncRNA and miRNA both participate in immune regulatory responses by regulating the differentiation of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells and activating mononuclear macrophages and DCs [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
At the same time, the role of miRNA in regulating innate immune responses, especially macrophages and granulocytes, has been shown to alter cell development, differentiation, and the release of inflammatory factors. (hindawi.com)
In development, lineage-restricted transcription factors simultaneously promote differentiation while repressing alternative fates. (prolekarniky.cz)
Although Gata2 is normally repressed in late-stage erythroblasts, the −1.8 kb mutation unexpectedly resulted in reactivated Gata2 transcription, blocked differentiation, and an aberrant lineage-specific gene expression pattern. (prolekarniky.cz)

Agherbi H, Gaussmann-Wenger A, Verthuy C, Chasson L, Serrano M, Djabali M (2009) Polycomb Mediated Epigenetic Silencing and Replication Timing at the INK4a/ARF Locus during Senescence. (plos.org)
For example, GATA-1 directly represses Gata2 transcription via displacing GATA-2 from chromatin sites at its own locus, a process termed a "GATA Switch" [6] , [7] . (prolekarniky.cz)

We identified the replication licencing factor CDC6 as a new partner of the Polycomb group member BMI1. (plos.org)

We speculate that by coupling RNA processing to the status and activity of Pol II itself, the cell ensures that nascent RNA is properly protected from degradation and efficiently matures into a functional mRNA. (nature.com)

In vitro studies have shown that neutrophil infection by A. phagocytophilum induces notable functional changes, many based on altered transcription in the host. (cdc.gov)
This is because it is some 5S cells affecting for stable Eukaryotic infection. (scoutconnection.com)
Cell adhesion is the first step in C. albicans infection of epithelia. (ncl.edu.tw)

We engineered mice lacking a single cis element −1.8 kb upstream of the Gata2 transcriptional start site. (prolekarniky.cz)

Another statement showed the preadipocyte- and endothelial cell-derived stromal-derived element-1 (CXCL12), mediated early infiltration of CD4+ T lymphocytes in obesity, which preceded the increase of macrophages in adipose cells of mice on HFD (101). (exposed-skin-care.net)

It also has been shown that cell surface glypicans are low-affinity endostatin receptors (Karumanchi et al. (justia.com)

Downstream targets of CDKs include transcription factor E2F and its regulator Rb. (kegg.jp)
p53 and its transcriptional targets play an important role in both G1 and G2 checkpoints. (kegg.jp)
Cdk1 can be ihibited by several transcriptional targets of p53, such as p21WAF. (arigobio.cn)

Anatomy27

Organisms13

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs93

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment35

Phenomena and Processes98

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Health Care2

Regulation14

Proteins20

Initiation7

Repression2

Genes16

Post-transcriptional2

Prokaryotic cells1

Chromosome2

Mechanism7

Genomic4

Errors in DNA replication2

Machinery4

Histone4

Translational1

Nucleosome4

Pathways4

Mutations5

Protein13

Elongation1

Regulate4

Cycle8

Yeast4

Proliferation4

Processes3

Mitotic1

Epigenetics1

Chromatin structures2

Bacterial3

Eukaryotes1

Viral2

Biology7

Organisms1

Genome-wide1

RNAs1

Polymerase4

Viruses1

Mitosis1

Occurs1

Termination1

Phosphorylation1

20021

Reveals1

Biol1

Promoter2

Vectors1

Stability2

Differentiation5

Locus2

CDC61

Processing1

Infection3

Upstream1

Endothelial1

Receptors1

Targets3