Total calcium calcium metabolism disorders. Medical search. Frequent questions

However, excessive intake of phosphates and a low calcium:phosphorus ratio can lead to disorders in calcium-phosphorus metabolism, kidney disease, or osteoporosis. (ntou.edu.tw)
Onion juice consumption showed a positive modulatory effect on the bone loss and BMD by improving antioxidant activities and thus can be recommended for treating various bone-related disorders, especially osteoporosis. (nih.gov)
As a supplement or as an adjunct to specific osteoporosis and osteopenia treatment of patients who are at risk of vitamin D and calcium deficiency. (medicinepk.com)
Neil is recognised nationally and internationally for his work in metabolic bone diseases including osteoporosis, vitamin D deficiency and disorders of calcium homeostasis. (birmingham.ac.uk)
Treatment of osteoporosis with calcium and vitamin D. In: Osteoporosis. (creighton.edu)
Biochemical Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone on Calcium Metabolism, in Recent Advances in Osteoporosis. (creighton.edu)

Disorders in calcium metabolism can lead to hypocalcemia, decreased plasma levels of calcium or hypercalcemia, elevated plasma calcium levels. (wikipedia.org)
Low vitamin D in the body can lead to a lack of calcium absorption and secondary hyperparathyroidism (hypocalcemia and raised parathyroid hormone). (wikipedia.org)
Hypocalcemia most likely results from loss of calcium into the milk and from inadequate dietary calcium intake. (merckvetmanual.com)
In dogs, supplementation with oral calcium during pregnancy may predispose the animal to eclampsia during peak lactation, because excessive calcium intake during pregnancy causes downregulation of the calcium regulatory system and subsequent clinical hypocalcemia when calcium demand is high. (merckvetmanual.com)
However, children with hypocalcemia in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) have mortality rates higher than those of children with normal calcium levels. (medscape.com)
In children, hypocalcemia is defined as a total serum calcium concentration less than 2.1 mmol/L (8.5 mg/dL). (medscape.com)
In term infants, hypocalcemia is defined as total serum calcium concentration less than 2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) or ionized fraction of less than 1.1 mmol/L (4.4 mg/dL). (medscape.com)
In preterm infants, hypocalcemia is defined as total serum calcium concentration less than 1.75 mmol/L (7 mg/dL) is defined as hypocalcemia in infants weighing less than 1500 g birthweight. (medscape.com)
Hypocalcemia (Low Level of Calcium in the Blood) In hypocalcemia, the calcium level in blood is too low. (msdmanuals.com)
low calcium level in the blood) about 24 to 48 hours after surgery, but hypocalcemia may occur months or years later. (msdmanuals.com)

In a healthy physiology, extracellular calcium levels are maintained within a tight range through the actions of parathyroid hormone, vitamin D and the calcium sensing receptor. (wikipedia.org)
Compared to parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D exerts a much slower regulatory effect on calcium balance. (medscape.com)
If 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and D3 serum concentrations are separately measured and reported as compared with receiving only a total 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, how do the additional fractionated data for vitamin D2 and D3 aid clinical interpretation? (vitamindwiki.com)
The most common laboratory test to assess vitamin D nutritional status is total 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum concentrations. (vitamindwiki.com)
Calcium in combination with vitamin d increases the intestinal absorption of calcium. (medicinepk.com)
Administration of calcium and vitamin D3 counteracts the increase of parathyroid hormone (PTH) which is caused by calcium deficiency and which causes increased bone resorption. (medicinepk.com)
studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity of high doses of vitamin D3, In pregnant women, overdoses of calcium and vitamin D3 should be avoided as permanent hypercalcemia has been related to adverse effects on the developing fetus. (medicinepk.com)
Vitamin D, also known as the sunshine vitamin, has long been known to be a hormone that regulates calcium-phosphorous homeostasis and safeguards the integrity of the skeletal system [ 7 ]. (springer.com)
People are given vitamin D and calcium to treat hypoparathyroidism. (msdmanuals.com)
Phosphorus and calcium are interrelated because hormones, such as vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH), regulate the metabolism of both minerals. (nih.gov)
While children and teenagers have higher calorie and nutrient requirements, adults and older adults need to focus on nutrient-dense foods with calcium, protein, and vitamin D to preserve muscle mass and bone health ( 1 ), ( 2 ). (stylecraze.com)
Nutritional Requirements for Calcium and Vitamin D in 'The physiological Basis of Metabolic Bone Disease' ed. (creighton.edu)
After Vitamin D Supplementation there Is an Increase in Serum 25 Hydroxyvitamin D but no evidence of a Threshold Response in Calcium Absorption. (creighton.edu)
Calcium and Vitamin D' Institute of Medicine ed C Ross, C Taylor, A Yaktine. (creighton.edu)
2006). According to Iqbal and Bhanger, 2006 moringa leaves contain more vitamin A than carrots, more vitamin C than oranges, more calcium than milk, more potassium than bananas and more iron than spinach. (azresearchconsult.com)
Relationship between polymorphisms in vitamin D metabolism-related genes and the risk of rickets in Han Chinese children. (cdc.gov)
Nutritional rickets: vitamin D, calcium, and the genetic make-up. (cdc.gov)

Calcium homeostasis is a complex process involving the following 4 key components: serum calcium, serum phosphate, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3, and parathyroid hormone (PTH). (medscape.com)
A schematic diagram of calcium homeostasis can be seen below. (medscape.com)
Schematic diagram of calcium homeostasis. (medscape.com)
An ionized calcium value within the reference range implies adequate calcium homeostasis, as this is a direct measure of calcium in its active form. (medscape.com)
[ 1 ] Various factors regulate the homeostasis of calcium and maintain serum calcium within a narrow range. (medscape.com)
Use of the recommended doses of calcipotriol does not lead to a disturbance in calcium homeostasis. (medscape.co.uk)
His clinical research interests include models of fracture prevention, rare causes of fracture susceptibility and disorders of calcium homeostasis. (birmingham.ac.uk)
The body you and 600mg per week of Trenbolone bone homeostasis and calcium metabolism. (sweetcrunchbakeshop.com)
Disorders that affect electrolytes and glucose homeostasis can result in neuromuscular dysfunction, resulting in weakness. (vin.com)

Phosphorus and calcium are essential nutrients for the human body. (ntou.edu.tw)
The total phosphorus concentrations of foods were combined with the average dietary consumption to calculate the estimated daily intake, which was compared with the maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI) to assess the resulting health risk of total phosphorus exposure. (ntou.edu.tw)
The calcium concentration in food and total calcium intake were also analyzed and estimated to calculate the calcium:phosphorus ratio. (ntou.edu.tw)
However, the calcium:phosphorus ratio in the Taiwanese population (0.51-0.63) is lower than the reference calcium:phosphorus ratio (1.25). (ntou.edu.tw)
100 kg of roots correspond to 26 fodder units and contain 1.2 kg of digestible protein, 0.5 kg of calcium and 0.5 kg of phosphorus. (universityagro.ru)
In addition, phosphorus and calcium make up hydroxyapatite, the main structural component in bones and tooth enamel [ 3 ]. (nih.gov)
The combination of high phosphorus intakes with low calcium intakes increases serum PTH levels, but evidence is mixed on whether the increased hormone levels decrease bone mineral density [ 2 , 4-6 ]. (nih.gov)
Targeted resequencing of phosphorus metabolism?related genes in 86 patients with hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia. (cdc.gov)

KL1333 is a potent modulator of the cellular levels of NAD+, a central coenzyme in the cell's energy metabolism. (cision.com)
KL1333 has in preclinical models been demonstrated to increase mitochondrial energy output, reduce lactate accumulation, diminish the formation of free radicals, and to have long-term beneficial effects on energy metabolism such as the formation of new mitochondria. (cision.com)
Since the mid-twentieth century the idea that brain energy metabolism is coupled to neuronal activity has emerged, and a number of studies supported this hypothesis. (frontiersin.org)
Moreover, brain energy metabolism was demonstrated to be compartmentalized in neurons and astrocytes, and astrocytic glycolysis was proposed to serve the energetic demands of glutamatergic activity. (frontiersin.org)
In this context, 1 H MRS has allowed the measurements of energy metabolism-related compounds, whose concentrations can vary under different brain activation states. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we review state-of-the-art MR methods to study brain function and metabolism in vivo , and their contribution to the current understanding of how astrocytic energy metabolism supports glutamatergic activity and cerebral function. (frontiersin.org)

More than 99% of the total body calcium is stored in bone in the form of phosphate and hydroxide salts, predominantly as hydroxyapatite. (medscape.com)
The primary response to parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the kidney is to increase renal calcium resorption and phosphate excretion. (medscape.com)
In the kidney, parathyroid hormone (PTH) blocks reabsorption of phosphate in the proximal tubule while promoting calcium reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting tubule. (medscape.com)
Negatively charged phosphate ion may passively flow through the intestinal cell because of flux of the positively charged calcium ion. (medscape.com)
The remaining 60% includes ionized calcium plus calcium complexed with phosphate and citrate. (msdmanuals.com)
The ionized calcium level varies based on the level of serum albumin, blood pH, serum phosphate, magnesium, and bicarbonate levels, the administration of transfused blood containing citrate and free fatty acid content in total parenteral nutrition. (medscape.com)
It can inhibit the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals and their amorphous precursors by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces. (nih.gov)
About 50% of the total blood calcium content is in the physiologically active ionized form with approximately 10% being complexed to citrate, phosphate or other anions, the remaining 40% being bound to proteins, principally albumin. (medicinepk.com)
Renal phosphate handling and inherited disorders of phosphate reabsorption: an update. (cdc.gov)

Although these techniques tackle the coupling between neuronal activity and metabolism, they lack chemical specificity and fail in providing information on neuronal and glial metabolic pathways underlying those processes. (frontiersin.org)
Namely, the rate of oxidative metabolism in astrocytes is about half of that in neurons, and it can increase as much as the rate of neuronal metabolism in response to sensory stimulation. (frontiersin.org)
CALHM1 is a recently identified neuronal calcium channel controlling AD age-at-onset and A? (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
Blood glucose concentration is vital for normal neuronal metabolism because glucose oxidation is the primary energy source. (vin.com)

Glucose measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic islet cell carcinoma and of carbohydrate metabolism disorders, including diabetes mellitus, neonatal hypoglycemia, and idiopathic hypoglycemia. (cdc.gov)
Although the adult human brain represents only 2% of the total body weight, it consumes up to 20% of the total glucose metabolism under normal resting physiological conditions (e.g. (frontiersin.org)
The liver plays an important role i n many bodily functions from protein production and blood clotting to cholesterol, glucose (sugar), and iron metabolism. (skyhealthcaregh.com)
Inter-assay and intra- about 4.4 million people, had impaired disorders such as hypo- or hyperthy- assay variations for PTH were 8.9% and fasting glucose [2,3]. (who.int)

While the total calcitriol levels double in the first trimester, free calcitriol levels do not increase until the third trimester, and remain so into lactation [2, 4] . (who.int)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) promotes absorption of calcium from the bone in 2 ways. (medscape.com)
The primary action of 1,25-(OH) 2 D3 is to promote gut absorption of calcium by stimulating formation of calcium-binding protein within the intestinal epithelial cells. (medscape.com)
The bulk of the calcium transmitted to the fetus during the third trimester is derived from the maternal intestinal absorption. (medscape.com)
Intestinal absorption of calcium doubles in pregnancy. (medscape.com)
Renal excretion depends on glomerular filtration and calcium tubular re-absorption. (medicinepk.com)
It is then further converted in the kidneys to the active form 1,25 hydroxycholecalciferol, which is the metabolite responsible for increasing calcium absorption. (medicinepk.com)
The Absorption of Calcium in Health and Disease. (creighton.edu)

The thyroid hormone regulates energy and fat metabolism and protein synthesis by regulating different enzymes that are involved in those processes. (cdc.gov)
This compound, also known as EHDP, regulates bone metabolism. (nih.gov)
These glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which regulates calcium levels in the blood and tissues through its effects on bones, the kidneys, and the intestine. (msdmanuals.com)

He is inaugural Head of the Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM) , a partnership organisation across NHS provider organisations and the University of Birmingham aiming to optimise translational research outputs, international education in diabetes, endocrinology and metabolism and foster early careers engagement in clinical and non-clinical areas of these disciplines. (birmingham.ac.uk)
He has published more than 150 papers, reviews and chapters across endocrinology, focussing on bone and mineral metabolism. (birmingham.ac.uk)
Endocrinology services focus on the diagnosis, treatment and long-term care needs of people living with diabetes and hormonal disorders. (ynhh.org)

Feedback inhibition of parathyroid hormone (PTH) release occurs primarily by direct effect of calcium at the level of the parathyroid gland. (medscape.com)

Davy was trying to isolate calcium along with magnesium, strontium and barium.Out of alkaline earth group, Ca has achieved the greatest use and tonnage. (researchgate.net)
Calcium chloride (5 mL of a 10% solution) may be administered intravenously over 30 seconds to directly antagonize the cardiac and neuromuscular effects of excess extracellular magnesium. (medscape.com)
Approximately 60% of total body magnesium is located in the bone, and the remainder is in the soft tissues. (medscape.com)
In this soft tissue intracellular compartment, which comprises about 38% of total body magnesium, relatively higher concentrations are found in the skeletal muscle and the liver. (medscape.com)
Because less than 2% is present in the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment, serum levels do not necessarily reflect the status of total body stores of magnesium. (medscape.com)
Analogous to plasma calcium, the free (ie, unbound) fraction of magnesium is the active component. (medscape.com)
A newer, patent pending version of this compound, called SuperCitrimax, where the HCA is bonded to calcium and magnesium to increase potency and bioavailability, seems to be much more effective. (ultimatefatburner.com)

Both extracellular and intracellular calcium concentrations are tightly regulated by bidirectional calcium transport across the plasma membrane of cells and intracellular organelles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells, and the mitochondria. (msdmanuals.com)
analyze the 2 main methods (immunoassay, liquid chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry) used for measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum/plasma concentrations and how they may produce different results (including obtaining fractionated vs total 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations). (vitamindwiki.com)

Cholesterol metabolism by the liver is shown to be regulated by brain circuits. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
Lipid profile is a blood test that serves as a diagnostic tool to measure lipid levels such as total cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and high density lipoproteins (HDL). (azresearchconsult.com)

The R&D portfolio consists of several late stage research programs in areas ranging from genetic mitochondrial disorders to cancer and metabolic diseases such as NASH. (cision.com)
While they may be of traumatic origin, they are generally associated with some underlying condition that predisposes to this pathology, such as neurological disorders or bone metabolism diseases. (researchsquare.com)
Disorder-specific approaches to screening for inherited cardiac diseases, described. (escardio.org)
Following on last week's article reviewing the general approach to screening for inherited cardiac diseases, see here the disorder-specific approach to screening from detecting conduction and structural disorders through to arrhythmias and channelopathies. (escardio.org)
However, a number of other inborn errors of metabolism or diseases characterized by malnutrition may mimic acrodermatitis enteropathica and these have been termed acrodermatitis dysmetabolica. (medscape.com)

however, one can correct a total calcium if the albumin level is known. (wikipedia.org)
Ionized calcium binds to negatively charged sites on protein molecules, competing with hydrogen ions for the same binding sites on albumin and other calcium-binding proteins. (medscape.com)
Approximately 15% is complexed calcium bound to organic and inorganic anions, 40% is bound to albumin, and the remaining 45% circulates as free ionized calcium. (medscape.com)
Measurements of globulin are calculated (Total protein - Albumin) , and are used to determine the serum globulin concentration. (cdc.gov)

There is increasing awareness that oxidative stress may be implicated in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). (nature.com)

Physicians have expertise in disorders of the bone, calcium and phosphorous metabolism. (ynhh.org)

It helps reduce calorie intake and improves metabolism that may promote fat loss. (stylecraze.com)

Calcium is essential for bone mineralization, neuromuscular function, and secretion of hormones and enzymes. (medscape.com)
Calcium is also involved in the action of other intracellular messengers, such as cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate, and thus mediates the cellular response to numerous hormones, including epinephrine , glucagon , vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), secretin , and cholecystokinin. (msdmanuals.com)
Hormones and calcium metabolism. (creighton.edu)
Neurological signs are related to uremic acidosis, alterations of parathyroid hormones and electrolytes (especially calcium and potassium). (vin.com)

confirmation requires measurement of serum calcium concentration. (merckvetmanual.com)
A total serum calcium concentration (merckvetmanual.com)
In addition, proper calcium concentration is required for various other metabolic processes. (msdmanuals.com)
Cytosolic ionized calcium is maintained within the micromolar range ( 1/1000 of the serum concentration). (msdmanuals.com)
Since sodium (Na + ) concentration is the main determinant of plasma osmolality, disorders of water balance are manifested by changes in the plasma Na + concentration. (mhmedical.com)

1. A blend of calcium, chromium polynicotinate and potassium. (ultimatefatburner.com)

Total calcium (ie, protein-bound, complexed, and ionized calcium) is usually what is determined by clinical laboratory measurement. (msdmanuals.com)
Clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of etidronate disodium in heterotopic ossification following total hip replacement or due to spinal cord injury. (nih.gov)
The evidence of efficacy for calcitonin salmon injection is based on increases in total body calcium observed in clinical trials. (drugs.com)
It is in clinical development stage intended to document the use for chronic oral treatment in primary genetic mitochondrial disorders such as MELAS, KSS, CPEO, PEO, Pearson and MERRF. (cision.com)

this presentation is all about calcium metabolism and regulation in human body. (slideshare.net)

An increase in pH, alkalosis, promotes increased protein binding, which decreases free calcium levels. (medscape.com)
Acidosis, on the other hand, decreases protein binding, resulting in increased free calcium levels. (medscape.com)
Alzheimer's disease is an incurable disorder of the brain characterized by the presence in the brain of protein aggregates called amyloid plaques. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
The more extensive surgeries, such as biliary-pancreatic diversion surgery or more extended Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery, may result in more protein malabsorption . (medscape.com)

This imbalance in calcium metabolism occurs because calcium mobilization from bone into the serum pool is insufficient to compensate for the efflux of calcium via the mammary glands during lactation. (merckvetmanual.com)
Together with pH determination, bicarbonate measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous potentially serious disorders associated with acid-base imbalance in the respiratory and metabolic systems. (cdc.gov)

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine disorder characterised by hypercalcaemia and parathormone increase. (revistanefrologia.com)

Total calcium level decreases during pregnancy, due to hemodilution, while the ionized calcium level remains stable [2 ]. (who.int)
Symptomatology often manifests when the ionized calcium level falls below 0.8-0.9 mmol/L. (medscape.com)

A normal ionized calcium is 1.12-1.45 mmol/L (4.54-5.61 mg/dL). (wikipedia.org)
A normal total calcium is 2.2-2.6 mmol/L (9-10.5 mg/dl). (wikipedia.org)
Total calcium of less than 8.0 mg/dL is hypocalcaemia, with levels below 1.59 mmol/L (6 mg/dL) generally fatal. (wikipedia.org)
Total calcium of more than 10.6 mg/dL is hypercalcaemia, with levels over 3.753 mmol/L (15.12 mg/dL) generally fatal. (wikipedia.org)
0.5-0.75 mmol/L) may require calcium administration. (medscape.com)
Calcium data are presented as both mg/dL and mmol/L (1 mg/dL = 0.25 mmol/L). (medscape.com)
The normal range for ionized calcium is 1-1.25 mmol/L (4-5 mg/dL). (medscape.com)

Other people have a low basal metabolism or suffer from psychological distress. (fountainmagazine.com)

Chronic kidney disease is directly related to cardiovascular disorders. (bvsalud.org)

Type 2/Adult-Onset Diabetes, and Bone and Mineral Metabolism. (ynhh.org)

2023). Electrolyte disorders in critical care. (mhmedical.com)

Paget's disease of bone (osteitis deformans) is an idiopathic, progressive disease characterized by abnormal and accelerated bone metabolism in one or more bones. (nih.gov)
Abnormalities in lipid metabolism are commonly seen in people with lipid disorders and are corrected with abnormal lipid profiles ( Davidson, 2006). (azresearchconsult.com)

Long term of calcium deficiency can lead to oestoporosis in which the bone deteriorates and there is an increased rise of fractures. (researchgate.net)
Eating a well-balanced diet can provide all the necessary nutrients and help prevent calcium deficiency. (researchgate.net)
Hypoparathyroidism is a deficiency of parathyroid hormone (PTH) often caused by an autoimmune disorder, treatment-related damage to the parathyroid glands, or removal of the glands during surgery. (msdmanuals.com)
Transient, symptomatic zinc deficiency has been reported in breastfed, low-birthweight, premature infants and should be considered a rare but important disorder hallmarked by periorificial and acral dermatitis, with symptoms disappearing when nursing ends. (medscape.com)
Within the deficiency cat- abolic disorder which is a major health University of Medical Sciences were egory serum levels of 25(OH)D were problem in many countries in the world selected via random sampling methods. (who.int)

Pregnancy is characterized by physiologic changes in mineral metabolism, to allow calcium accretion in the fetal skeleton [ 1-3] . (who.int)
The fetus requires approximately 30 g of calcium to mineralize its skeleton and to maintain normal physiologic processes. (medscape.com)

Despite its important intracellular roles, about 99% of body calcium is in bone, mainly as hydroxyapatite crystals. (msdmanuals.com)

Etidronate disodium tablets, USP are indicated for the treatment of symptomatic Paget's disease of bone and in the prevention and treatment of heterotopic ossification following total hip replacement or due to spinal cord injury. (nih.gov)

Etidronate disodium chemisorbs to calcium hydroxyapatite crystals and their amorphous precursors, blocking the aggregation, growth, and mineralization of these crystals. (nih.gov)

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. (medscape.com)
Long-term hypoparathyroidism can cause a high level of calcium to be excreted in urine (hypercalciuria) and decreased bone mineral density (osteopenia). (msdmanuals.com)

A low calcium level may result from a problem with the parathyroid glands, as well as from diet, kidney disorders, or certain medications. (msdmanuals.com)

Ionized calcium is the physiologically active form. (msdmanuals.com)
However, ideally, ionized (or free) calcium should be estimated or measured because it is the physiologically active form of calcium in plasma and because its blood level does not always correlate with total serum calcium. (msdmanuals.com)

When parathyroid hormone (PTH) binds to receptors on these cells, the osteocytic membrane pumps calcium ions from the bone fluid into the extracellular fluid. (medscape.com)
About 1% of bone calcium is freely exchangeable with the extracellular fluid and, therefore, is available for buffering changes in calcium balance. (msdmanuals.com)

as well as other metabolic or nutritional disorders. (cdc.gov)
Thanks to the use of standardised tools (CGA scales and tests), the functional state and physical fitness of the respondents, their cognitive functions, possible mood and nutritional disorders, and the frequency of the weakness syndrome were assessed. (edu.pl)
Classically, it is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder, but more often it is a result of a nutritional or malabsorptive state. (medscape.com)

Calcium balance is maintained through renal calcium excretion averaging 200 mg/day, which also depends on circulating PTH and calcitonin levels. (msdmanuals.com)
Urinary calcium is a good way to measure this, but its excretion can be altered and accelerated by concomitant use of diuretics. (medscape.com)

It is an integral part of numerous metallo-enzymes and transcription factors and is an important intracellular mediator, similar to calcium. (medscape.com)

There is an average daily loss of 210 mg of calcium during lactation. (medscape.com)

Parenchymal liver disease severely alters the normal metabolic functions such as metabolism of ammonia to urea. (vin.com)

Calcium (Ca) is required for the proper functioning of muscle contraction, nerve conduction, hormone release, and blood coagulation. (msdmanuals.com)

Anatomy2

Diseases16

Chemicals and Drugs21

Phenomena and Processes6

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Osteoporosis6

Hypocalcemia10

Vitamin17

Homeostasis9

Phosphorus8

Energy metabolism6

Phosphate9

Neuronal4

Glucose4

Calcitriol1

Absorption7

Regulates3

Endocrinology3

Parathyroid gland1

MAGNESIUM7

Concentrations2

Cholesterol2

Diseases5

Albumin4

Oxidative1

PHOSPHOROUS1

Intake1

Hormones4

Concentration5

Potassium1

Clinical4

Regulation1

Protein4

Imbalance2

Hyperparathyroidism1

Ionized calcium level2

Mmol7

Basal1

Chronic1

Diabetes1

20231

Abnormal2

Deficiency5

Physiologic2

Body calcium1

Paget's1

Hydroxyapatite crystals1

Mineral2

Kidney1

Physiologically active2

Extracellular fluid2

Nutritional3

Excretion2

Intracellular1

Lactation1

Urea1

Conduction1