InhibitorsAcuteOrganophosphatesInsecticidesPesticideInhibitor toxicityAcetylcholineAcetylcholinesteraseSymptomsInhibition of the enzymeOrganophosphate ToxicitySevereInhibitsAtropineSystemic toxicityInsecticideSerumSeizuresMalathionActivityCompoundsPesticidesPralidoximeInhibitoryDifferentialPlasmaPatientsOrallyRatsInhalationDoseClinicalAllergicDepressionMeasurementNerveSubstanceSignsNervous systemDataOrganismsLevels
Inhibitors8
- A history of exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors. (cdc.gov)
- The mainstay of therapy for patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) is the use of centrally acting cholinesterase inhibitors to attempt to compensate for the depletion of acetylcholine (ACh) in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. (medscape.com)
- Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) are used to palliate cholinergic deficiency. (medscape.com)
- Introduction of cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a depolarization block. (proteopedia.org)
- Current therapies for AD, such as acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists (memantine), provide only temporary symptomatic relief without altering the long-term progression of the disease. (jneurosci.org)
- The acute intoxications caused by cholinesterase inhibitors (CI), including organophosphates and carbamates (CM), is a major problem, either by accidental ingestion or due to suicide attempts [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Cholinesterase inhibitors act by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, which causes the accumulation of acetylcholine within synaptic clefts, resulting in the overstimulation and disruption of neurotransmission in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. (biomedcentral.com)
- Naturally Occurring Genetic Variants of Human Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase and Their Potential Impact on the Risk of Toxicity from Cholinesterase Inhibitors. (cdc.gov)
Acute10
- In addition to adverse effects experienced by cocaine users, body packers-people who swallow bags of cocaine in order to smuggle the drug from one country to another-may experience acute toxicity if any of the bags rupture. (medscape.com)
- Acute cocaine toxicity has three reported phases. (medscape.com)
- Two spraymen working in public health occupations in Alexandria, Egypt, experienced acute toxicity resulting from exposure to diazinon. (epa.gov)
- Experimental results suggested that this acute toxicity resulted from unsuitable storage conditions of the emulsifiable concentrate formulation of diazinon. (epa.gov)
- 1960). TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES Special studies on the metabolites A summary of the results of acute toxicity studies on vamidothion sulfoxide is shown in Table 1. (inchem.org)
- In a study evaluating the reversibility of cholinesterase depression following oral acute intoxication, cholinesterase activity of plasma, RBC and brain was evaluated at various times up to 14 days after treatment. (inchem.org)
- Acute toxicity Species Sex Route LD 50 Reference mg/kg Rat M Oral 27.3 (25.5-29.6) Flucke & Kimmerle, 1978 F Oral 25.6 (23.8-27.6) Flucke & Kimmerle, 1978 M Dermal 1018 (937-1118) Flucke & Kimmerle, 1978 F Dermal 865 (774-943) Flucke & Kimmerle, 1978 COMMENTS Acute toxicity and cholinesterase depression and recovery data were received and reviewed in this monograph addendum. (inchem.org)
- Organophosphates such as parathion or paraquat are not as persistent and do not accumulate in the food chain, but they have a much higher acute toxicity and pose greater direct dan-gers to human beings. (cdlib.org)
- This study identified the potential for the use of PON1 to protect against the acute toxicity of specific OP exposures. (nih.gov)
- Acute cholinesterase inhibitor (CI) poisoning, including organophosphate and carbamate poisoning, is a crucial problem in developing countries. (biomedcentral.com)
Organophosphates6
- 1 Organophosphates exert their toxicity by inhibiting cholinesterase (ChE) enzymes, resulting in the accumulation of acetylcholine in cholinergic synapses. (vin.com)
- Clinical manifestation of organophosphates toxicity may be differentiate and include cholinergic toxidrome, intermediate syndrome, OP-induced delayed polyneuropathy to chronic OP-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (OPIDN). (aaem.pl)
- EPA has determined that it is appropriate to treat organophosphates (OPs) as sharing a common mechanism of toxicity, namely the inhibition of cholinesterase activity. (beyondpesticides.org)
- Toxicity Category I and II organophosphates (OPs) and N-methyl carbamates are cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides commonly used in agriculture to kill insects or prevent them from damaging or destroying crops. (agrisafe.org)
- Organophosphates and carbamates, although different structurally, both inhibit cholinesterase activity. (msdmanuals.com)
- Organophosphates, however, can irreversibly bind to cholinesterase. (msdmanuals.com)
Insecticides2
- Nine insecticides were used in a toxicity test on adult red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). (scialert.net)
- Like the other OP insecticides, the most prominent toxicity of chlorpyrifos is associated with binding and inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in insects and mammals. (chemicalbook.com)
Pesticide3
- Chronic neurologic sequelae to cholinesterase inhibition among agricultur al pesticide applicators. (cdc.gov)
- Neurobehavioral tests, nerve conduction tests, vibrotactile sensitivity tests, a postural sway test, and a clinical examination were used to investigate possible neurologic sequelae of exposure to cholinesterase inhibiting pesticides in 45 male pesticide applicators in California. (cdc.gov)
- Understand the health risks of cholinesterase (ChE)-inhibiting pesticide exposure. (agrisafe.org)
Inhibitor toxicity1
- Erdman 2004) In one study, 16 of 20 transferred patients with cholinesterase inhibitor toxicity were misdiagnosed. (cdc.gov)
Acetylcholine5
- This is accomplished by increasing the concentration of acetylcholine through reversible inhibition of its hydrolysis by cholinesterase. (medscape.com)
- The opening of these channels only lasts for a millisecond due to cholinesterase being present and breaking down acetylcholine attached to the receptor causing the receptor to close again. (proteopedia.org)
- Firstly, this means that cadusafos is a cholinesterase inhibitor or chemical that inhibits the degradation of acetylcholine, an enzyme that plays a role in proper nervous system function. (naturalpedia.com)
- Physostigmine is a parasympathomimetic, specifically, a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor which effectively increases the concentration of acetylcholine at the sites of cholinergic transmission. (pharmacycode.com)
- They inhibit plasma and red blood cell (RBC) cholinesterase, preventing breakdown of acetylcholine, which then accumulates in synapses. (msdmanuals.com)
Acetylcholinesterase3
- All 4 currently approved ChEIs (ie, donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine) inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) at the synapse (specific cholinesterase). (medscape.com)
- Among the pesticides, organophosphate and carbamate species are the most used, and their toxicity is mainly due to their inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE). (springer.com)
- This should be collected in an EDTA tube to allow measurement of red cell acetylcholinesterase activity and/or plasma cholinesterase activity. (labtestsonline.org.uk)
Symptoms4
- Erdman 2004) (discussed more later) and the early stages of toxicity when symptoms may be mild and non-specific. (cdc.gov)
- History of exposure, characteristic signs and symptoms of toxicity, and low serum cholinesterase levels make the diagnosis almost certain [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Anesthesiologists must be vigilant for signs and symptoms of LAST, which include cardiovascular and neurologic toxicity. (medscape.com)
- Patients symptoms, along with decrease in cholinesterase serum level, determines the possible diagnosis of organophosphate poisoning. (aaem.pl)
Inhibition of the enzyme1
- Over-exposure to these chemicals results in the inhibition of the enzyme cholinesterase (ChE) which is utilized in the body's conducting tissue, such as nerve and muscle motor sensory fibers. (agrisafe.org)
Organophosphate Toxicity2
Severe2
- In patients with severe cardiac toxicity, prolonged resuscitation or full cardiopulmonary support on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) may be necessary, particularly in cases of bupivacaine toxicity. (medscape.com)
- For the treatment of glaucoma, and in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity. (pharmacycode.com)
Inhibits1
- 1961). Effects on enzymes Vamidothion inhibits cholinesterase in vitro and in vivo . (inchem.org)
Atropine3
- Misdiagnosing this for cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning could lead one to mistakenly administer toxic doses of atropine. (cdc.gov)
- The failure to show signs of atropinization after a trial dose of atropine is said to suggest cholinesterase poisoning. (cdc.gov)
- The standard therapeutic strategy for cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning includes decontamination, atropine, oximes, benzodiazepines and supportive care. (biomedcentral.com)
Systemic toxicity2
- For this reason, the skin is often exposed to potentially hazardous agents, including chemicals, which may contribute to the onset of a spectrum of adverse health effects ranging from localized damage (e.g., irritant contact dermatitis and corrosion) to induction of immune-mediated responses (e.g., allergic contact dermatitis and pulmonary responses), or systemic toxicity (e.g., neurotoxicity and hepatoxicity). (cdc.gov)
- Local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST) is a rare but serious critical event. (medscape.com)
Insecticide1
- An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide. (musc.edu)
Serum2
- His baseline investigations were normal except for hyperglycemia and a low serum cholinesterase (970 U/L). On the 2nd day, his urine showed blackish discoloration without any reduction in hourly output (Figure 2 ). (hindawi.com)
- Our results indicate that the Ellman assay 2 allows accurate measurement of serum cholinesterase activity in amphibians, and is suitable for very small amphibians, requiring as little as 2 μl of serum. (vin.com)
Seizures1
- Central nervous system toxicity is common, sometimes with seizures and excitability and often with lethargy and coma. (msdmanuals.com)
Malathion2
- Malathion is an organophosphate agent which acts as a pediculicide by inhibiting cholinesterase activity in vivo. (nih.gov)
- The principal toxicological effect of malathion is cholinesterase inhibition, due primarily to malaoxon and to phosphorus thionate impurities. (pharmacycode.com)
Activity9
- Plasma and red blood cell cholinesterase activity values were determined in blood samples obtained from both individuals at various times after the incident. (epa.gov)
- With higher dosage levels the plasma cholinesterase level remained stationary but cellular enzyme activity decreased (Dubost et al. (inchem.org)
- The degree of depression of cholinesterase activity was similar to that in animals receiving the same dosage levels of vamidothion. (inchem.org)
- Cholinesterase activity returned to normal within four weeks when vamidothion sulfoxide was withdrawn from the diet. (inchem.org)
- The recovery of cholinesterase activity was essentially complete in 7 days after poisoning attesting to the rapid reversibility of enzyme depression. (inchem.org)
- It has not been observed significant alterations in the cholinesterase activity of both brain and striated muscle. (usp.br)
- however, the reference intervals for cholinesterase activity are wide, which makes interpretation of these values difficult without a baseline measurement or repeat measurements over time. (cdc.gov)
- We aimed to evaluate the protective effects of TQ against DZN-induced hepatotoxicity through alleviating oxidative stress and enhancing cholinesterase (ChE) enzyme activity. (bvsalud.org)
- CONCLUSION: Thymoquinone 10 mg/kg increased the activity of plasma and blood cholinesterases and reduced DZN-induced alternations of the liver. (bvsalud.org)
Compounds3
- The public health importance of organophosphorus poisoning is reflected in the huge number of deaths due to suicidal and accidental toxicity from these compounds [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
- EPA and other regulatory agencies worldwide have underestimated the toxicity of these compounds to birds partly because the risk assessment methods fail to account sufficiently for interspecies variation in toxicity. (abcbirds.org)
- The aim of the study was to present the clinical manifestation and cholinesterase level changes in intoxication with organophosphorus compounds in patients. (aaem.pl)
Pesticides1
- Detection of carbamic and organophosphorus pesticides in water samples using cholinesterase biosensor based on Prussian Blue modified screen printed electrode. (springer.com)
Pralidoxime1
- Although a plasma cholinesterase level was not detectable on admission, the patient's red blood cell cholinesterase level was normal when measured after completion of pralidoxime therapy. (cdc.gov)
Inhibitory1
- The cholinesterase inhibitory action of flurophosphonates. (scialert.net)
Differential2
- Such properties have led to the development or use of TiO 2 NPs for a wide variety of applications, and also due to changes of dimension, TiO 2 NPs may show different biological, chemical, optical, magnetic and structural properties and may induce differential toxicity [ 3 ]. (eaht.org)
- The relative extent of bioactivation to detoxification varies among individuals and between species, leading to differential susceptibility to OP toxicity. (bvsalud.org)
Plasma1
- Plasma cholinesterase was rapidly depressed (within 2 hours) and was more sensitive than RBC cholinesterase. (inchem.org)
Patients1
- [ 1 ] Although nearly every organ system can be affected by cocaine toxicity, most patients present with cardiovascular complaints. (medscape.com)
Orally1
- Based on the results of the dose-range finding study (28-day repeated toxicity), GST was orally administered to rats at doses of 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg B.W/day for 90-day and reversibility of effects of 2000 mg/kg bw/day was assessed after 4 weeks. (eaht.org)
Rats1
- Therefore, the aim of this study was to obtain safety data for new TiO 2 powder, GST produced through sludge recycling of the sewage treatment plant through repeated-dose toxicity in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats in according to the OECD test guideline (TG 408). (eaht.org)
Inhalation1
- However, the toxicity studies on TiO 2 NPs have focused on inhalation and skin exposure and study on oral exposure has been limited. (eaht.org)
Dose2
- RBC cholinesterase was not substantially depressed at any dose level tested. (inchem.org)
- Brain cholinesterase was recovered completely at this level within 24 hours while at the highest dose level recovery occurred some time between 3 and 7 days (Flucke and Kimmerle, 1978). (inchem.org)
Clinical2
- A significant step in the diagnostic process is the assessment changes in both the clinical picture and cholinesterase level. (aaem.pl)
- Dosages of 5 times the labeled rate at 14 day intervals to dogs as young as 4 weeks did not produce signs of clinical toxicity following either intramuscular or subcutaneous injections. (petsupplies4less.com)
Allergic1
- Other complications of local anesthetic use include neural toxicity, allergic reactions, and metabolic abnormalities, including methemoglobinemia (beyond the scope of this article). (medscape.com)
Depression1
- The data on brain cholinesterase depression suggest this enzyme to be the most sensitive parameter for evaluating the anticholinesterase effects of omethoate. (inchem.org)
Measurement1
- Baseline cholinesterase measurement may be required in individuals at risk of organophosphate exposure. (labtestsonline.org.uk)
Nerve1
- Generally these poisons work by inhibiting the cholinesterase in the nerve junctions. (cdlib.org)
Substance1
- General Principles of Poisoning Poisoning is contact with a substance that results in toxicity. (msdmanuals.com)
Signs1
- The presence of fasciculations and weakness (These signs are considered by some to be the most reliable findings in cholinesterase toxicity). (cdc.gov)
Nervous system2
- Apart from irritating or damaging the eyes, skin, digestive and respiratory systems, cadusafos can cause problems for the nervous system too since it is an anti-cholinesterase agent. (naturalpedia.com)
- Over the last decade, concerns regarding toxicity to the developing nervous system have limited its use. (chemicalbook.com)
Data2
- It contains descriptions and evaluations of toxicological studies and epidemiological investigations and provides conclusions, where possible, on the relevance of toxicity and toxicokinetic data to public health. (cdc.gov)
- As for aquatic invertebrates, EPA has underestimated the toxicity of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid by over an order of magnitude because of the Agency's failure to consider data from the peer-reviewed literature. (abcbirds.org)
Organisms1
- Further studies are needed now for more exploration of the toxicity of CBZ since it could be bioaccumulable throughout the food web and may affect non-target organisms. (scielo.br)
Levels2
- The 100 and 200 ppm dosage levels depressed cholinesterase levels to approximately 20% And 12% respectively of the control level. (inchem.org)
- Convalescent cholinesterase levels could not be obtained. (cdc.gov)