Topological dna topoisomerases type ii. Medical search. Frequent questions

that is, these enzymes reversibly break then reconnect phosphodiester bonds in DNA to remove torsional strain in overwound DNA. (jove.com)
Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. (jove.com)
These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. (jove.com)
Propeller breakage is due to the absence of a DNA gyrase-specific GyrA box motif, resulting in the reduction of curvature of the proposed DNA binding region, which explains why ParC-CTD is less efficient than GyrA-CTD in mediating DNA bending, a difference that leads to divergent activities of the two homologous enzymes. (rcsb.org)
DNA topoisomerases are the enzymes responsible for maintaining the topological states of DNA. (rcsb.org)
It has been proposed that both type IA and type II enzymes change conformation dramatically during the reaction cycle in order to accomplish these transformations. (rcsb.org)
DNA topoisomerases (or topoisomerases) are enzymes that catalyze changes in the topological state of DNA, interconverting relaxed and supercoiled forms, linked (catenated) and unlinked species, and knotted and unknotted DNA. (wikipedia.org)
it is now called Escherichia coli (E. coli) topoisomerase I (topo I) and is a representative of the type IA family of enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
Type II enzymes are mechanistically distinct from type I in being ATP-dependent and transiently cleaving both DNA strands rather than just one. (wikipedia.org)
According to their different acting mechanisms, DNA topoisomerases can be classified as type I and type II enzymes [ 3 , 6 ]. (jcancer.org)
Although it is assumed that these enzymes accomplish this strand passage via a protein-mediated DNA gate, opening of this gate has never been observed. (wfu.edu)
Key differences in the cleavage, ligation, and gate dynamics of these two enzymes provide insights into their different cellular functions. (wfu.edu)
eukaryotic topoisomerase I and topoisomerase V). These enzymes are primarily responsible for relaxing positively and/or negatively supercoiled DNA, except for reverse gyrase, which can introduce positive supercoils into DNA. (embl.de)
Unlike Topo IA enzymes, Topo IB enzymes do not require a single-stranded region of DNA or metal ions for their function. (embl.de)
This entry represents the C-terminal region of DNA topoisomerase I enzymes from eukaryotes (type IB enzymes). (embl.de)
We find a clear signature of bursty transcription when there is a separation between the timescales of transcription initiation and supercoiling dissipation - the latter may either be diffusive or mediated by topological enzymes, such as type I or type II topoisomerases. (arxiv-vanity.com)
When gene density is low (e.g., if we model a single gene), significant bursting is primarily found in the presence of topological enzymes which relax supercoiling at a fixed rate. (arxiv-vanity.com)
Type IB DNA topoisomerases are enzymes to change the topological state of DNA molecules and are essential in studying replication, transcription, and recombination of nucleic acids in vitro. (edu.sa)
If left uncorrected, these issues can hinder cell division, DNA replication, and transcription (by preventing DNA and RNA polymerase enzymes from continuing along the helix) processes. (excedr.com)
In this article, we will review how topoisomerase works, its application in lab assays, and the industrial areas involving the use of these enzymes. (excedr.com)
These all enzymes catalyze negative supercoiling in DNA. (excedr.com)
Topoisomerases are nuclear enzymes that modify the topological state of DNA and participate in fundamental metabolic processes such as replication, transcription, repair, recombination, and chromosome segregation (1) . (aacrjournals.org)

Finally, the enzyme ligates the broken ends of the DNA strands back together and produces a locally relaxed DNA molecule. (jove.com)
Then, using the energy from a second ATP, Type II topoisomerase reseals the broken ends of the DNA strands and finally detaches from the DNA- leaving behind an untangled DNA helix. (jove.com)
They do this by binding to DNA and cutting the sugar-phosphate backbone of either one (type I topoisomerases) or both (type II topoisomerases) of the DNA strands. (wikipedia.org)
The double-helical structure of DNA involves the intertwining of the two polynucleotide strands around each other, which potentially gives rise to topological problems. (wikipedia.org)
DNA topology refers to the crossing of the two DNA strands that alters the twist of the double helix and gives rise to tertiary conformations of DNA, such as supercoils, knots and catenanes. (wikipedia.org)
A number of studies have indicated that DNA topoisomerases play an essential role in the DNA world through allowing DNA double helices or strands to cut across each other [ 4 , 5 ]. (jcancer.org)
Type II DNA topoisomerases relax topological stress by transiently gating DNA passage in a controlled cut-and-reseal mechanism that affects both DNA strands. (bvsalud.org)
which is the extent of over or under-winding of the two strands in a DNA double helix. (arxiv-vanity.com)
This enzyme catalyzes the transient breaking and rejoining of a single strand of DNA which allows the strands to pass through one another, thus altering the topology of DNA. (cancerindex.org)
The double helix, made up of a pair of DNA strands, has bases in its core that are joined by hydrogen bonds to form base pairs: adenine always paired with thymine and guanine always paired with cytosine. (rainis.pics)
Two of these paired strands make up the DNA molecule, which then twists into a helix. (rainis.pics)
Topoisomerase (DNA topoisomerases) is an enzyme that catalyzes the changes in the intertwined state of two DNA strands. (excedr.com)
The enzyme works by breaking the phosphodiester bond present in the backbone of the two DNA strands. (excedr.com)
However, the broken bonds in the DNA molecules reform as soon as the topoisomerase enzyme leaves the strands. (excedr.com)
It's an ATP-dependent enzyme that cuts both the strands of the DNA substrate. (excedr.com)
This breaks the 5′-phospho-tyrinosyl protein-DNA bond and relegates two DNA strands. (excedr.com)
PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. (lookformedical.com)

Type IA forms a covalent bond with 5' end of the cleaved DNA strand and removes negative supercoils. (jove.com)
With the exception of reverse gyrase, this unique type IA topoisomerase does require ATP and generates positive DNA supercoils rather than unwinding them. (jove.com)
DNA gyrase supports replication and transcription with its unique supercoiling activity, whereas Topo IV preferentially relaxes (+) supercoils and is a decatenating enzyme required for chromosome segregation. (rcsb.org)
DNA gyrase catalyzes the introduction of negative supercoils into DNA and is the only type II enzyme to do this, all the others catalyze DNA relaxation. (wikipedia.org)
Further, in the absence of ATP, gyrase is able to remove negative supercoils in a slower DNA relaxation reaction. (wikipedia.org)
Because of the structure of duplex DNA, it inevitably leads the consequences of the topology such as supercoils [ 2 ]. (jcancer.org)
is definitely to perform a strand passage reaction that allows transit of one double helix of DNA through another permitting the removal of entanglements supercoils and catenations. (immune-source.com)
The condensin complex probably introduces positive supercoils into relaxed DNA in the presence of type I topoisomerases and converts nicked DNA into positive knotted forms in the presence of type II topoisomerases. (idrblab.net)

Since the overall chemical composition and connectivity of the DNA do not change, the DNA substrate and product are chemical isomers, differing only in their topology. (wikipedia.org)
DNA topoisomerases, ubiquitously present in eukaryotes, archaebacteria and Eubacteria, are necessary for the regulation of DNA topology in various cellular procedures [ 3 , 4 ]. (jcancer.org)

Here, we show that, in contrast to this general assumption, human topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A) activity at promoters represses transcription of immediate early genes such as c-FOS, maintaining them under basal repressed conditions. (bvsalud.org)
The crystal structures of human topoisomerase I comprising the core and carboxyl-terminal domains in covalent and noncovalent complexes with 22-base pair DNA duplexes reveal an enzyme that 'clamps' around essentially B-form DNA. (embl.de)
Human topoisomerase 1B regulates the topological state of supercoiled DNA enabling all fundamental cell processes. (mdpi.com)
The interaction of human topoisomerase 1B and dimethylmyricacene, a compound prepared semisynthetically from myricanol extracted from Myrica cerifera root bark, was investigated using enzymatic activity assays and molecular docking procedures. (mdpi.com)
There are three types: type IIa (examples are DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and human topoisomerase IIɑ and II𝛃), Type IIb, and Type IIC. (excedr.com)

In the case of Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I, it has been suggested that a 30 kDa fragment moves away from the rest of the protein to create an entrance into the central hole in the protein. (rcsb.org)
TOP2A (DNA topoisomerase II alpha) gene, mapped to chromosome 17q12-q21, covers approximately 27.5 kb and includes 35 exons, encoding a 170 kDa protein [ 7 ]. (jcancer.org)
Following cleavage of single-stranded DNA, the protein gate opens by as much as 6.6 nm and can close against forces in excess of 16 pN. (wfu.edu)
The functional and active form of rvTopIB, together with the yields of the protein we obtained, suggests that silkworm-BEVS would be a potential alternative platform to produce eukaryotic topoisomerases on an industrial scale. (edu.sa)
The complementary structure immediately suggested to Watson and Crick how DNA could (and does) replicate, and further explains how information from DNA is transferred to RNA for protein synthesis. (rainis.pics)
DNA replication and repair protein RecF [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
1994. ATP-dependent DNA renaturation and DNA-dependent ATPase reactions catalyzed by the Ustilago maydis homologous pairing protein. . (cornell.edu)
1993. Purification and properties of a cruciform DNA binding protein from Ustilago maydis. . (cornell.edu)
1986. Homologous pairing of DNA molecules by Ustilago rec1 protein is promoted by sequences of Z-DNA. . (cornell.edu)
1983. Topological linkage of circular DNA molecules promoted by Ustilago rec 1 protein and topoisomerase. . (cornell.edu)
This enzyme, which is the unique molecular target of the natural anticancer compound camptothecin, acts by nicking one DNA strand and forming a transient protein-DNA covalent complex. (mdpi.com)
Protein inhibitors interfere with the DNA binding ability of the enzyme or stabilize the cleavage complex. (excedr.com)
This gene encodes a member of a family of E3 small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) ligases that mediates the attachment of a SUMO protein to proteins involved in nuclear transport, transcription, chromosome segregation and DNA repair. (nih.gov)
Effects of Nephrolithiasis on Serum DNase (Deoxyribonuclease I and II) Activity and E3 SUMO-Protein Ligase NSE2 (NSMCE2) in Malaysian Individuals. (nih.gov)
A histone chaperone protein that plays a role in the deposition of NUCLEOSOMES on newly synthesized DNA. (lookformedical.com)
Although initially discovered as a retinoblastoma binding protein it has an affinity for core HISTONES and is a subunit of chromatin assembly factor-1 and polycomb repressive complex 2. (lookformedical.com)
The repeating structural units of chromatin, each consisting of approximately 200 base pairs of DNA wound around a protein core. (lookformedical.com)
It is found as a subunit of protein complexes that are in involved in the enzymatic modification of histones including the Mi2 and Sin3 histone deacetylase complexes and the polycomb repressive complex 2. (lookformedical.com)

Topological issues in DNA arise due to the intertwined nature of its double-helical structure, which, for example, can lead to overwinding of the DNA duplex during DNA replication and transcription. (wikipedia.org)
Quinolones has the ability to sort kind two topoisomerases, which can be crucial compounds in arrange the topological condition of DNA via its replication and transcription. (microbiologyjournal.org)

The exception among the type I topoisomerases, reverse gyrase, which contains a helicase domain (EC 3.6.4.12) and introduces positive supercoiling in an ATP-dependent manner. (wikipedia.org)
The only enzyme that introduces the positive supercoiling in DNA is a reverse gyrase enzyme, which is coupled with a helicase found in archaea and is a type IA topoisomerase. (excedr.com)

It modulates the topological states of DNA by transient cleavage, strand passing and religation of double-stranded DNA resulting in decatenation of intertwined DNA molecules and relaxation of supercoiled DNA [ 8 , 9 ]. (jcancer.org)
Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, can be considered as the information molecules of the cell. (rainis.pics)
In this section, we examine the structures of DNA and RNA and how these structures relate to the functions of these molecules. (rainis.pics)

TOP2A encodes an enzyme which is implicated in almost any process of DNA metabolism including transcription, replication, movement and untangling [ 3 , 8 , 9 ], which catalyze the passage of two DNA duplexes across each other to resolve the entanglements and coiling of cellular DNA [ 10 ]. (jcancer.org)
Topoisomerases are therefore considered positive facilitators of transcription. (bvsalud.org)
We therefore describe the control of promoter-proximal pausing by TOP2A as a layer for the regulation of gene expression, which can act as a molecular switch to rapidly activate transcription, possibly by regulating the accumulation of DNA supercoiling at promoter regions. (bvsalud.org)
Mining this dataset, we discovered that ERCC6L2 (which is mutated in a bone-marrow failure syndrome) codes for a canonical non-homologous end-joining pathway factor, that the RNA polymerase II component ELOF1 modulates the response to transcription-blocking agents, and that the cytotoxicity of the G-quadruplex ligand pyridostatin involves trapping topoisomerase II on DNA. (bvsalud.org)
We analyse transcriptional bursting within a stochastic non-equilibrium model which accounts for the coupling between the dynamics of DNA supercoiling and gene transcription. (arxiv-vanity.com)
Here we consider a stochastic model which couples the dynamics of supercoiling and transcription in DNA (first introduced in Ref. (arxiv-vanity.com)
DNA-supercoiling acts as a general cis regulator of transcription, which can be superimposed upon other types of more specific trans regulatory mechanism. (ucm.es)
The control of DNA-supercoiling in S. pneumoniae occurs mainly via the regulation of topoisomerase gene transcription: relaxation triggers the up-regulation of gyrase and the down-regulation of topoisomerases I and IV, while hypernegative supercoiling down-regulates the expression of topoisomerase I. Relaxation affects 13% of the genome, with the majority of the genes affected located in 15 domains. (ucm.es)
This gene encodes a DNA topoisomerase, an enzyme that controls and alters the topologic states of DNA during transcription. (cancerindex.org)
It helps in vivo and in vitro DNA replication, transcription, chromosome segregation, and recombination. (excedr.com)
e.g. they bind selectively to DNA, stimulate transcription resulting in tissue-specific RNA synthesis and undergo specific changes in response to various hormones or phytomitogens. (lookformedical.com)

Topoisomerase poisons are widely used in anti-cancer and anti-bacterial therapy and have been employed to entrap the intermediates of topoisomerase IIβ with religatable DNA substrate. (sinica.edu.tw)
We also evaluated the activity and function of rvTopIB by the DNA relaxation activity assays using a negatively supercoiled pUC19 plasmid DNA as a substrate. (edu.sa)
2003 This function of condensin entails its ability to generate positively supercoiled DNA the preferred topological substrate of Topo II? (immune-source.com)

DNA topoisomerase II-ß (TOP2B) is fundamental to remove topological problems linked to DNA metabolism and 3D chromatin architecture, but its cut-and-reseal catalytic mechanism can accidentally cause DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) that can seriously compromise genome integrity. (bvsalud.org)
can bind to chromatin but affected by condensin activity Topo II? (immune-source.com)
Scaffold/matrix attachment regions (S/MARs) are DNA elements that serve to compartmentalize the chromatin into structural and functional domains. (researchgate.net)
1) SWI/SNF: disrupts nucleosome positioning 2) ACF (ISWI family): positions nucleosomes during chromatin assembly What is hetero and euchromatin. (usadellab.org)
The mechanisms effecting establishment, maintenance, and modification of that specific physical conformation of CHROMATIN determining the transcriptional accessibility or inaccessibility of the DNA. (lookformedical.com)

Here we report the crystal structure of the C-terminal domain of Topo IV ParC subunit (ParC-CTD) from Bacillus stearothermophilus and provide a structure-based explanation for how Topo IV and DNA gyrase execute distinct activities. (rcsb.org)
Although the topological connectivity of ParC-CTD is similar to the recently determined CTD structure of DNA gyrase GyrA subunit (GyrA-CTD), ParC-CTD surprisingly folds as a previously unseen broken form of a six-bladed beta-propeller. (rcsb.org)
The response to local changes induced by fluoroquinolone antibiotics, which target DNA gyrase subunit A and/or topoisomerase IV, involves an increase in oxygen radicals which reduces cell viability, while the induction of global supercoiling changes by novobiocin (a DNA gyrase subunit B inhibitor), or by seconeolitsine (a topoisomerase I inhibitor), has revealed the existence of topological domains that specifically respond to such changes. (ucm.es)
DNA gyrase subunit B [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Toprim domain, DNA gyrase B subunit insert domain [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
In type II topoisomerases, ATPases are located either on the N-terminus (type IIA) or the B subunit (type IIB). (excedr.com)
the S.typhimurium GyrB subunit is toxic in E.coli, while the E.coli copy can be expressed in S.typhimurium even though the 2 subunits have 777/804 residues identical (PubMed:17400739). (wuxibiortus.com)

Type I topoisomerases are ATP-independent and act by cutting a bond between nucleotides on a single strand of double stranded DNA. (jove.com)
The unbroken DNA strand is then passed through the gap in the broken strand into the upper cavity of the enzyme. (jove.com)
The enzyme creates a double strand break in one loop of the DNA double helix before helping the unbroken loop to pass through this break via an ATP-dependent reaction. (jove.com)
Type I Topoisomerases act on one strand of double-stranded DNA, and they are further divided into three categories: IA, IB, and IC. (jove.com)
It creates a single-strand breakthrough which the opposite strand can pass, resulting in a locally untangled DNA molecule. (jove.com)
Type IB forms a covalent bond with the 3' end of the broken DNA strand and can relax both positively and negatively supercoiled DNA. (jove.com)
The enzyme rotates the cut single-strand around the opposite strand, untwisting the DNA in the process. (jove.com)
Their aberrant activity results in the generation of DNA double-strand breaks, which can seriously compromise cell survival and genome integrity. (bvsalud.org)
Type IA topoisomerases cleave single-stranded DNA and relieve topological strain by passing an intact DNA strand through the broken strand. (wfu.edu)
A strand of DNA is a polymer of nucleoside monophosphates linked by phosphodiester bonds. (rainis.pics)
1994. DNA strand exchange in the absence of homologous pairing. . (cornell.edu)
Also known as DNA topoisomerase I. This enzyme cuts the single strand of the DNA double helix and does not require ATP to perform the DNA cleavage. (excedr.com)
DNA topo I work on the principle of the strand-passage mechanism. (excedr.com)
The topo enzyme contains a tyrosine residue in its active site which catalyzes DNA strand breaks (DNA cleavage) by forming a covalent bond with the phosphate group of DNA. (excedr.com)
The uncut DNA strand passes through the DNA break, and at this position, topoisomerase changes its conformation from a closed to an open state. (excedr.com)
One option is to control the formation and repair of the meiosis‐specific DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs) that initiate recombination between the homologous chromosomes and ultimately lead to crossovers. (firebaseapp.com)
It achieves this by making a transient Atropine double-strand break in one helix passing a second helix through the break then re-ligating the 1st (Wang 2002 Strikingly however the domain of the enzyme adequate for this reaction in vitro is not adequate for localizing Topo II? (immune-source.com)

the enzyme responsible, eukaryotic topo I, has a distinct mechanism and is representative of the type IB family. (wikipedia.org)
We developed a single-molecule magnetic tweezers assay to directly measure gate opening of the E. coli type IA topoisomerases, topo I and topo III. (wfu.edu)
topo I and topo II. (excedr.com)
DNA topo II action mechanism involves ATP hydrolysis. (excedr.com)
Topo II? (immune-source.com)
the dynamics of Topo II? (immune-source.com)
on chromosomes are important for successful mitosis and implicate histone tail Atropine posttranslational modifications Pgf in regulating Topo II? (immune-source.com)
In mitosis Topo II? (immune-source.com)
2002 Maeshima and Laemmli 2003 and the residence time of Topo II? (immune-source.com)
2002 However little is known about the mechanism that localizes Topo II? (immune-source.com)
Earlier studies raised the possibility that there are unique factors conferring Topo II? (immune-source.com)
In either or chicken cells depleted of condensin Topo II? (immune-source.com)
2003 These data are consequently consistent with a multi-mechanism process in which self-employed of condensin Topo II? (immune-source.com)
The enzyme activity of Topo II? (immune-source.com)
that have indistinguishable catalytic cycles but only Topo II? (immune-source.com)
2007 As suggested by their respective localization patterns Topo II? (immune-source.com)
is essential for chromosome condensation and segregation whereas Topo II? (immune-source.com)
1998 Sakaguchi and Kikuchi 2004 Here we describe a novel element in the CTR that dictates the dynamics of Topo II? (immune-source.com)

DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA. (jove.com)
DNA topoisomerase IB from Vaccinia virus (vTopIB) is a 32 kDa, type I eukaryotic topoisomerase, which relaxed positively and negatively supercoiled DNAs without Mg2+ and ATP. (edu.sa)
Relaxes negatively supercoiled DNA in an ATP-independent manner (PubMed:337300). (wuxibiortus.com)

The degree of compaction results from the level of DNA-supercoiling and the presence of nucleoid-binding proteins. (ucm.es)
Transcriptomic studies on the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae, which has a relatively small genome (∼2 Mb) and few nucleoid-binding proteins, have been performed under conditions of local and global changes in supercoiling. (ucm.es)
Crucially, the sequence of bases in DNA contains the information for making proteins. (rainis.pics)
Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. (lookformedical.com)
Proteins which bind to DNA. (lookformedical.com)
The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases. (lookformedical.com)
The mammalian genome comprises nuclear DNA (nDNA) derived from both parents and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that is maternally inherited and encodes essential proteins required for oxidative phosphorylation. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Recovery of the poisoned topoisomerase II for DNA religation: coordinated motion of the cleavage core revealed with the microsecond atomistic simulation. (sinica.edu.tw)
Doxorubicin and its derivatives inhibit the functions of the human topoisomerases by stabilizing the cleavage complex. (excedr.com)

The core domain and the first eight residues of the carboxyl-terminal domain of the enzyme, including the active-site nucleophile tyrosine-723, share significant structural similarity with the bacteriophage family of DNA integrases. (embl.de)
However, they are corrected by the enzyme topoisomerase. (excedr.com)
Another DNA double helix passes through the DNA breaks, and the topoisomerase enzyme changes its conformation, which requires ATP hydrolysis. (excedr.com)
This makes better substrates for topoisomerase 4 (ParC and ParE) which is the main enzyme that unlinks newly replicated chromosomes in E.coli (PubMed:9334322). (wuxibiortus.com)
Specific primers sequences for detection of Topoisomerase II (gyrA) genes were used by conventional PCR then, PCR product were treated with Sac II enzyme at 37°C for 2 h, then restriction bands were recovered by gel electrophoresis. (microbiologyjournal.org)
As DNA polymerase can't copy the ends, one way to maintain the ends is telomerase an enzyme using internal RNA as template. (usadellab.org)

This transient break allows the DNA to be untangled or unwound, and, at the end of these processes, the DNA backbone is resealed. (wikipedia.org)

Topoisomerase was discovered in 1957 by the scientist J.C. Wang when he was working on Escherichia coli (or E.coli). (excedr.com)
The enzymatic differences between E.coli gyrase and topoisomerase IV are largely due to the GyrA C-terminal domain (approximately residues 524-841) and specifically the GyrA-box (PubMed:8962066, PubMed:16332690). (wuxibiortus.com)

Accumulation of topological stress in the form of DNA supercoiling is inherent to the advance of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and needs to be resolved by DNA topoisomerases to sustain productive transcriptional elongation. (bvsalud.org)
Purine versus Pyrimidine exchange, or vice versa Estimate how often DNA polymerase makes a mistake, put this into perspective to typical plant genome size? (usadellab.org)

Type II topoisomerases were subsequently identified from bacterial viruses and eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
Methylation of Adenine e.g. for the bacterial restriction system Why is DNA methylation (in eukaryotes) risky? (usadellab.org)

Because of these advantages, FQs have been widely used against a variety of bacterial infections for about two decades. (biomedcentral.com)
The bacterial chromosome is compacted in a manner optimal for DNA transactions to occur. (ucm.es)
Which have ability to interfered with the bacterial DNA gyrase, it has bactericidal activity with a wide spectrum in opposition to Gram positive and Gram-negative microorganism 2 . (microbiologyjournal.org)
Quinolones conflict with the motion of DNA gyrase, a critical bacterial kind II DNA topoisomerase 6 . (microbiologyjournal.org)

It mainly facilitates the interconversion forms (also known as topological changes) of relaxed and supercoiled DNA, knotting and unknotting DNA, and linked (catenate) and unlinked (decatenate) species. (excedr.com)

The unwinding of the DNA double helix during replication results in overwinding in regions ahead of the replication fork. (jove.com)
If left unchanged, this torsion would eventually stop the DNA or RNA polymerases involved in these processes from continuing along the DNA helix. (wikipedia.org)
Today, every biology student knows about the double helix structure of DNA and how G pairs with C and A pairs with T. (rainis.pics)
In the more common B form, the DNA helix has a repeat of 10.5 base pairs per turn, with the sugar and phosphate forming the covalent phosphodiester "backbone" of the molecule, and the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine line up in the middle, where the base pairs we know today are, which look like the rungs of a ladder. (rainis.pics)
Naturally, the topological changes occur either due to intertwining in the helical structure of DNA or linking/tangling of the DNA helix during genome replication. (excedr.com)
For example, topoisomers of DNA may be distinguished according to the degree of supercoiling of the double helix. (encyclopedia.com)

2008 It is not known if the chromosome core region is definitely enriched with DNA inside a positively supercoiled topological state but Atropine this can be inferred from the fact that condensin localization is mostly restricted to the core region of chromosomes (Maeshima and Laemmli 2003 Ono et al. (immune-source.com)

It was identified that the nuclear division cycle 80, cyclin B2 and topoisomerase 2‑α may serve important roles in adrenocortical tumor development. (cancerindex.org)
Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. (lookformedical.com)

107(2): 544-549, 2022 02 01. (bvsalud.org)

TOP2A is one of the isoenzymes which can mediate the catalytic activity of type II topoisomerases [ 6 ]. (jcancer.org)
Thus, TOP2A inhibition creates a particular topological context that results in rapid release from promoter-proximal pausing and transcriptional upregulation, which mimics the typical bursting behavior of these genes in response to physiological stimulus. (bvsalud.org)

Several researches have been exhibited that mutations imparting fluoroquinolone resistance in P. aeruginosa may attributed to amendment in DNA gyrase, hypothesizing that faded sensitivity to fluoroquinolone result from inhibition of DNA supercoiling in resistant isolates of Gram-negative pathogens and alteration in gyrA consider leading causes in this resistance 7 . (microbiologyjournal.org)

What can you say as a rule of thumb about the transcriptional activity of these two? (usadellab.org)

Type II topoisomerases resolve topological problems of DNA double helices by passing one duplex through the reversible double-stranded break they generated on another duplex. (sinica.edu.tw)

Understanding the factors that determine the genome-wide distribution of TOP2B is therefore not only essential for a complete knowledge of genome dynamics and organization, but also for the implications of TOP2-induced DSBs in the origin of oncogenic translocations and other types of chromosomal rearrangements. (bvsalud.org)

Because MMR is assumed to modulate cytotoxicity to various chemotherapeutic agents that act upon DNA, our objectives have been to define its possible involvement in the cytotoxicity of topoisomerase inhibitors. (aacrjournals.org)
Our results also indicate that neither p53 status, nor cell cycle alterations correlate with the sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells to topoisomerase inhibitors. (aacrjournals.org)

Different types of topoisomerases have different action mechanisms based on their structure. (excedr.com)

Type IC is mainly found in archaea and has a similar mechanism as type IB. (jove.com)
An illustration of the working mechanism of type I topoisomerase. (excedr.com)
The current venture, were made to demonstrate Topoisomerase II genes (GyrA mutations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa that could be responsible for molecular mechanism of Ciprofloxacin resistance. (microbiologyjournal.org)

Despite the wealth of information in the cleaving operation, molecular understanding of the enzymatic DNA ligation remains elusive. (sinica.edu.tw)
They commonly do it by hindering the DNA ligation step. (excedr.com)

These ae likely due to incomplete digestion How is DNA that has been wrapped around the histone further packaged? (usadellab.org)
The 10nm fiber is further packaged into a 30nm fiber requiring the linker histone H1 Sometimes "packed" chromosomal DNA needs to be accessed, how is this problem solved? (usadellab.org)
Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each. (lookformedical.com)
A histone chaperone that facilitates nucleosome assembly by mediating the formation of the histone octamer and its transfer to DNA. (lookformedical.com)

Based on its response to relaxation, the pneumococcal chromosome can be said to be organized into five types of domain: up-regulated, down-regulated, position-conserved non-regulated, position-variable non-regulated, and AT-rich. (ucm.es)
With carefully assessing optimized conditions for the reaction buffer, we found that divalent ions, Mg2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, as well as ATP stimulate the DNA relaxation activity by rvTopIB. (edu.sa)

DBR1 plays a crucial role in the resolution of these lariats by removing the 2'-5' phosphodiester linkage at the branchpoint. (affiab.com)

Bacteria possess two closely related yet functionally distinct essential type IIA topoisomerases (Topos). (rcsb.org)

the type of behaviour can be selected for by controlling gene activity and orientation. (arxiv-vanity.com)
For higher gene density, highly significant bursts can also arise in the absence of topoisomerases, through the action of a self-organised non-equilibrium regulatory network mediated by supercoiling. (arxiv-vanity.com)
1999. Targeted gene repair directed by the chimeric RNA/DNA oligonucleotide in a mammalian cell-free extract. . (cornell.edu)
2020-05-18 · We identified evolutionarily conserved patterns of gene expression during retinal progenitor maturation and specification of all seven major retinal cell types. (firebaseapp.com)

These screens identified 890 genes whose loss causes either sensitivity or resistance to DNA-damaging agents. (bvsalud.org)
cMonkey tries to identify two motifs per modules in the upstream sequences of the module member genes. (systemsbiology.net)
1997. Interaction between Ustilago maydis REC2 and RAD51 genes in DNA repair and mitotic recombination. . (cornell.edu)
DNA gyrase is made from two A and B fragments, these fragments encoded through the gyrA and gyrB genes 4 . (microbiologyjournal.org)
To establish the DNA methylation patterns of the promoter CpG islands of 14 "drug-resistance" genes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (wjgnet.com)

We have shown that colorectal cancer cell lines defective in DNA MMR exhibit an increased sensitivity to both camptothecin, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, and etoposide, a topoisomerase II inhibitor. (aacrjournals.org)

These can change the localization of the nucloesomes with respect to the DNA Give ONE example of nucleosome remodelling complexes. (usadellab.org)

This twisting inhibits further unwinding of the DNA, stalling vital cell processes such as DNA replication. (jove.com)

1995 and resolution of the two sisters within the pair (Sumner 1991 The intense fidelity with which cells carry out this process of mitotic chromosome formation is essential for avoiding chromosome segregation errors. (immune-source.com)

Similar topoisomerase activity was observed by James Champoux and Renato Dulbecco in eukaryotic cells. (excedr.com)
One of the two mentioned publications is Lagunin A., Filimonov D., Poroikov V. Multi-targeted natural products evaluation based on biological activity prediction with PASS. (way2drug.com)
PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types. (lookformedical.com)

Gyrase catalyzes the interconversion of other topological isomers of double-stranded DNA rings, including catenanes (PubMed:22457352). (wuxibiortus.com)

Most Type I topoisomerases do not require ATP to relax supercoiled DNA. (jove.com)

Hin-Mediated DNA Knotting and Recombination Promote Replicon Dysfunction and Mutation , Richard W. Deibler * , Jennifer K. Mann * , De Witt L. Sumners and E. Lynn Zechiedrich. (utexas.edu)

The G-quadruplex ligand telomestatin impairs binding of topoisomerase IIIalpha to G-quadruplex-forming oligonucleotides and uncaps telomeres in ALT cells. (nih.gov)

This biochemical portion consists of DNA topoisomerase II? (immune-source.com)

Anatomy1

Organisms4

Chemicals and Drugs39

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Phenomena and Processes15

Information Science3

Enzymes22

Strands17

Supercoils8

Topology2

Human topoisomerase5

Protein18

Replication and transcription2

Reverse gyrase2

Molecules3

Transcription11

Substrate3

Chromatin5

Subunit7

Strand17

Topo18

Negatively supercoiled3

Proteins7

Cleavage2

Enzyme6

Transient1

Coli2

Polymerase2

Eukaryotes2

Bacterial4

Relaxed and supercoiled1

Helix6

Positively1

Nuclear2

20221

TOP2A2

Inhibition1

Transcriptional1

Double helices1

TOP2B1

Inhibitors2

Mechanisms1

Mechanism3

Ligation2

Histone4

Relaxation2

Phosphodiester1

Functionally distinct1

Gene4

Genes5

Camptothecin1

Complexes1

Processes1

Chromosome segregation1

Activity3

Isomers1

Relax1

Recombination1

Ligand1

Biochemical1