Toxin detection neutralization tests. Medical search. Frequent questions

This was collected for laboratory testing for the presence of Clostridium botulinum toxin as was an unopened jar of pesto that Katy had. (marlerblog.com)
Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. (botulismblog.com)
The most well-characterized are enterotoxin (Clostridium difficile toxin A) and cytotoxin (Clostridium difficile toxin B), both of which may produce diarrhea and inflammation in infected people, although their relative contributions have been debated. (wikipedia.org)
Detection of toxigenic Clostridioides [Clostridium] difficile: Usefulness of two commercially available enzyme immunoassays and a PCR assay on stool samples and stool isolates. (bvsalud.org)
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), produced by Clostridium botulinum, is the most potent toxin and produced as a complex with non-toxic components. (morulaivf.com)
Clostridium perfringens phospholipase C (Cp-PLC), also called alpha-toxin, is the major virulence factor in the pathogenesis of gas gangrene. (ucr.ac.cr)

Differential neutralization and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 variants by antibodies elicited by COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. (cdc.gov)
Antibodies against Apx toxins have been demonstrated in convalescent pigs using neutralization assays (16) and an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (17). (biosemiotics2013.org)
To achieve this aim different serological tests have been developed to detect antibodies against (20) those targeting ApxI ApxII or ApxIII for the detection of specific antibodies to Apx exotoxins (21) those targeting capsular polysaccharides of to identify antibodies against groups of its serovars (22) and serovar-specific ELISAs based on long-chain lipopolysaccharides (23) have been widely used and offer better 17 alpha-propionate sensitivities and specificities than the CFT. (biosemiotics2013.org)
In children who have completed immunizations with diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DPT) or Hib-conjugated vaccines, the antibody response to protein antigens can be tested in adults and older children by measuring IgG antibodies to tetanus or diphtheria toxoid and H influenzae type b (Hib) polysaccharide antigen. (medscape.com)
The production of such "class switched" antibodies is important for optimizing the immune response to particular antigens, since the antibody class defines its effector functions, such as complement activation, opsonization, neutralization of bacterial toxins and mast cell activation. (fu-berlin.de)
Detection of antibodies to epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus type 6 (EHD-6) by virus neutralization. (tamu.edu)
For each country, a nationally representative population sample was collected across the entire age range and was tested for antibodies to diphtheria toxin. (cambridge.org)

Las infecciones bacterianas con Escherichia coli productor de toxina Shiga (Stx) (STEC) están implicadas en el desarrollo del síndrome urémico hemolítico (SUH). (medicinabuenosaires.com)
Abstract Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections are implicated in the development of the life-threatening hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). (medicinabuenosaires.com)

Serum and stool collected from Arielle and Katy did not test positive for C. botulinum . (marlerblog.com)
Botulinum toxin causes flaccid paralysis by blocking motor nerve terminals at the myoneural junction. (botulismblog.com)
Almost any type of food that is not very acidic (pH above 4.6) can support growth and toxin production by C. botulinum. (botulismblog.com)
Seven different botulinum toxins, named from A to G serotypes, have been described according to their antigenic properties. (biomedcentral.com)

Antibiotics kill the microbiota, allowing C. difficile spores to germinate, grow in the intestine, and produce two very potent tissue-damaging and inflammatory toxins designated A and B that cause CDI. (mlo-online.com)
The more than 50 laboratory tests cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for C. difficile all have the same intended use and patient population. (mlo-online.com)
CCNA detects the cell-rounding activity (i.e., cytopathic effect) of the toxins, with confirmation by neutralization with specific C. difficile antitoxin. (mlo-online.com)
If a person tests positive but has no symptoms, the condition is known as C. difficile colonization rather than an infection. (wikipedia.org)
Pathogenic C. difficile strains produce multiple toxins. (wikipedia.org)
BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is not routinely performed for Clostridioides difficile and data evaluating minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) are limited. (cdc.gov)
C. difficile isolates from direct toxin negative stools by QAB, RAB and PCR were evaluated for toxigenicity by the same direct tests, in order to assess the contribution of the TC (QAB-TC, RAB-TC, PCR -TC). (bvsalud.org)
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is a Gram-positive anaerobic, spore-forming, toxin-producing rod. (healthmanagement.org)

Hepatitis B is not a reliable antigen for testing immune competence because of the high frequency of nonresponders in the population, particularly in persons older than 40 years. (medscape.com)
The efficacy of a therapeutic antibody depends on the Fab fragment and its binding activity to the target antigen, but also depends on the Fc fragment and its interaction with key Fc receptors.Therefore, candidates must be tested against a panel of receptors during antibody engineering. (acrobiosystems.com)

About half of the FDA-cleared tests are immunoassays that detect toxins A and B or glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). (mlo-online.com)

A combination of the cell culture cytotoxicity neutralization assay (CCCNA) in stools, and the same assay on isolates from direct negative samples (CCCNA-TC) was considered the reference method (CCCNA/CCCNA-TC). (bvsalud.org)

Together with capsular polysaccharides and mural lipopolysaccharides the extent of the virulence of the serovars is mainly determined by four different proteinaceous cytotoxins ApxI ApxII ApxIII and ApxIV which belong to the pore-forming repeat-in-toxin (RTX) toxin family (5). (biosemiotics2013.org)
Detection of E. coli toxin and virulence genes commonly associated with pathogenic strains of E. coli: F5/K99 fimbrial adhesins, STa enterotoxin, LT enterotoxin, cs31a adhesins, CNF1 and CNF2 cytotoxic necrotizing factors, Stx1and Stx2 Shiga like toxins, and eaeA intimin in E. coli isolates by real-time PCR (rtPCR). (tamu.edu)

The major obstacle to serologic analysis of human anthrax logic tests with standardized techniques for distribution to has been the lack of assay standardization. (cdc.gov)
It has also been demonstrated that ELISAs utilizing different antigens or that are performed under different assay conditions may have conflicting results 17 alpha-propionate and cross-reactions between serovars and other bacterial species and this may be problematic (2 3 The test specificity greatly varies depending on the serologic assay performed. (biosemiotics2013.org)
New sensitive immunological diagnostic tests such as the chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) (24) or the magnetic bead-based enzymatic spectrofluorometric assay (25) have been recently introduced. (biosemiotics2013.org)
The biotinylated 359-81-11 antibody is useful as a detection antibody for a sandwich ELISA or ELISPOT assay, when used in conjunction with purified 359-238-8 antibody (Cat. (biolegend.com)
Although each national laboratory used its preferred assay, the results were all standardized to those of the in vitro neutralization test and expressed in international units (IU) which allowed comparative analyses to be performed. (cambridge.org)

The most direct and effective way to confirm the clinical diagnosis of botulism in the laboratory is to demonstrate the presence of toxin in the serum or feces of the patient or in the food the patient consumed. (botulismblog.com)
If the RAB, QAB, and PCR assays do not detect toxins from direct feces , the toxigenic culture should be performed. (bvsalud.org)

The qualified ELISA had a minimum detection limit of 0.06 µg/mL, a reliable lower limit of detection of 0.09 µg/mL, and a lower limit of quantification in undiluted serum specimens of 3.0 µg/mL anti-PA IgG. (cdc.gov)

These are all symptoms of the muscle paralysis caused by the bacterial toxin. (botulismblog.com)

NAAT (nucleic acid amplification test) assays, representing the other half, detect the toxin genes as single gene targets or as part of multiplex gastrointestinal panels. (mlo-online.com)
The purpose of this review is to provide a complete update of the various analytical methods for virus detection, such as molecular, immunological, sensor-based and other detection assays, along with the advantages and limitations of these strategies. (frontiersin.org)

As new hypervirulent strains continue to emerge, surveillance testing is important to help identify and proactively counteract these new threats. (mlo-online.com)
For detection of NK cells in these strains the monoclonal antibody DX5 (Cat. (thermofisher.com)

To characterize the pathotype, 1,019 isolates collected through this project underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing. (cdc.gov)
While only 7 (0.1%) isolates harbored carbapenemase genes, 66 (6.5%) had acquired non-carbapenemase -lactamase genes, and these were more likely to have OprD dysfunction and be resistant to all carbapenems tested. (cdc.gov)

Detection of fecal occult blood by the stool Guaiac test. (tamu.edu)

At this site, it acts by releasing two protein exotoxins, toxins A and B, whose effects lead to pseudomembranes or even megacolon formation ( Table 1 and Figure 1 ) (Meyer et al. (healthmanagement.org)

In the cases of botulism, diphtheria and tetanus, the main objective of immunotherapy is to neutralize toxins, but also to opsonize the bacteria, promoting complement-dependent bacteriolysis. (biomedcentral.com)

This situation has created an alarming public health emergency of international concern requiring the detection of this life-threatening viral candidate due to increased cases of newborn microcephaly associated with ZIKV infection. (frontiersin.org)
Here, in order to discover those membrane proteins that may be involved in JEV attachment to or entry into virus permissive BHK-21 cells, a chemically mutated cell line (designated 3A10-3F) that became less susceptible to JEV infection was preliminarily established and selected by repeated low moi JEV challenges and RT-PCR detection for viral RNA E gene fragment. (biomedcentral.com)
2 3 Research studies have identified various features relevant to the pathogenesis of CFS/ME such as viral infection, immune abnormalities and immune activation, exposure to toxins, chemicals and pesticides, stress, hypotension, lymphocyte abnormalities and neuroendocrine dysfunction. (bmj.com)

Currently, the most sensitive and widely used method for detecting toxin is the mouse neutralization test, which involves injecting serum or stool into mice and looking for signs of botulism. (botulismblog.com)
If diagnosed early, foodborne botulism can be treated with an antitoxin that blocks the action of toxin circulating in the blood. (botulismblog.com)
Any food that is conducive to outgrowth and toxin production, that when processed allows spore survival, and is not subsequently heated before consumption, can be associated with botulism. (botulismblog.com)

Diagnosis is by stool culture or testing for the bacteria's DNA or toxins. (wikipedia.org)

Subsequently, the selected recombinant tagged viruses were prepared as inactivated vaccines to immunize IFNAR(-/-) mice and sheep, and serological detection results of an anti-HA antibody provided discriminative detection. (morulaivf.com)

For toxigenic culture, colonies are picked from CCFA and further tested by CCNA to confirm the isolate is toxigenic. (mlo-online.com)

8 9 In contrast the ApxIV toxin has been found to be expressed in pigs infected with infection (10). (biosemiotics2013.org)
Apx toxins are highly immunogenic and induce a strong antibody response following infection (12). (biosemiotics2013.org)
Considering the calamity of ZIKV infection, there is an urgent need to develop rapid detection methods for ZIKV along with DENV, which shares common clinical symptoms with ZIKV. (frontiersin.org)
In this issue, they describe a systematic study of enterovirus infection in the stomach of 165 patients with CFS/ME, demonstrating a detection rate of EV VP1 protein of 82% in patients with CFS/ME compared with 20% in normal controls. (bmj.com)
An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens , their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. (wikipedia.org)

Although these biosensors are currently among the less popular tools for human disease detection, they have become useful tools for the screening and detection of pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses because of their versatile advantageous features compared to other sensing devices. (frontiersin.org)

Effects of a blend of essential oils, medium-chain fatty acids and a toxin-adsorbing mineral on diarrhea and gut microbiome of weanling pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic E. coli. (zhihuiya.com)

Each lot of this antibody is quality control tested by intracellular immunofluorescent staining with flow cytometric analysis . (biolegend.com)
Applications Tested: The PK136 antibody has been tested by flow cytometric analysis of C57Bl/6 mouse splenocytes and can be used at less than or equal to 0.5 µg per test. (thermofisher.com)

Before the 20th century, biological warfare took three main forms: (1) deliberate poisoning of food and water with infectious or toxic material, (2) use of microorganisms or toxins in some form of weapon system, and (3) use of biologically inoculated fabrics. (medscape.com)

A proprietary antimicrobial feed additive comprised of essential oils, medium-chain fatty acids, and a toxin-adsorbing mineral showed promising bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects in vitro. (zhihuiya.com)

Immunoassay formats include microwell-based and rapid membrane tests. (mlo-online.com)

take a blood sample 4 weeks after the last injection and determine antibody level (usually by virus neutralization). (medscape.com)

The bioterrorism-associated human anthrax epidemic in the fall of 2001 highlighted the need for a sensi- tive, reproducible, and specific laboratory test for the confirmatory diagnosis of human anthrax. (cdc.gov)

This allows clients to receive bulk testing of same species (from the same owner) under one accession. (tamu.edu)
Detection of prohibited substances and permissible therapeutic drugs in livestock show or competition mammalian and avian species using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. (tamu.edu)

On samples from experimentally infected pigs the 4-plex Apx FMIA detected specific seroconversion to Apx toxins as early as 7 days postinfection in a total of 29 pigs inoculated with 14 of the 15 serovars. (biosemiotics2013.org)

Tukey's post hoc tests were used where appropriate. (bcl-2protein.com)

Rapid classification and detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants have been critical in comprehending the virus's transmission dynamics. (fortunejournals.com)
This review summarizes the currently available methods employed for the rapid detection of ZIKV and suggests an innovative approach involving the application of a liposome-based hypothesis for the development of new strategies for ZIKV detection and their use as effective biomedicinal tools. (frontiersin.org)

The detection of GC B cells within blood led to the postulation of the "recirculation" hypothesis, which states that a fraction of GC B cells exits the GCs and enters the peripheral blood without losing the GC B cell phenotype. (fu-berlin.de)
2\. To test the „recirculation" hypothesis, a blood derived GC B cell fraction was isolated and transferred into recipients which were at an early time point, just before the peak of their GC response. (fu-berlin.de)

Biological weapons include any organism or toxin found in nature that can be used to incapacitate, kill, or otherwise impede an adversary. (medscape.com)

The toxin, however, was found in pesto sauce leftover from the chicken pasta meal. (marlerblog.com)

It is also 100% accurate, defined by reference strain testing and split sample testing with other CLIA laboratories. (fortunejournals.com)

This test typically takes 48 hours. (botulismblog.com)

200X genomic coverage, and the test is 100% specific in the detection of existing variants. (fortunejournals.com)

A test is defined as the amount (µg) of antibody that will stain a cell sample in a final volume of 100 µL. (thermofisher.com)
Cell number should be determined empirically but can range from 10^5 to 10^8 cells/test. (thermofisher.com)

The Chi-square test was used for analyzing frequency of diarrhea. (zhihuiya.com)

Healthcare providers can answer questions about pregnant patients and, based on the responses, receive information regarding the type of testing indicated as well as clinical management recommendations. (cdc.gov)

0.1 EU/μg, Azide-Free, 0.2 μm filtered) is recommended for neutralization of human LT-α bioactivity (Cat. (biolegend.com)

We tested 67 healthy adults, 13 water supplies and 6 meals belonging to 6 public kindergartens. (medicinabuenosaires.com)

Of the 250 stools tested, 107 (42.8%) were positive by CCCNA/CCCNA-TC. (bvsalud.org)
A negative GDH result would rule out CDI, however, its low positive likelihood ratio (PLR) of 3.97 indicates that a positive result should always be complemented with the detection of toxins. (bvsalud.org)

Importantly, results with all of these tests are to be used in conjunction with clinical history when diagnosing CDI. (mlo-online.com)
Actual reporting of test results depends on the full battery of tests requested, day of the week/time of day samples arrive at the testing laboratory, and the quantity/quality of samples submitted. (tamu.edu)
Fees charged to animal owners by veterinarians may exceed test prices shown herein, reflecting the time, expertise, and expense necessary to collect the sample, ship it in an appropriate manner, interpret results, and provide treatment advice. (tamu.edu)

The major finding of this work was the detection of B cells bearing a GC phenotype in blood. (fu-berlin.de)
Detection of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), their major metabolites, and a variety of synthetic cannabinoids by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. (tamu.edu)

Anatomy9

Organisms60

Diseases42

Chemicals and Drugs72

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment45

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes24

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science5

Named Groups1

Health Care8

Geographicals1

Clostridium6

Antibodies7

Escherichia2

Botulinum4

Difficile8

Antigen2

Glutamate dehydrogenase1

Cytotoxicity neutralization assay1

Virulence2

Assay5

Feces2

Specimens1

Bacterial1

Assays2

Strains2

Isolates2

Fecal1

Exotoxins1

Neutralize1

Viral3

Botulism3

Stool1

Serological1

Toxigenic1

Infection5

Bacteria1

Pathogenic1

Flow cytometric analysis2

Infectious1

Vitro1

Immunoassay1

Virus neutralization1

Diagnosis1

Species2

Pigs1

Tukey's1

Rapid2

Hypothesis2

Biological1

Found1

CLIA1

Typically1

Specific1

Cell2

Diarrhea1

Responses1

Human1

Adults1

Positive2

Results3

Major2