• The study, funded by the National Cattlemen's Beef Association, used Angus cattle raised at the McGregor AgriLife Research Center. (beefmagazine.com)
  • Van Eenennaam said genome-editing offers a pain-free genetic alternative to removing horns by introducing a naturally occurring genetic variant, or allele, that is present in some breeds of beef cattle such as Angus. (thebeefsite.com)
  • Red Angus is the first beef breed organization to accept gene-edited animals into their registry. (kbhbradio.com)
  • DENVER, CO - The Red Angus Association of America (RAAA), a leading progressive breed organization for seedstock beef cattle in the United States, announced today they will provide herdbook registry of Red Angus animals carrying gene-edited traits for heat tolerance and coat color. (kbhbradio.com)
  • Some breed associations have created indices specifically for mating beef sires with dairy cows based on certain economic traits. (msu.edu)
  • A total of 333 calves were evaluated for carcass quality traits including: dressing percentage (DP), yield grade (YG), marbling score (MS), fat thickness (FT) and percent body fat (PF). (animbiosci.org)
  • Expected progeny differences predict the expected performance for specific traits of the calves (progeny) sired by a particular bull (or out of a particular dam) compared to the expected performance of calves sired by another bull (or dam) or group of bulls (or dams). (msucares.com)
  • Mating dairy cows with a beef sire to produce terminal crossbred dairy beef calves has become a popular topic of discussion in the dairy and cattle feeding industries. (msu.edu)
  • Growth traits, such as weaning and yearling weight, are important because calves and finished cattle are often marketed on a live weight basis. (msu.edu)
  • Following immunization and weaning (on the ranch at approximately 6 months of age) calves were transported to the Colorado State University Beef Research Feedlot at the Agricultural Research, Development, and Education Center (Fort Collins, CO) for growing and finishing. (beefresearch.org)
  • therefore, the infusion of beef genetics should aim to increase the retail yield or beef producing ability of crossbred dairy beef cattle. (msu.edu)
  • Panel discussions on genetics and breeding, selection for extremes (are there traits we should max out to the highest possible level or is there an intermediate optimum? (oklahomafarmreport.com)
  • R., GUTIÉRREZ, J.P. , MOHEBBINEJAD, E., (2023) Comparison of non-linear models and genetic parameter estimation for growth curve traits in the Murciano-Granadina goat breed. (ucm.es)
  • Select a beef sire that excels in economically relevant traits. (msu.edu)
  • Carcass traits measured after slaughter are economically relevant traits in beef cattle. (illinois.edu)
  • Genomic selection improves genetic gain for fiber traits in a breeding program for alpacas. (ucm.es)
  • Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced it has made a low-risk determination for the marketing of products, including food, from two genome-edited beef cattle and their offspring after determining that the intentional genomic alteration (IGA) does not raise any safety concerns (low-risk determination). (fda.gov)
  • The FDA reviewed genomic data and other information submitted by the product developer confirming that the IGA in genome-edited PRLR-SLICK cattle is equivalent to naturally occurring mutations that have arisen in several breeds of cattle as an adaptation to being raised in tropical or subtropical environments. (fda.gov)
  • In this study, we explored (1) G × E interactions for broiler body weight (BW) at weeks 5 and 6, and (2) the benefits of using genomic information for prediction of BW traits when selection candidates were raised and tested in a B environment and close relatives were tested in a C environment. (springer.com)
  • The G × E interaction was strong for BW traits of broilers measured in environments B and C. The use of combined pedigree and genomic information increased population accuracy of EBV substantially for genotyped birds in the B environment compared to the use of pedigree information only. (springer.com)
  • The current study aimed at defining the breeds closest related to DSN cattle, characterizing their genomic diversity and inbreeding. (frontiersin.org)
  • The aim of this study was to identify potential genomic regions harboring candidate genes affecting those traits in Nellore cattle. (illinois.edu)
  • The proportion of the variance explained by moving windows of 100 consecutive SNPs was used to assess potential genomic regions harboring genes with major effects on each trait. (illinois.edu)
  • Our results showed several genomic regions containing plausible candidate genes that may be associated with carcass traits in Nellore cattle. (illinois.edu)
  • Besides contributing to a better understanding of the genetic control of carcass traits, the identified genes can also be helpful for further functional genomic studies. (illinois.edu)
  • Evaluation of mature cow weight: Genetic correlations with traits used in selection indices, correlated responses, and genetic trends in Nelore cattle. (academicjournals.org)
  • In this study, the objective was to estimate genetic parameters of body weight at 210 (BW210) and 365 (BW365) days of age in relation to rib eye area (REA), subcutaneous back fat thickness (BF) and rump fat (RF), and their respective genetic trends, in Nelore beef cattle. (unesp.br)
  • In contrast to the domestication syndrome hypothesis, several studies (all using modern purebred dogs as subjects) have reported that reduced pigmentation is associated with undesirable behavioral traits. (researchgate.net)
  • Children's agricultur al injury: associations between behavioral traits and high-risk work exposures. (cdc.gov)
  • Conclusions: Results indicate that children's high-risk work exposures are driven, at least in part, by their behavioral traits. (cdc.gov)
  • We knew that genetic factors were likely influence temperament in cattle, and we thought that genes involved in behavioral traits in humans could also influence temperament in cattle,' he said. (feedstuffs.com)
  • Hayes said the outcome was important because it opened the way for research conducted on behavioral traits in humans to shed further light on temperament in cattle. (feedstuffs.com)
  • C was not significantly associated with carcass and meat characteristic traits. (undip.ac.id)
  • Widely available beef cattle selection tools include performance data, expected progeny differences (EPDs), and selection indices. (msucares.com)
  • The candidate gene approach revealed new single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Cholecystokinin B receptor (CCKBR) and pancreatic anionic trypsinogen (TRYP8) genes that showed strong evidence of association with feed efficiency traits. (uoguelph.ca)
  • SNPs within genes Pyruvate carboxylase, ATPaseH+, UBQEI, UCP2, and PTI showed evidence of association with carcass traits without negatively affecting feed efficiency traits. (uoguelph.ca)
  • The 339 newly identified SNPs corresponding to 180 genes identified by fine-mapping were tested for association with feed efficiency, growth, and carcass traits. (uoguelph.ca)
  • Characterization of intronic SNP located in candidate genes influencing cattle temperament. (usda.gov)
  • Identification of candidate genes and SNPs related to cattle temperament using a GWAS analysis coupled with an interacting network analysis. (usda.gov)
  • Regions with high F ST between DSN and Holstein, significant XP-EHH regions, and RoH islands detected in both breeds harbor candidate genes that were previously reported for milk, meat, fertility, production, and health traits, including one QTL detected in DSN for endoparasite infection resistance. (frontiersin.org)
  • A strong association between the genes influencing cattle temperament and autism in people has been discovered by researchers with the University of Queensland (UQ) in Australia. (feedstuffs.com)
  • The research doesn't mean that cattle have autism, [but] rather, that cattle share an overlap of genes with humans that are critical in brain function and response to fear stimuli,' Hayes said. (feedstuffs.com)
  • We found that genes known to contribute to autism spectrum disorders also influence temperament in cattle. (feedstuffs.com)
  • Some DNA variants in those genes are more common in people with autism, and in cattle, some DNA variants in those same genes are found to make the cattle more fearful in new situations and have a reactive temperament. (feedstuffs.com)
  • Based on these experiments, malt sprouts fed to lactating beef cows and stocker cattle were equal in value to an isocaloric blend of corn and cottonseed meal. (angelfire.com)
  • A benefit of raising dairy steers for beef production is their predictable feedlot performance, uniform carcass size, and marbling ability. (msu.edu)
  • However, when compared with beef steers, purebred dairy steers offer some challenges, such as a lesser average daily gain and feed efficiency, which requires more days in the feedlot and additional feed. (msu.edu)
  • Purebred dairy steers are often lightly muscled, which leads to a lesser dressing percentage, irregular loin muscle shape, and carcass retail yield when compared with beef steers. (msu.edu)
  • For example, some cattle more closely resemble beef cattle, while others more closely resemble dairy steers. (msu.edu)
  • Interaction of vitamin A supplementation level with ADH1C genotype on intramuscular fat in beef steers. (usask.ca)
  • A: Those conferences were based on a need to significantly change the "on foot" type of steers and breeding cattle that were winning in the showring to a more practical kind to better fit consumer demand, industry grading standards and production environments. (oklahomafarmreport.com)
  • There will be live animal evaluation of finished steers, breeding cattle, estimations of birth dates, feed intake and a variety of evaluation questions addressed outside of what might be expected. (oklahomafarmreport.com)
  • Previous studies comparing tenderness of beef produced by steers and heifers have produced ambiguous results. (beefresearch.org)
  • Research conducted more than twenty-five years ago, suggested either that beef from steers and heifers was similar in tenderness (Gracia et al. (beefresearch.org)
  • 1975), or that beef from heifers was more tender than beef from steers (Kropf and Graf, 1959). (beefresearch.org)
  • However, more recent studies have suggested that heifers may produce beef that is less tender than beef from steers (Wulf et al. (beefresearch.org)
  • However, grading information is provided to the producers after slaughtering of animals, then feedlot operations do not take full advantage of this information to navigate their cattle finishing strategy. (mitacs.ca)
  • In beef production there are three main stages: cow-calf operations, backgrounding, and feedlot operations. (wikipedia.org)
  • Animals grown specifically for the feedlot are known as feeder cattle, the goal of these animals is fattening. (wikipedia.org)
  • For crossbred dairy beef cattle, there tends to be an extreme amount of variation in feedlot performance and the resulting carcass conformation between animals or within groups. (msu.edu)
  • The lack of standardization for SFT levels in feedlot cattle often results in reductions in carcass and meat quality due to cooling, darkening, and shortening of muscle fibers, and higher fat content and excessive SFT can also reduce overall carcass yield ( LAWRIE, 2005 LAWRIE, R.A. Ciência da la carne. (scielo.br)
  • Combing validated SNPs from fine-mapping and the candidate gene approach may help develop a DNA test panel for commercial use and increase our understanding of the biological basis of feed efficiency in beef cattle. (uoguelph.ca)
  • 2011. An evaluation of corticotropin-releasing hormone and leptin SNPs relative to cattle behaviour. (usask.ca)
  • Sequencing analysis at exon 5-6 of CAPN1 gene in Bali cattle resulted in eight polymorphic SNPs. (undip.ac.id)
  • T. Those SNPs may be used as candidate marker for Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) in bali cattle. (undip.ac.id)
  • the greater the amount of energy that cattle consume, the higher the proportion of subcutaneous fat and consequently the more intramuscular fat there is in the meat, resulting in greater meat tenderness in the final product, an important factor for consumers. (scielo.br)
  • Quality - The quality of sheep is evaluated by looking at intramuscular fat, much like in cattle, only this intramuscular fat is contained within the muscle of the flank. (sdstate.edu)
  • This will in turn increase growth and muscle deposition in growing animals, intramuscular fat deposition and loin eye area in finishing cattle and milk and component yield in lactating animals. (cattletoday.com)
  • Using selection tools can help producers make better live cattle, semen, and embryo selection decisions. (msucares.com)
  • However, on a yearly basis, the United States Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC) releases across breed EPD adjustment factors as a tool for cattle producers to compare 18 different beef breeds of cattle on a similar basis ( www.beefimprovement.org ). (msu.edu)
  • With a rich history of research and developing innovative, profitable practices for beef cattle producers in South Texas and abroad, the Texas A&M AgriLife Research Station at Beeville showcased emerging technologies in cattle production systems during a field day Nov. 2. (gilmermirror.com)
  • Commercial beef and seedstock producers could soon benefit from the data generated by the Southern Multi Breed (SMB) Project. (nsw.gov.au)
  • Here's what individual beef producers can do to become better industry leaders. (beefmagazine.com)
  • Studying reproductive physiology is important in beef cattle herds because weeks and months lost to ineffective natural or artificial breeding can cost producers a calf, and possibly more over several breeding seasons. (tamu.edu)
  • The goal of IntegrOmes is to make it easier for cattle producers to identify and breed animals with desired traits such as better meat quality, stronger disease immunity, healthy uterine and semen microbiomes, shorter gestation periods, and good maternal behaviour and heavier calf weights at weaning. (thecattlesite.com)
  • Most Beef cattle are finished in feedlots. (wikipedia.org)
  • however, in Brazil, most of the 209 million head of cattle raised in the country are grazed on pastures, with only about 11% finished in feedlots, WILKINSON (2010). (scielo.br)
  • Feedlots need to monitor for heat stress and implement strategies to minimize impact on cattle to prevent severe death from heat stress. (cattletoday.com)
  • Beef cattle are cattle raised for meat production (as distinguished from dairy cattle, used for milk production). (wikipedia.org)
  • In their respective breeds, U.S. dairy cattle are quite uniform due to the intense genetic selection pressure for milk yield and other important dairy traits. (msu.edu)
  • Dairy cattle are more susceptible to heat stress because of their select inherited ability to ingest vast quantities of dry matter, thus producing greater metabolic heat from rumen fermentation as well as from the process of milk production. (cattletoday.com)
  • In South Africa, estimates of breeding values (BV) for production traits and somatic cell scores of dairy cattle are based on test-day (TD) yields of milk, protein, fat, as well as somatic cell count. (scielo.org.za)
  • it's about the same as milk production in dairy cattle, and we've made big breeding gains there. (feedstuffs.com)
  • Some commonly measured traits to consider are calving ease, growth (weaning/yearling weights), yield grade/fat thickness, ribeye area (REA), and marbling. (msu.edu)
  • Selecting traits that consider the animal's ability to deposit muscle in relation to fat, such as ribeye area and fat thickness, are also very important. (msu.edu)
  • Economically important traits for beef cattle evaluation discussed below are live weight, dressing percent, muscling, fat thickness, yield grade and quality grade. (sdstate.edu)
  • Backfat thickness, ribeye area, and shear force are traits measured late in life, and the investigation of molecular markers associated with these traits can help breeding programs. (geneticsmr.com)
  • Economically important traits for sheep evaluation that will be discussed are live weight, dressing percent, fatness, muscling, yield grade and quality grade. (sdstate.edu)
  • The economically important carcass and live traits in swine are live weight, dressing percent, fatness, carcass length, muscling, USDA grade and percent muscle. (sdstate.edu)
  • Most beef cattle are mated naturally, whereby a bull is released into a herd of cows approximately 55 days after the calving period, depending on the cows' body condition score (BCS). (wikipedia.org)
  • However, beef cattle can also be bred through artificial insemination, depending on the cow and the size of the herd. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recent investments in infrastructure at the Beeville station will include upgrading water systems, which set the stage for an investment in a foundation cattle herd. (gilmermirror.com)
  • The biological efficiency of producing beef from the suckler herd is relatively low, with a large maternal cost to production. (thecattlesite.com)
  • Mark Johnson, Oklahoma State University Extension Beef Cattle Breeding Specialist, offers herd health advice as part of the weekly series known as the "Cow Calf Corner" published electronically by Dr. Peel, Mark Johnson, and Paul Beck. (oklahomafarmreport.com)
  • Inbreeding depression particularly affects less visible traits like reproductive and health traits, along with the more visible, growth, lactation and survival. (icbf.com)
  • Studies on multiple trait and random regression models for genetic evaluation of beef cattle for growth. (academicjournals.org)
  • The paper discusses reasons for suggesting the adoption of the random regression approach for dairy cattle evaluation in South Africa and identifies the key areas where research efforts should focus. (scielo.org.za)
  • Grass-fed beef may not have as many healthful traits as some perceive, concludes a Texas AgriLife Research study. (beefmagazine.com)
  • Stephen Smith, an AgriLife Research meat scientist, and a team of researchers found that contrary to popular perception, ground beef from pasture-fed cattle had no beneficial effects on plasma lipid. (beefmagazine.com)
  • More than 50 ranchers, beef association leaders and representatives from AgriLife Research and Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service attended the field day and lunch courtesy of Texas Farm Credit. (gilmermirror.com)
  • George Perry, Ph.D., was recently hired as a Texas A&M AgriLife Research cattle physiologist and associate professor in the Texas A&M Department of Animal Science . (tamu.edu)
  • Therefore, the main objective of this work was to identify genetic markers responsible for genetic variation in feed efficiency traits as well as to understand the molecular basis of feed efficiency traits. (uoguelph.ca)
  • The effects of heat stress have proven to be a great hindrance to the efficiency and productivity of cattle, especially dairy cattle. (cattletoday.com)
  • Perry's research focuses on reproduction efficiency in beef cattle on both the male and female side in areas like male and female fertility, sperm transport, early breeding and early calf development. (tamu.edu)
  • Perry has been invited to speak at numerous national and international conferences on reproductive efficiency in beef cattle and has published numerous manuscripts on reproductive efficiency through his research program. (tamu.edu)
  • Differences among individual animals have long been recognised but little is known about the causes of this variation in efficiency of energy utilisation by cattle," explains Dr Mark McGee, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange. (thecattlesite.com)
  • A multi-agency research team led by University of Saskatchewan (USask) veterinary reproductive biologist Dr. Gregg Adams (DVM, PhD) aims to make rapid strides in improving the productivity, efficiency and sustainability of Canada's $18-billion beef sector by integrating advances from the field of omics into livestock production. (thecattlesite.com)
  • The cost of feed remains an important factor affecting the profitability of beef production, and the difficulty of recording feed intake is a major limitation in an industry-wide selection program. (uoguelph.ca)
  • While the principal use of beef cattle is meat production, other uses include leather, and beef by-products used in candy, shampoo, cosmetics, and insulin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Breeds known as dual-purpose are also used for beef production. (wikipedia.org)
  • These breeds have been selected for two purposes at once, such as both beef and dairy production, or both beef and draught. (wikipedia.org)
  • As we begin to re-evaluate crossbred dairy beef production, people often wonder why crossbreeding dairy cows to beef sires has not gained popularity in the past. (msu.edu)
  • Cattle that are comfortable in their environment are less likely to experience temperature-related stress and may result in improved food production. (fda.gov)
  • Because of its large size and wide range of environmental conditions, beef production in Brazil varies greatly among different regions of the country. (scielo.br)
  • As such, the Brazilian cattle industry seeks alternative strategies for standardizing the quality of meat and carcass weights, which differ considerably among breeds and production systems. (scielo.br)
  • According to Dr. Grant Dewell, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine at Iowa State University, heavy cattle cannot handle heat stress compared to lighter weight cattle. (cattletoday.com)
  • However, high monounsaturated fat ground beef from grain-fed cattle increased HDL cholesterol, increased LDL particle diameters, and decreased insulin, suggesting that ground beef produced by intensive production practices provides "a healthful, high-quality source of protein. (beefmagazine.com)
  • BEEF Magazine is the source for beef production, management and market news. (beefmagazine.com)
  • Reproduction is the most important trait in beef cattle production. (biozymeinc.com)
  • The beef cattle industry is tremendously important in the West, with Saskatchewan and Alberta probably accounting for 70 per cent of Canada's beef production, Adams said. (thecattlesite.com)
  • This project will develop a new non-invasive procedure using hand-held ultrasound tools and machine learning models to estimate carcass traits on-farm in live animals. (mitacs.ca)
  • 2012. Immunization of beef heifers against gonadotropin-releasing hormone prevents luteal activity and pregnancy: Effect of conjugation to different proteins and effectiveness of adjuvants. (aamu.edu)
  • Other evidence suggesting that heifers tend to be more susceptible to stress-induced beef quality problems was reported by Scanga et al. (beefresearch.org)
  • Almost all commercially processed beef carcasses are graded based on their quality and yield. (mitacs.ca)
  • The carcass traits, including marbling score and yield grade, will be predicted real-time without the need for manuall assessment. (mitacs.ca)
  • Choosing the appropriate beef sire to mate to dairy cows may be the most important decision impacting the profitability of crossbred dairy beef cattle in the beef supply chain. (msu.edu)
  • When deciding which beef sire to breed to your dairy cows it is important to select a bull that is above average for multiple traits of economic importance. (msu.edu)
  • In dairy cows and cattle this vasodilation is accompanied by an increased sweating rate, which helps further cool the body. (cattletoday.com)
  • Another reason why estimating the longevity of domestic cattle is troublesome is because beef cattle are usually slaughtered before reaching their maximum lifespan, leading to most records in this subject to be from dairy cows. (senescence.info)
  • Perry was a faculty member and beef reproduction Extension specialist in the animal science department at South Dakota State University for 17 years. (tamu.edu)
  • en individuals (and populations) molecular coancestry coefficients (f ij ), the Kinship distance (D k ) at individual and population levels. (ucm.es)
  • Owners can select the breeding time based on a number of factors, including reproductive performance, seasonal cattle pricing and handling facilities. (wikipedia.org)
  • By bringing together experts in microbiology, epidemiology, reproductive biology and forage nutrition, the project aims to integrate the advances in omics tools to address challenges in the beef industry such as disease management, fertility improvement and environmental impact mitigation - something already in place in the dairy, hog and poultry industries. (thecattlesite.com)
  • Beef sire selection decisions have a major impact on future calf crops and ultimately on profitability. (msucares.com)
  • This article will review some of the challenges that have prevented this crossbreeding strategy from becoming popular practice and the import role of beef sire selection in making this crossbreeding strategy a success. (msu.edu)
  • Cattle handlers are expected to maintain a low stress environment for their herds, involving constant safety, health, comfort, nourishment and humane handling. (wikipedia.org)
  • According to the Canadian National Farm Animal Care Council, beef cattle must have access to shelter from extreme weather, safe handling and equipment, veterinary care and humane slaughter. (wikipedia.org)
  • Meat quality is an important trait for the beef industry. (geneticsmr.com)
  • The IGA results in the equivalent genotype (genetic make-up) and short-hair coat trait seen in some conventionally bred cattle, known as a "slick" coat. (fda.gov)
  • The association of CAPN1 gene genotype with carcass and meat characteristic traits was analyzed using Generalized Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS. (undip.ac.id)
  • The population comprises about 2,500 cattle and is considered one of the ancestral populations of the modern Holstein breed. (frontiersin.org)
  • Estimating the maximum longevity of domestic cattle is troublesome since there are many conflicting reports. (senescence.info)
  • We investigated the prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in hospitalized diarrhea patients in Calcutta, India, as well as in healthy domestic cattle and raw beef samples collected from the city's abattoir. (cdc.gov)
  • however, its presence in domestic cattle and beef samples suggests that this enteropathogen may become a major public health problem in the future. (cdc.gov)
  • In fact, many breed associations will not accept performance data for use in national cattle evaluations to produce EPDs if a minimum contemporary group size is not met. (msucares.com)
  • Expected progeny differences are useful genetic selection tools available for a wide variety of beef cattle traits (see Table 2 ). (msucares.com)
  • Expected progeny differences currently available by beef cattle breed. (msucares.com)
  • Several indications of G × E interactions due to environmental differences were found for BW traits including significant re-ranking, heterogeneous variances and different heritabilities for BW measured in environments B and C. The genetic correlations between BW traits measured in environments B and C ranged from 0.48 to 0.54. (springer.com)
  • Lastly, marbling potential is another important consideration, as there are monetary incentives for cattle with premium quality grades that are driven by consumer demand for a high-quality beef eating experience. (msu.edu)
  • Lastly, there are unverified reports that miniature cattle live longer than normal animals. (senescence.info)
  • Estimation of genetic parameters for body weights, scrotal circumference, and testicular volume measured at different ages in Nellore cattle. (academicjournals.org)
  • As well, IntegrOmes researchers are using genomics to develop rapid diagnostic tools for diseases and antimicrobial resistance that have been troublesome for the beef industry. (thecattlesite.com)
  • Inbreeding has been shown to negatively impact the live skeletal and muscling traits of Irish beef breeds (McParland, et al. (icbf.com)
  • A pedigree-based best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) multivariate model was used to estimate variance components and predict breeding values (EBV) of BW traits at weeks 5 and 6 measured in B and C environments. (springer.com)
  • These statistics are indicators of population accuracy, bias and dispersion of prediction for EBV of traits measured in B and C environments. (springer.com)
  • For the dairy farmer, calving ease is an especially important selection trait. (msu.edu)
  • Identification of the presence of G × E, especially a genetic correlation between traits measured in B and C, is important for optimizing breeding programs. (springer.com)
  • Since cattle rely on respiration as a method to manage heat respiratory function is important. (cattletoday.com)
  • It is important to explore the potential of any statistical and computing technique which allows a direct and more efficient utilization of all available test-day records for genetic evaluation of dairy cattle. (scielo.org.za)
  • This usually happens through the identification and proliferation of superior lines for traits of interest. (icbf.com)