Toxicity tests acute. Medical search. Frequent questions

Deletion of requirements for acute testing by the dermal route for chemicals and agrochemical/biocide active substances and formulations. (ecopa.eu)
For example, a study examining almost 2,500 chemicals showed that, when repeated, the oral animal test failed to produce the same result 40% of the time. (peta.org)
Mammalian acute systemic toxicity can be studied using computer models or human cells that assess the actions of toxic chemicals at the cellular level. (peta.org)
For acute inhalation toxicity, three-dimensional models constructed from human cells (such as those from Epithelix Sàrl ) can be used to study the effects of chemicals on specific parts of the lung. (peta.org)
This test guideline is a laboratory test method, designed to assess the acute oral toxicity of pesticides and other chemicals to adult worker bumblebees. (oecd.org)
From the regulatory point of view, the main objective of acute toxicity testing is basically to classify chemicals according to their intrinsic toxicity as required by the EEC directive on the classification, packaging, and labelling of dangerous substances (Council Directive 67/548/EEC and subsequent amendments). (qima-lifesciences.com)
OECD guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals are periodically reviewed in the light of scientific progress or changing assessment practices. (indexindex.com)
In 1985, Bruce proposed to use an up-and-down procedure (UDP) for the determination of acute toxicity of chemicals (5). (indexindex.com)
Since thousands of new chemicals are registered a year, it is important to utilize a screening technique that predicts toxicity of chemicals in a consistent, efficient manner. (wikipedia.org)
The EPA is evaluating whether an equation that sums the hazards of individual chemicals can replace the animal test for formulations and mixtures. (acs.org)
The principles of GLP aim to ensure and promote safety, consistency, high quality, and reliability of chemicals in the process of non-clinical and laboratory testing. (wikipedia.org)
Following Decision C(97),186/Final of the OECD Council, data generated in the testing of chemicals in one OECD Member Country, in accordance with OECD Test Guidelines and the Principles of GLP are accepted in all other OECD Member Countries. (wikipedia.org)
OECD publishes OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals , which are guidelines that usually have to be followed for GLP compliance. (wikipedia.org)
John H. Draize, Ph.D., a scientist at the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), developed the Draize eye test in 1944 to assess eye irritation caused by various chemicals. (aavs.org)
Reducing and refining acute toxicity tests in the pharmaceutical and chemicals industries. (nc3rs.org.uk)
Putative adverse outcome pathways for female reproductive disorders to improve testing and regulation of chemicals. (harvard.edu)
Participants in this workshop considered approaches available to assess acute lethality associated with chemicals and chemical mixtures, with the purpose of designing comprehensive strategies to predict toxicity while avoiding animal tests. (nih.gov)
Group discussions focused on issues specific to particular classes of chemicals, mechanisms of acute toxicity, prioritization of activities, and recommending next steps. (nih.gov)
Other activities carried out by the IPCS include the development of know-how for coping with chemical accidents, coordination of laboratory testing and epidemiological studies, and promotion of research on the mechanisms of the biological action of chemicals. (inchem.org)
Some legal prescription and over-the-counter medicines may interact with the testing chemicals and false results in urine tests. (medlineplus.gov)

The coroner ruled her death was caused by multiple drug toxicity, citing use of Ecstasy and amphetamines. (latimes.com)
It may help determine the cause of acute drug toxicity, monitor drug dependency, and determine the presence of substances in the body for medical or legal purposes. (medlineplus.gov)

Acute systemic toxicity tests are conducted to measure a chemical's capacity to cause harm or death within two weeks of a single, short-term exposure. (peta.org)
Mammalian acute systemic toxicity tests are commonly conducted on rats. (peta.org)
Acute systemic toxicity tests are the most commonly performed type of safety test worldwide. (nih.gov)

For example, for acute dermal toxicity, three-dimensional reconstructed human skin models can be used first to determine whether a substance will penetrate the skin, which is necessary for a substance to cause systemic (dermal) toxicity. (peta.org)
Details on the available acute oral and dermal toxicity studies are provided in Tables 7 and 8 . (canada.ca)
Guidance for Waiving Acute Dermal Toxicity Tests for Pesticide Formulations & Supporting Retrospective Analysis. (epa.gov)

In toxicology, the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) approach is a method for predicting toxicity based on the properties and structure of a toxicant. (wikipedia.org)
Overall, the objective is to aid in toxicology by providing databases and predictive models for classifying toxicants by modes of action as well as estimate acute toxicity of a chemical. (wikipedia.org)
A toxicology screen refers to various tests that determine the type and approximate amount of legal and illegal drugs a person has taken by measuring how much is in their blood, urine, or other bodily fluid. (medlineplus.gov)

This Technical Report provides basic background information on methods suitable to define the acute inhalation toxicity of fire effluents, as generated by fire models. (iso.org)

In an acute oral toxicity study, groups of fasted Fisher 344 rats (5 male, 5 female) were given a single oral dose via gavage of hex-1-ene (Neodene 6) at doses of 0, 1000, 1800, 3200, or 5600 mg/kg bw and observed for 14 days (Albert et al. (europa.eu)
Clinical signs of toxicity included mucoid diarrhoea over the first day in treated rats. (europa.eu)
The acute oral toxicity of alkenes, C11 -15 (Internal Olefin 114 LP11) was investigated using two groups of four male and four female Wistar rats, age approximately 12 weeks. (europa.eu)
Safety of both strains was confirmed by acute oral toxicity in rats. (frontiersin.org)
Finally, antipyretic activity was tested by inducing pyrexia with brewer's yeast in rats. (sld.cu)
The team evaluated recombinant monellin and brazzein's acute and chronic toxicity on three mammalian species: guinea pigs, rats, and mice. (news-medical.net)
The highest tested dosage of monellin or brazzein for mice and rats in the experiments was 5,000 mg per kg of body weight, near the maximal permissible dosage for intragastric delivery to these animals. (news-medical.net)

To assess the acute systemic toxicity of products comprising a number of different ingredients, the GHS additivity equation can be used to consider the individual toxicity values of each ingredient to predict the overall toxicity of the product. (peta.org)

For acute oral toxicity, there are computational models such as CATMoS (the Collaborative Acute Toxicity Modeling Suite) that can predict toxicity following oral consumption of a substance. (peta.org)

A study comparing the results obtained with the UDP, the conventional LD50 test and the Fixed Dose Procedure (FOP, Guideline 420) was published in 1995 (7). (indexindex.com)
For decades, acute toxicity testing meant poisoning large numbers of animals in Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) tests, which are conducted until at least one half of the test animals die. (aavs.org)
The LD50 test is conducted infrequently now as it is being replaced by several new, but still lethal, options. (aavs.org)

Yang M, Zhang X. Comparative developmental toxicity of new aromatic halogenated DBPs in a chlorinated saline sewage effluent to the marine polychaete Platynereis dumerilii[J]. Environmental science & technology, 2013, 47(19): 10868-10876. (bcpublication.org)
Engineering spatial-organized cardiac organoids for developmental toxicity testing. (harvard.edu)

WHO is not responsible, and does not accept any liability, for the testing of pesticides for compliance with the specifications, nor for any methods recommended and/or used for testing compliance. (who.int)
The US Environmental Protection Agency is working to reduce the number of animals used in testing the acute toxicity of pesticides. (acs.org)
In early 2016, the US Environmental Protection Agency set an immediate goal to reduce the number of animals used to test the toxicity of pesticides. (acs.org)
The US Environmental Protection Agency is working to replace these in vivo animal tests with nonanimal alternatives to categorize the toxicity of pesticides. (acs.org)
Determine acute short-term toxicity of organic and conventional tree fruit pesticides to earwigs b. (usda.gov)

Additionally, the cell-based neutral red uptake cytotoxicity test and the human cell-based AcutoX test can help predict if a substance is not toxic. (peta.org)
The animals were fasted overnight prior to administration of a single oral dose of the test substance (5.0 and 10 mL/kg), followed by a 9 day observation period (Cassidy and Clark, 1977). (europa.eu)
In the test, a substance is placed in one eye, with the other eye serving as a control. (aavs.org)
An array of tests used to determine the toxicity of a substance to living systems. (harvard.edu)
The kinetic direct peptide reactivity assay (kDPRA) is a modification of the DPRA (OECD TG 442C) wherein the reaction kinetics of a test substance towards a synthetic cysteine-containing peptide is evaluated. (iivs.org)
For this purpose, several concentrations of the test substance are incubated with the synthetic peptide for several incubation times at 25°C. After. (iivs.org)
92/69/EEC, C.4-E (Closed bottle test).The test substance was incubated in aqueous solutions for 28 days it. (janusinfo.se)
Additionally, a reference substance was tested as control. (janusinfo.se)
Additional vessels without any test or reference substance were used as blank (control). (janusinfo.se)
No degradation of the test substance was observed. (janusinfo.se)

A 48-h acute toxicity test was conducted exposing the cladoceran, Daphnia magna, to five concentrations of phenanthrene. (wisconsin.edu)
Acute toxicity: Data available for 1 trophic level for crustaceans (Daphnia magna) 2 800 microg/L. (janusinfo.se)

from physio-chemical properties through acute to chronic toxicity tests. (wikipedia.org)
In the present study, researchers experimentally assessed the acute, sub-chronic, and chronic toxicity and allergenic and mutagenic properties of recombinant monellin and brazzein. (news-medical.net)
and sub-chronic toxicity was evaluated in guinea pigs. (news-medical.net)
For the sub-chronic toxicity study, guinea pigs were administered intra-gastrically with aqueous solutions of brazzein or monellin, while control group animals received distilled water. (news-medical.net)

After completion of this educational activity, the reader should be able to discuss the major exposure routes for trichloroethylene, describe two potential environmental and occupational sources of exposure to trichloroethylene, state two reasons why trichloroethylene is a health hazard, describe factors contributing to trichloroethylene toxicity, identify evaluation and treatment protocols for persons exposed to trichloroethylene, and list two sources of information on trichloroethylene. (cdc.gov)
Fish acute toxicity syndrome (FATS) is a set of common chemical and functional responses in fish resulting from a short-term, acute exposure to a lethal concentration of a toxicant, a chemical or material that can produce an unfavorable effect in a living organism. (wikipedia.org)
Reactions to the exposure of these products vary among species, making it difficult to extract data from animal tests and apply them to situations in which humans are exposed. (aavs.org)
Acute toxicity testing is used to determine the danger of exposure to a chemical by mouth, skin, or inhalation. (aavs.org)
In a notice issued on March 22, the NMPA drafted acceptance of nine test methods including: Direct Peptide Reaction Assay (DPRA) for Skin Sensitization (OECD TG 442C) Short Time Exposure Assay (STE) for eye irritation (OECD TG 491) These new regulations will go into effect January. (iivs.org)
Children who have eaten the recalled products or have other suspected sources of lead exposure should be tested. (cdc.gov)
Although children with lead exposure may have no apparent acute symptoms, even low levels of lead have been associated with learning, behavioral, and cognitive deficits. (cdc.gov)
Managing acute lead poisoning includes eliminating the exposure, providing supportive and symptomatic care, and quantifying lead exposure by checking BLLs. (cdc.gov)

Acute grade 1 toxicity for Gastrointestinal (GI) and Genitourinary (GU) were 65% and 35% respectively, while Grade 2 toxicity was 30% for both. (scirp.org)
Mercury in any form is poisonous, with mercury toxicity most commonly affecting the neurologic, gastrointestinal (GI) and renal organ systems. (medscape.com)

A Cosmetic Ingredient Review safety assessment found ethoxylated alkyl sulfates like sodium laureth sulfate have low acute oral toxicity. (ewg.org)
Follow-up actions include an analysis of variability in the in vivo test to establish confidence in toxicity predictions, a comprehensive assessment of an additivity equation for predicting mixtures toxicity, and exploring the addition of biological and mechanistic information to complement in silico predictions. (nih.gov)
EPAÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Office of Pesticide Programs has developed a Strategic Direction for New Pesticide Testing and Assessment Approaches which describes OPPÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s approach to implementing the NAS vision. (epa.gov)

Following the methodology described in OECD Test Guideline 497, KeratinoSens is an alternative to animal testing methods necessary for the purpose of hazard identification. (iivs.org)

As a result, animal-based testing methods continue to fail legitimate human needs, while new discoveries in the field of alternatives have led to new and improved techniques that do not involve live animals. (aavs.org)
There are sufficient existing safety data as well as in vitro alternatives to make animal testing for cosmetic and household products obsolete. (aavs.org)
While no non-animal alternative has yet been approved as a replacement for the Draize eye test, two alternatives have been created to allow for partial replacement of animal tests in a tiered testing scheme. (aavs.org)

Acute toxicity assessments included weight gain, the general condition of animals, intoxication symptoms, the relative mass of main organs, and the pathomorphological examination of internal organs. (news-medical.net)

Substitution of non-lethal endpoints (e.g. 'evident toxicity') in place of conventional acute lethality studies. (ecopa.eu)
Regulatory Needs: Can Existing Data Be Used to Derive Acute Lethality Estimates Without Animal Tests? (nih.gov)
Group Discussion: Where Can We Predict Acute Lethality with Mechanistic In Vitro Models? (nih.gov)

The EPA waived the test for formulations in 2016, saying that information from acute oral tests was sufficient. (acs.org)
The acute oral toxicity of octadec-1-ene has been investigated in two studies. (europa.eu)
Two studies are available which investigated the acute oral toxicity of C12-14 alpha olefin. (europa.eu)
en edema en la oreja inhibió la inflamación 60 %, tanto tópico como oral. (sld.cu)

Toxicity of the NPs was tested in vivo in comparison to pure aconitine, aconite, and licorice root decoction and reported here. (springer.com)
Mn accumulates in the inner ear (cochlea) following acute in vivo treatment and in vitro studies show that uM levels of Mn damage sensory hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons (SGN) in the inner ear. (cdc.gov)

The webinar focuses on the standard information requirements for REACH registration, including the following endpoints: Skin corrosion and irritation Serious eye damage and eye irritation Skin sensitisation Acute toxicity The webinar explains recent developments in alternative methods and approaches to address these endpoints, including their recent REACH Annex revisions. (norecopa.no)

By definition, modes of action are characterized by FATS because the combination of common responses that represent each fish acute toxicity syndrome characterize an adverse biological effect. (wikipedia.org)
The biological degradation of the test and reference substances was evaluated by the decrease of dissolved oxygen in the solutions. (janusinfo.se)

Commonly, an abnormal blood test is the first indication that you have a virus that is causing the hepatitis. (drkaslow.com)

These include tests on clinical drugs, foods, and environmental pollutants. (harvard.edu)

Several toxicity tests are needed to complete data sets for the numerical national water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic life. (wisconsin.edu)
Most studies on the toxicity of aluminum (Al) to aquatic life have been conducted in acidic waters, due to concerns centered around surface water acidification. (wisconsin.edu)

A chemical's toxicity is predicted based on the amount of it that kills 50% of the animals. (peta.org)
In other words, the toxicity of a chemical is directly related to the chemical's structure. (wikipedia.org)

The Contribution of acute toxicity testing to the evaluation of pharmaceuticals / edited by D. Schuppan, A. D. Dayan and F. A. Charlesworth. (who.int)
For institutions that frequently treat ethylene glycol toxicity cases, in-hospital rapid laboratory confirmation may become cost-effective because of the institutional cost-benefit ratio evaluation that compares antidotal therapy, ethanol therapy, and hemodialysis therapy. (medscape.com)

We describe clinical presentations of neurological toxicity , phases of treatment when these adverse events were more frequent and patients Ì outcome. (bvsalud.org)

Although positive responses were observed in the murine LLNA test [Ashby et al. (cdc.gov)
In acute toxicity tests conducted on murine animals, similar results were achieved. (news-medical.net)

Increased international harmonisation of data requirements toward best practices to ensure timely uptake of 3Rs approaches and mutual recognition of test results among both existing and emerging markets. (ecopa.eu)
The following are the toxicity data which has been tested. (guidechem.com)
The Environmental Health Laboratory at the University of Wisconsin-Superior (UW-S) conducted tests to complete the data set necessary to derive national water quality criteria for nonylphenol. (wisconsin.edu)
Not acutely hazardous after ingestion, inhalation or skin contact, based on animal test data. (europa.eu)
OPPÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s document on Guiding Principles for Data Requirements notes the importance of only requiring data that inform regulatory decision making and avoid unnecessary use of time and resources, data generation costs, and animal testing. (epa.gov)

Minamata disease is an example of organic toxicity. (medscape.com)

While Hepatitis A is rather acute in symptoms, it never persists and once you have gotten through the acute stage, you will not have ongoing liver inflammation. (drkaslow.com)
There were no intoxication or death-related symptoms observed for the protein doses tested in the experiments. (news-medical.net)
Withhold GILOTRIF for acute onset or worsening of pulmonary symptoms. (nih.gov)

The EPA began accepting two in vitro tests for antimicrobial cleaning products in 2012. (acs.org)
In conjunction with other in vitro tests, the results of this assay. (iivs.org)

PETA scientists have hosted workshops and webinars, published articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, and organized funding and testing studies with the goal of developing strategies to replace animal use in acute systemic toxicity testing. (peta.org)
Further studies are needed now for more exploration of the toxicity of CBZ since it could be bioaccumulable throughout the food web and may affect non-target organisms. (scielo.br)
GILOTRIF is indicated for the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose tumors have non-resistant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations as detected by an FDA-approved test [see Dosage and Administration (2.1) , Clinical Pharmacology (12.1) , Clinical Studies (14.1) ]. (nih.gov)

Encapsulation of poisonous alkaloids into self-assembled herbal protein nanoparticles contributes to toxicity attenuation of combined use of herbs, implying a prototype nanostructure and a universal principle for the safer clinical applications of herbal medicines. (springer.com)
As an essential measure for clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine, it is recommended that the aconite roots shall be used together with roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch ( Radix glycyrrhizae , Gan-Cao, licorice root) to eliminate the toxicity and improve efficacy [ 5 , 6 ]. (springer.com)
Emergency departments located in larger metropolitan areas may negotiate availability of this test at regional clinical laboratories. (medscape.com)

Therefore, toxicants that have the same mode of action elicit similar sets of responses in the organism and can be classified by the same fish acute toxicity syndrome. (wikipedia.org)

We ended the study 2 years after inoculations, testing brains of all mice for PrP TSE using the HerdCheck BSE-Scrapie Ag Test (IDEXX Laboratories, https://www.idexx.com ) ( 7 ), which was previously found to be more sensitive than Western blots ( 8 ), to assign final disease status ( Table ). (cdc.gov)
We estimated removals by DE filtration conservatively, assuming that a 10-fold lower dilution, not tested, would have infected all mice. (cdc.gov)
We tested brains of all mice for PrP TSE as reported previously (5). (cdc.gov)
Analgesic activity was assayed by writhing and tail flick, and antiinflammatory activity by the ear oedema test, both in mice. (sld.cu)
To investigate the mutagenicity of the proteins, the Ames test, bone marrow chromosomal aberration test, and micronucleus tests were performed in mice. (news-medical.net)

On 16 September, the European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA) convened a cross-sector workshop in Brussels to examine the findings of its task force regarding opportunities for application of the 3Rs in the area of acute systemic toxicity testing. (ecopa.eu)
For years, the U.S. has lagged behind the European Union, which passed a law in 2004 that phased out the use of animals to test cosmetic products and ingredients, as well as the sale of products containing ingredients subjected to new animal tests. (aavs.org)
China has recently announced plans to limit mandatory animal testing for some cosmetic products. (aavs.org)
It would also ban the use animals testing cosmetics and their ingredients, as well as phase out the sale of cosmetic products containing animal tested ingredients. (aavs.org)
However, neither agency requires companies to use animal tests to access safety of their products. (aavs.org)
Unfortunately, many companies remain resistant to changing their testing techniques and U.S. agencies, like the FDA, continue to endorse animal testing methods as the gold standard. (aavs.org)
During preclinical tests, the compound was associated with a significant reduction in intestinal fluid secretion in an animal model of bacterial diarrhea. (genengnews.com)
Gaithersburg, MD - May 8, 2019 - The Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc. (IIVS) has received a grant from the European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA) to support its annual training of Chinese scientists in non-animal testing methods. (iivs.org)
Gaithersburg, MD - April 3, 2019 - The Institute for In Vitro Sciences (IIVS) applauds China's National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) for their acceptance of certain non-animal (alternative) test methods for the regulation of cosmetics. (iivs.org)

In this study, a boiling-stable 31-kDa protein (namely GP) was purified from licorice and self-assembled into nanoparticles (206.2 ± 2.0 nm) at pH 5.0, 25 °C. The aconitine-encapsulated GP nanoparticles (238.2 ± 1.2 nm) were prepared following the same procedure and tested for its toxicity by intraperitoneal injection on ICR mouse ( n = 8). (springer.com)
The aim of this study is to evaluate the dosemetric parameters and acute toxicity of dose-escalated whole pelvis (WP) Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) prostate boost following neoadjuvant and concomitant with androgen deprivation therapy in high-risk prostate cancer patients. (scirp.org)
In a recent study published in Foods , researchers comprehensively performed toxicity assessments of monellin and brazzein, recombinant naturally sweet proteins produced by yeasts. (news-medical.net)

Adult worker bumblebees are exposed to 50 % (w/v) aqueous sucrose solution containing the test chemical. (oecd.org)

This Test Guideline describes a method to assess effects of a test chemical on the phagocytotic activity of activated sludge containing protozoan organisms under defined conditions in the presence of different concentrations of the test chemical. (oecd.org)
Acute 96-h flow-through, toxicity tests with lead were conducted using the annelid Lumbriculus variegatus and the bullfrog Rana catesbiana as the test organisms. (wisconsin.edu)

It caused significant decrease in fluid secretion without apparent toxicity. (genengnews.com)

Dose escalation in two phases utilizing Simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) combined with ADT in high risk prostate cancer patient is feasible and associated with acceptable acute GI and GU toxicity. (scirp.org)

The combined use of Radix glycyrrhizae (licorice) with Radix aconite L. effectively eliminates toxicity of the later while increasing efficacy. (springer.com)

The compound, a pyridopyrimidine derivative, targets acute secretory diarrhea caused by E. coli and other enterotoxigenic strains of bacteria, which produce toxins that stimulate the linings of the intestines, causing them to secrete excessive fluid, thereby producing diarrhea. (genengnews.com)
Lead toxicity primarily targets the central nervous system. (cdc.gov)

These are collectively known as liver function tests (LFTs). (drkaslow.com)

One component of OPPÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s strategic vision describes the need for improved approaches to more traditional toxicity tests to minimize the number of animals used while expanding the amount of information obtained. (epa.gov)

The compound was tested for its antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger and. (academicjournals.org)

In addition to causing animals suffering, these tests are not reliable. (peta.org)
A 2011 survey found that 67% of Americans believe that companies should not test products like cosmetics and dish soap on animals, and 60% are more likely to buy products that have not been testing on animals. (aavs.org)
Other tests include the acute toxic class method and the up-and-down procedure, which typically involve the use of a smaller number of animals. (aavs.org)
The animals were tested 10 to 12 days after sensitization using skin, conjunctival, and nasal tests and the indirect mass cell degranulation reaction. (news-medical.net)

Organisms4

Chemicals and Drugs2

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment8

Phenomena and Processes2

Disciplines and Occupations1

Chemicals20

Drug toxicity2

Systemic toxicity tests3

Dermal toxicity3

Toxicology3

Inhalation toxicity1

Rats7

Assess the acute1

Predict toxicity1

LD503

Developmental toxicity2

Pesticides5

Substance10

Daphnia2

Chronic4

Exposure8

Gastrointestinal2

Assessment3

OECD1

Alternatives3

Organs1

Lethality3

Oral4

Vivo2

Irritation1

Biological2

Commonly1

Pollutants1

Aquatic life2

Chemical's2

Evaluation2

Adverse1

Murine2

Data5

Organic1

Symptoms3

Vitro tests2

Studies3

Clinical3

Syndrome1

Mice5

Animal9

Study3

Aqueous1

Organisms2

Apparent1

Dose1

Efficacy1

Targets2

Liver funct1

Approaches1

Compound1

Animals4