Toxic cholera toxin. Medical search. Frequent questions

Most toxins that cause problems in humans come from germs such as bacteria. (medlineplus.gov)
For example, the symptoms of cholera are caused by a toxin made by cholera bacteria. (medlineplus.gov)
In V. cholerae , CTXφ prophage transmits toxin genes among the bacteria that express the TCP prophage receptor. (nature.com)
The seminal works by De, in Calcutta, India, during 1950-1960, breached several doubts pertaining to the enteric toxin produced by bacteria, including V.cholerae and Escherichia coli. (embs.org)
Existing cholera vaccines are a formulation of whole bacteria (e.g., killed) and generally require refrigerated storage (or cold chain). (technologynetworks.com)
Since oral cholera vaccines formulated from killed V. cholerae are already available in some countries, in future clinical studies, it might be necessary to include a head-to-head comparison between the currently available bacteria-based vaccines and MucoRice-CTB. (technologynetworks.com)
Medical diagnostic of pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi, epidemiology of infectious agents, detection of bacterial toxins and virulence factors of bacteria & Fungi and molecular mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance, 70 publications, mostly in international indexed journals. (tripod.com)
Cholera bacteria are not monitored regularly because cholera is generally easy to treat and to avoid when adequate WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) systems are adequate. (sbmt.org.br)
Some bacteria build toxins so powerful that a single molecule can kill an entire cell. (dietzlab.org)
From nature, Bacterial Toxins , as biological toxins (biotoxins) , are toxic substances to our body, formed in or elaborated by bacterium (bacteria) . (wellnessadvocate.com)
Different studies have established the possibility of the appearance of biological, toxic and physiological alterations in several niches of living beings that inhabit the aquatic ecosystem, mainly in fish, crustaceans and bacteria. (fortunejournals.com)
This carries bacteria and other pathogens that can cause human diseases like diarrhea, cholera, typhoid fever, hepatitis, and polio. (bighornhomeinspection.com)
They can also cause diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and other infectious diseases in humans and animals, and even poisonous toxins produced by bacteria. (bighornhomeinspection.com)
The development of anti-infectives against a large range of AB-like toxin-producing bacteria include. (listlabs.com)
Enterotoxins, generated by some bacteria (ie, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholera ) act directly on secretory mechanisms and produce a typical, copious watery (rice water) diarrhea. (medscape.com)
We need to pay more attention to warnings about pollutants, toxins, bacteria and other disturbing extras that end up in drinking water. (waterky.org)
It can carry pathogenic bacteria and viruses, including cholera, giardia and typhoid. (waterky.org)
On a broader scale, toxins may be classified as either exotoxins , excreted by an organism, or endotoxins , which are released mainly when bacteria are lysed . (wikipedia.org)
The detoxification of heavy metal toxins , formaldehyde, virus combinations, genetically modified bacteria and all of the other carcinogens that are common formulations for immunizations and pharmaceuticals are of prime importance for health recovery. (takecare4.eu)
Natural chemical pollutants include nitrogen, arsenic, and toxins produced by bacteria. (waterdefense.org)

The complete toxin is a hexamer made up of a single copy of the A subunit (part A, enzymatic, P01555), and five copies of the B subunit (part B, receptor binding, P01556), denoted as AB5. (wikipedia.org)
Cholera toxin acts by the following mechanism: First, the B subunit ring of the cholera toxin binds to GM1 gangliosides on the surface of target cells. (wikipedia.org)
The pertussis toxin (also an AB5 protein) produced by Bordetella pertussis acts in a similar manner with the exception that it ADP-ribosylates the Gαi subunit, rendering it unable to inhibit cAMP production. (wikipedia.org)
Because the B subunit appears to be relatively non-toxic, researchers have found a number of applications for it in cell and molecular biology. (wikipedia.org)
A mutant cholera toxin B subunit that binds GM1- ganglioside but lacks immunomodulatory or toxic activity. (expasy.org)
CT is composed of an A subunit (CTA) associated with toxicity and a B subunit (CTB), which is a non-toxic protein and is essential for binding to epithelial cells for the induction of severe diarrhea. (technologynetworks.com)
Arakawa T., Yu J., Langridge W.H. Food plant-delivered cholera toxin B subunit for vaccination and immunotolerization. (orthodontistlamesa.com)
However, it has been found just lately that StxB, which was believed to be the non-toxic subunit of Stx, truly has vital toxic exercise within the goal cell. (orthodontistlamesa.com)
The majority of the pertussis toxin AB subunit associating region is the flat basal portion of a pyramidal PTA subunit sitting on an asymmetric heteropentameric ring of the PTB subunits. (orthodontistlamesa.com)
Sun J.B., Czerkinsky C., Holmgren J. Mucosally induced immunological tolerance, regulatory T cells and the adjuvant effect by cholera toxin B subunit. (laaz.org)
Isomura I., Yasuda Y., Tsujimura K., Takahashi T., Tochikubo K., Morita A. Recombinant cholera toxin B subunit prompts dendritic cells and enhances antitumor immunity. (laaz.org)
George-Chandy A., Eriksson K., Lebens M., Nordstrom I., Schon E., Holmgren J. Cholera toxin B subunit as a carrier molecule promotes antigen presentation and will increase CD40 and CD86 expression on antigen-presenting cells. (laaz.org)
This attenuated strain remains able to synthesize the immunogenic non-toxic B subunit of CT (encoded by the ctxB gene). (rxlist.com)
CTB-SAP is a chemical conjugate of cholera toxin B-subunit and the ribosome-inactivating protein, saporin. (atsbio.com)

Cholera toxin (also known as choleragen and sometimes abbreviated to CTX, Ctx or CT) is an AB5 multimeric protein complex secreted by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. (wikipedia.org)
Bacterial toxins are often characterized based upon the secretion mechanism that delivers the toxin out of the bacterium, termed types I-VII. (springer.com)
The cholera toxin is a protein complex secreted by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. (embs.org)
One of the genes regulated by PrfA is hyl , which encodes a toxin known as listeriolysin O (LLO), which allows the bacterium to escape vacuoles upon entry into a host cell. (pressbooks.pub)
One key advancement was the identification of the cholera bacterium by German physician Robert Koch in 1883. (19thcentury.us)
The discovery of the cholera bacterium, the introduction of oral rehydration therapy, the isolation of patients, and the implementation of public health measures all played pivotal roles in combating the deadly disease. (19thcentury.us)
This bacterium generates toxins in the digestive tracts of the infected person. (earthreminder.com)

In Vibrio cholerae , infection by a bacterial virus (bacteriophage) results in the conversion of non-pathogenic strains to pathogenic strains and this can lead to cholera pandemics. (nature.com)
Bacterial toxins damage the host at the site of bacterial infection or distant from the site. (springer.com)
Bacterial toxins can be single proteins or oligomeric protein complexes that are organized with distinct AB structure-function properties. (springer.com)
Bacterial toxins also catalyze the non-covalent modification of host protein function or can modify host cell properties through direct protein-protein interactions. (springer.com)
This review summarizes the major families of bacterial toxins and also describes the specific structure-function properties of the botulinum neurotoxins. (springer.com)
Bacterial toxins use two strategies to make their toxins far more deadly than this. (dietzlab.org)
VAXCHORA ( Cholera Vaccine, Live, Oral) is a live, attenuated bacterial vaccine suspension for oral administration containing the V. cholerae strain CVD 103-HgR. (rxlist.com)
We then become ill from usually toxic bacterial products (toxins) being released in inappropriately stored food. (lu.se)

Vibrio cholerae is the causal agent of cholera and is most commonly spread by unknowingly drinking contaminated water. (technologynetworks.com)
Following the consumption of contaminated water, Vibrio cholera e expands and produces cholera toxin (CT) in the human intestinal tract. (technologynetworks.com)
In the study entitled " Vibrio cholerae O139 genomes provide a clue to why it may have failed to usher in the eighth cholera pandemic ", researchers examined 330 samples taken between 1992 and 2015 and observed that over time there were significant changes in their genome and these changes caused the "unexpected decline" of the variant. (sbmt.org.br)
Vaxchora ( Cholera Vaccine , Live, Oral) is a vaccine indicated for active immunization against disease caused by Vibrio cholera serogroup O1. (rxlist.com)
VAXCHORA is a vaccine indicated for active immunization against disease caused by Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 in persons 2 through 64 years of age traveling to cholera-affected areas. (rxlist.com)
Test stool specimens for Vibrio species in people with large-volume rice water stools or either exposure to salty or brackish waters, consumption of raw or undercooked shellfish, or travel to cholera-endemic regions within 3 days prior to onset of diarrhea. (medscape.com)
Vibrio cholera is the one who is responsible for causing this disease. (earthreminder.com)

Ozaki H, Sato T, Kubota H, Hata Y, Katsube Y, Shimonishi Y (1991) Molecular structure of the toxic domain of heat-stable enterotoxin produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli . (springer.com)
Yamasaki S, Sato T, Hidaka Y, Ozaki H, Ito H, Hirayama T, Takeda Y, Sugimura T, Tai A, Shimonishi Y (1990) Structure-activity relationship of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin: Role of Ala residue at position 14 in toxin-receptor interaction. (springer.com)
When the clinical or epidemic history suggests a possible Shiga toxin-producing organism, diagnostic approaches should be applied that detect Shiga toxin (or the genes that encode them) and distinguish Escherichia coli O157:H7 from other Shiga toxin-producing E coli (STEC) in stool. (medscape.com)

EIEC do not produce LT or ST toxin and, unlike Shigella, do not produce shiga toxin. (zoologix.com)
The effects of Shiga toxin 1 and Shiga toxin 2 have been shown to vary with cell type because Gb3 receptors are present in certain tissues, particularly sensory neurons and renal cells. (listlabs.com)
Shiga toxin 1 and Shiga toxin 2 differ in their effects on various tissues. (listlabs.com)
Shiga toxin 1 and 2 provided by List Labs are recombinantly expressed in E. coli and are highly purified. (listlabs.com)
Product #161 Shiga Toxin 1, recombinant from E. coli, is provided lyophilized in PBS buffer. (listlabs.com)
Product #162 Shiga Toxin 2, recombinant from E. coli, is provided as a liquid in a Tris buffer solution. (listlabs.com)
Rabbit polyclonal antibodies to Shiga Toxin 1 and 2 are provided by List. (listlabs.com)
Anti-Shiga Toxin Camelid Antibody, which is a heterotetramer VHH that recognizes both Shiga Toxin 1 and Shiga Toxin 2, is also available. (listlabs.com)
Anti-Shiga Toxin 1 or Anti-Shiga Toxin 2 Antibody, when paired with the Anti-Shiga Toxin Camelid Antibody, can be used in a standard sandwich ELISA. (listlabs.com)
Product #761 Anti-Shiga Toxin 1 (Rabbit), IgG is provided as a frozen liquid in PBS buffer solution. (listlabs.com)
Product #766 Anti-Shiga Toxin Camelid Antibody, VHH is provided as a liquid in PBS buffer solution. (listlabs.com)
In addition, Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and, rarely, other pathogens may produce Shiga toxin and should be considered as a cause of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), especially in people with suggestive international travel or personal contact with a traveler. (medscape.com)
STEC O157 should be assessed by culture, and non-O157 STEC should be detected by Shiga toxin or genomic assays. (medscape.com)
detection of Shiga toxin is needed to detect other STEC serotype. (medscape.com)

Simonson says that when a plant's cells are ruptured, previously compartmentalized polyphenols mix with intracellular fluids and enzymes to form molecules to cross-link proteins to seal the site of injury, arrest microbial growth and neutralize toxins or other virulent factors from pathogens. (nationalhogfarmer.com)
Researchers in professor Margaret Frey's lab create fibers hundreds of times thinner than a human hair that can capture toxic chemicals and pathogens. (nanowerk.com)
Biological agents and pathogens are controlled when they are an isolated live culture of a pathogen agent, or a preparation of a toxin agent which has been isolated or extracted from any source, or material including living material which has been deliberately inoculated or contaminated with the agent. (advocatetanmoy.com)

Both vaccines use whole killed V. cholerae cells however, Dukoral also contains recombinant cholera toxin β (rCTB). (wikipedia.org)

The gene encoding the cholera toxin was introduced into V. cholerae by horizontal gene transfer. (wikipedia.org)
We demonstrate that bacteriophage genomes encoding toxin genes with homology to those found in pathogenic V. cholerae are integrated in V. coralliilyticus genomes. (nature.com)
Lastly, but most important, is De's discovery of cholera toxin in 1959 in the cell-free culture filtrate of V. cholerae that stimulates a specific cellular response. (embs.org)
The effectiveness of VAXCHORA has not been established in persons who have pre-existing immunity due to previous exposure to V. cholerae or receipt of a cholera vaccine. (rxlist.com)

CTX is responsible for the massive, watery diarrhea characteristic of cholera infection. (wikipedia.org)
Cholera toxin (CT) produced not later than means of the O1 and O139 serogroups is a notable toxic factor evoking severe watery diarrhea, whereas, hemolysin ( Shinoda and Miyoshi, 2006 ), Zonula occludens toxin ( Fasano et al. (centralparkcarriagesofficial.org)
Clinically, ETEC induce a watery diarrhea in infected hosts by action of the two toxins, LT and ST. The LT enterotoxin is very similar to cholera toxin in both structure and mode of action. (zoologix.com)
EPEC cause a watery diarrhea similar to ETEC, but do not produce ST or LT toxins. (zoologix.com)
However, about one in ten infected persons may experience the symptoms of cholera such as vomiting, leg cramps, and profuse watery diarrhea. (earthreminder.com)

his was an independent discovery for studying cholera in a rabbit model demonstrating the association of some strains of E. coli with diarrhea. (embs.org)
The epidemiology and pathogenicity of these strains have not yet been clearly defined, but the presence of a large 60 kD plasmid encoding several virulence factors and toxins is important for their virulence. (zoologix.com)

If a cell lacks GM1, the toxin most likely binds to other types of glycans, such as Lewis Y and Lewis X, attached to proteins instead of lipids. (wikipedia.org)
Cholera toxin, shown here from PDB entry 1xtc, has a ring of five identical protein chains, colored blue here, which binds to carbohydrates on the surface of cells. (dietzlab.org)
Cholera toxin B (CTB) binds the GM 1 receptor and administration of CTB-SAP causes ablation of the specific cells expressing the receptor. (atsbio.com)

The fibers are a fast, easy and inexpensive way to concentrate on E. coli, cholera toxin or carcinogens and to improve accuracy of detection. (nanowerk.com)
Pathogenic symptoms induced by these diarrheagenic E. coli can be due to production of toxins or other virulence traits. (zoologix.com)
Some organisms (eg, V cholera, enterotoxigenic E coli ) produce proteins that aid their adherence to the intestinal wall, thereby displacing the normal flora and colonizing the intestinal lumen. (medscape.com)

This approach involved administering a mixture of water, salts, and sugar orally to patients suffering from severe dehydration caused by cholera-induced diarrhea. (19thcentury.us)
Patients were frequently given laxatives and emetics to induce vomiting and diarrhea in an attempt to expel the "poisons" causing cholera. (19thcentury.us)
Cholera, a highly contagious and deadly disease, caused severe dehydration and diarrhea. (19thcentury.us)
When consumed without purification, these toxins can be very harmful and cause several health concerns such as cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, and so on. (naturalsearcher.com)
There is a toxic effect on the kidneys, and diarrhea caused by this strain can be fatal, particularly in infants, due to acute kidney failure. (zoologix.com)

They can also secrete toxins, such as heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (EAST1), Pet and Pic, which are associated with damage to the mucosa. (zoologix.com)

Microbes are responsible for waterborne illnesses like cholera and typhoid fever. (waterdefense.org)

In Yemen, the Saudi-led bombing campaign has created a humanitarian and environmental catastrophe, with more than 2,000 cases of cholera now being reported each day. (commondreams.org)

Some Americans were even given pills that contained biological and chemical warfare toxins, because doctors and scientists wildly claimed that if soldiers were given a little bit of these poisons they would be better able to withstand a larger onslaught of them. (takecare4.eu)

Toxins can be small molecules , peptides , or proteins that are capable of causing disease on contact with or absorption by body tissues interacting with biological macromolecules such as enzymes or cellular receptors . (wikipedia.org)
Toxins are often distinguished from other chemical agents strictly based on their biological origin. (wikipedia.org)

Reemergence may occur because of the development of antimicrobial resistance in existing infections (e.g., gonorrhea, malaria, pneumococcal disease) or breakdowns in public health measures for previously controlled infections (e.g., cholera, tuberculosis [TB], pertussis). (cdc.gov)

Cholera toxin was discovered in 1959 by Indian microbiologist Sambhu Nath De. (wikipedia.org)

It could still contain microbial contaminants, toxic waste, and chemicals that come from industries, agriculture, and other human activities. (naturalsearcher.com)
[16] They can also be classified by their source, such as fungal biotoxins , microbial toxins , plant biotoxins , or animal biotoxins. (wikipedia.org)
Toxins produced by microorganisms are important virulence determinants responsible for microbial pathogenicity and/or evasion of the host immune response . (wikipedia.org)

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cholera cases increased in 2022 especially in regions suffering from poverty. (sbmt.org.br)

The B domain includes two functional domains: a receptor-binding domain, which defines the tropism of a toxin for a cell and a translocation domain that delivers the A domain across a lipid bilayer, either on the plasma membrane or the endosome. (springer.com)
Shiga toxins, also called verotoxins, consists of two domains: the A polypeptide confers the activity, and the B polypeptide pentamer confers the receptor-specific binding. (listlabs.com)
Shiga toxins then enter the cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. (listlabs.com)

In some instances, the genetic modification itself can introduce or elevate allergens, toxins and anti-nutrients. (naturalhealth365.com)
The HESI Protein Allergens, Toxins, and Bioinformatics (PATB) Committee is co-hosting a virtual workshop in collaboration with the Society of Toxicology (SOT) Food Safety Specialty Section titled "From Protein Toxins to Applied Toxicological Testing" in the context of safety assessment of novel foods and feeds. (hesiglobal.org)

Treatment of cultured rodent neural stem cells with cholera toxin induces changes in the localization of the transcription factor Hes3 and increases their numbers. (wikipedia.org)

Chemical pollutants can have immediate toxic effects on humans and other organisms. (bighornhomeinspection.com)

Microorganisms may produce toxins that facilitate infection. (medscape.com)

CVD 103-HgR was constructed from the serogroup O1 classical Inaba strain 569B by deleting the catalytic domain sequence of both copies of the ctxA gene, which prevents the synthesis of active cholera toxin ( CT ). (rxlist.com)

Other toxins that may cause problems include metals, such as lead, and certain chemicals in the environment. (medlineplus.gov)
The tiny iron oxide particles on the fiber surfaces can help clean toxic chemicals from water, but if the particles get separated from the web, they can become hazards themselves. (nanowerk.com)
The fibers have been designed and combined to prevent the spread of agricultural chemicals and to capture toxic substances in liquids. (nanowerk.com)
Water can also contain harmful chemicals as well as toxins and microbes that can lead to serious health problems. (waterky.org)
Are toxic chemicals a problem? (siloamsprings.com)
Toxic chemicals present a couple of different problems. (siloamsprings.com)
First, most treatment plants were not designed to remove toxins, and therefore these chemicals may pass untreated into the receiving water, or cause the resulting bio-solids to be classified as "hazardous waste," which significantly raises disposal costs. (siloamsprings.com)
When toxic chemicals are dumped or rinsed down household drains, they pass through the system largely untreated and end up in the creek where they may threaten sensitive aquatic life. (siloamsprings.com)

Cholera , a deadly waterborne disease, plagued many cities during this era and understanding how to effectively treat it became a matter of utmost importance. (19thcentury.us)

It is a sporadic type of poisoning caused by a toxin named Clostridium botulism. (earthreminder.com)

He made significant contributions to the understanding of cholera and related diarrheal diseases. (embs.org)
contaminate coastal marine area and seafood, spreading cholera typhoid and other diseases. (publicreviewsl.net)
Because of this, many people suffered from diseases, such as cholera, typhoid and diphtheria, caused by contaminated water. (siloamsprings.com)

Further, our data showed that MucoRice-CTB can be stored for a prolonged period (approximately three years) without any refrigeration while maintaining immunogenicity for the induction of the toxin-specific antibody responses with neutralizing activity. (technologynetworks.com)

Public health measures were also implemented to control cholera outbreaks. (19thcentury.us)

There are currently two vaccines for cholera: Dukoral and Shanchol. (wikipedia.org)
Currently, there are several different needle-free vaccines available to prevent for cholera, made from live-attenuated or "whole killed" cholera cells. (technologynetworks.com)
KR: How does the MucoRice-CTB vaccine differ from other available vaccines for cholera? (technologynetworks.com)
Ask any veteran, and they'll tell you they were injected with at least a handful of these dangerous, untested vaccines, if not all of them: anthrax, cholera, typhoid, bubonic plague, yellow fever, meningitis, Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B. (takecare4.eu)

It does not remove harmful toxins like lead and chlorine which makes it a lesser desired option. (naturalsearcher.com)
He said in our coastal water promotes the growth of algal blooms, which can be toxic to wildlife and harmful to us, the alga also hurt our local fishing and tourism industry. (publicreviewsl.net)

Less strict understandings embrace naturally occurring non-organic toxins, such as arsenic . (wikipedia.org)

Toxins are substances created by plants and animals that are poisonous (toxic) to humans. (medlineplus.gov)
Therefore, society, especially the population of Araruama, needs awareness and clarification about the dangers and toxic environmental consequences of the irrational exposure of chemical substances in the marine ecosystem. (fortunejournals.com)

Dr. Ankur Mutreja, one of the authors of the study, explains that O139 Cholera spread in three overlapping waves and that antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was crucial for the early success and subsequent failure of the O139 cholera lineage. (sbmt.org.br)

Toxins may also include some medicines that are helpful in small doses, but poisonous in large amounts. (medlineplus.gov)

Endo Y., Mitsui K., Motizuki M., Tsurugi K. The mechanism of action of ricin and related toxic lectins on eukaryotic ribosomes. (orthodontistlamesa.com)
The first strategy used to build super-deadly toxins is to use a targeting mechanism to deliver the toxin directly to the unlucky cell. (dietzlab.org)

Nine callers reported health symptoms from being near waters contaminated with HABs, suggesting potential exposure via aerosolized toxins. (cdc.gov)
As far as cholera symptoms are concerned, the infected person usually gets very mild or no symptoms at all. (earthreminder.com)

A single diarrheal stool specimen is recommended for detection of toxin or a toxigenic C difficile strain (eg, nucleic acid amplification testing). (medscape.com)

In addition to inhibiting protein synthesis, Shiga toxins induce cytokines such as interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8. (listlabs.com)

Cholera: the return of a forgotten pandemic? (sbmt.org.br)

Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch (1843-1910), German physician and microbiologist, founder of modern bacteriology, identified the specific causative agents of TB, cholera, and anthrax and gave experimental support for the concept of infectious disease basing such discoveries on animal and human experimentation (Figure 1). (embs.org)

A toxin is a naturally occurring organic poison [1] produced by metabolic activities of living cells or organisms . (wikipedia.org)

Kate Robinson (KR): How prevalent is cholera and how does it affect humans? (technologynetworks.com)
Some plant lectins, such as castor bean ricin and white kidney bean agglutinins, are very toxic to humans and rats. (selfhack.com)
Is the majority of PTSD caused by the toxins injected into these innocent, brave humans who fought for our freedom? (takecare4.eu)

In 1878, Congress authorized the U.S. Marine Hospital Service (the forerunner of the Public Health Service [PHS]) to collect morbidity reports regarding cholera, small-pox, plague, and yellow fever from U.S. consuls overseas. (cdc.gov)

After preparation, a single dose of Vaxchora is 100 mL, which is administered a minimum of 10 days before potential exposure to cholera. (rxlist.com)

Prior to this breakthrough, the cause of cholera was largely unknown, and various theories linking it to miasma or contaminated water sources prevailed. (19thcentury.us)
The understanding that cholera spreads through contaminated water and human contact led to the establishment of specialized medical facilities that aimed not only to treat patients but also to prevent the disease from spreading further. (19thcentury.us)
It's important to note that the scientific understanding of cholera and effective treatments did not emerge until the late 19th century when the role of contaminated water as the transmission source was discovered. (19thcentury.us)

Recognition of human and rabbit goal cell glycoconjugates as compared with cholera toxin. (laaz.org)

The combined effects result in rapid fluid loss from the intestine, up to 2 liters per hour, leading to severe dehydration and other factors associated with cholera, including a rice-water stool. (wikipedia.org)

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