• The main volatile organic compounds found at gasoline stations are benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers (BTEX). (hindawi.com)
  • This process, associated with gasoline distribution, can be an important source for emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) [ 2 ], with benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers (BTEX), the main volatile hydrocarbons originating from petroleum. (hindawi.com)
  • Our goal was to conduct a case-control study assessing the association between ambient air levels of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) and the prevalence of NTDs among offspring. (cdc.gov)
  • No significant associations were observed between anencephaly and benzene or between any of the NTD phenotypes and toluene, ethylbenzene, or xylene. (cdc.gov)
  • HAPs are a heterogeneous group of pollutants that include organic solvents such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) and are emitted from several sources. (cdc.gov)
  • This study was carried out to analyze the variations of Benzene, Toluene, and para- Xylene (BTp-X) present in the urban air of Delhi. (ac.ir)
  • ATSDR concluded 'Inhalation exposure is probably the major route of human exposure to benzene, although oral and dermal exposures are also important. (europa.eu)
  • Benzene is readily absorbed following inhalation or oral exposure. (europa.eu)
  • Although benzene is also readily absorbed from the skin, a significant amount of a dermal application evaporates from the skin surface. (europa.eu)
  • At low exposure levels, benzene is rapidly metabolized and excreted predominantly as conjugated urinary metabolites. (europa.eu)
  • At higher exposure levels, metabolic pathways appear to become saturated and a large portion of an absorbed dose of benzene is excreted as parent compound in exhaled air. (europa.eu)
  • The contamination status and health risks of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) in air, soil, dust and groundwater were evaluated in a pesticide chemical region located in Hebei province, China. (who.int)
  • Toluene is a clear, colorless aromatic hydrocarbon with an odor similar to benzene (pungent and sweet). (knowyourh2o.com)
  • 0.05) increases from pre- to post-fire for some metabolites of VOCs (e.g., benzene, toluene) and naphthalene were found. (cdc.gov)
  • Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) were identified as compounds of concern and quantified by headspace gas chromatography. (ac.rs)
  • The main byproducts are benzene and toluene. (keywen.com)
  • Oil is a complex mixture variety of chemicals such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and all these factions have wide range of toxicological properties. (envrexperts.com)
  • Studies have also identified the link between benzene exposure (ppb) and disorders like terminal leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and other blood and immune disfunctions in people upon early-age exposure (5-15 years) to benzene. (envrexperts.com)
  • The levels of PAHs and benzene in fire fighters' bodies were similar to levels in occupational groups with low exposures to these compounds. (fireemsleaderpro.org)
  • Regulatory Norm 7 (1978) provides that, in Brazil, biological monitoring of toluene and xylene is carried out by measuring the urinary metabolites hippuric acid (HA) and methylhippuric acid (MHA), respectively. (hindawi.com)
  • The objective of this study was to assess the exposure to toluene and xylene and to identify related signs and symptoms in gasoline station workers. (hindawi.com)
  • Gasoline station workers showed high levels of HA and MHA, reflecting high occupational exposure to the solvents toluene and xylene present in gasoline, demonstrating that changes in the current legislation and in the work environment are necessary to ensure better health protection for these workers. (hindawi.com)
  • Ethylbenzene is classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B), while toluene and xylene have so far had poor evidence of carcinogenicity (Group 3) [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Chronic exposure to xylene can cause liver and kidney damage, with increased blood urea levels, pulmonary congestion, respiratory failure, and hepatomegaly [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • A statistical link was not found with toluene, xylene, and n-hexane, the other three solvents reviewed. (yourlawyer.com)
  • The mite is repelled at a distance of 0.5 cm. from phenol, methyl phthalate, dilute ammonia, xylene and a 3 % solution of glacial acetic acid.Toluene was repugnant at 1.5 cm., whilst a mixture of amyl acetate and water repelled the mite at 5 cm. (biologists.com)
  • No information was located pertaining to ingestion of toluene diisocyanate. (cdc.gov)
  • Human exposure to HAPs can result from inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption. (cdc.gov)
  • The exposure might be through inhalation, ingestion, or dermal absorption. (ohsonline.com)
  • Health risk assessment was performed based on the monitoring data via inhalation, dermal contact and ingestion pathways and hazard quotient (HQ) was calculated to be on the order of 10(-7), below 10(-6), and Hazard index (HI) levels of BTEX were lower than 1.0. (who.int)
  • analyzed were dermal contact with and ingestion of contaminated water, considering both cancer and non-cancer effects. (ac.rs)
  • Methanol exposure most commonly results from ingestion of windshield washer fluid. (dermatologyadvisor.com)
  • Toluene diisocyanate is absorbed rapidly through the lungs, but dermal absorption is minimal. (cdc.gov)
  • Dermal absorption is slow through intact skin. (cdc.gov)
  • Liquid toluene can be absorbed through the skin but dermal absorption from toluene vapours is not likely to be an important route of exposure. (europa.eu)
  • Dermal absorption of liquid toluene was predicted using a model which considers absorption as a two stage process, permeation of the stratum corneum followed by transfer from the stratum corneum to the epidermis. (europa.eu)
  • The model predicted a maximum flux of 0.0000581 mg/cm2/min giving a dermal absorption value of approximately 3.6% of the amount applied as liquid toluene. (europa.eu)
  • The virtually safe oral dose for humans of 5 ng BaP/(kg bw*d) was modified by an adjustment factor of 1/100 (division by 0.01) to account for reduced absorption of BaP from the pitch matrix through human skin compared to oral uptake (see Discussion - B. Explanations concerning systemic cancer (dermal exposure). (europa.eu)
  • The US NIEHS contracted studies on the aromatic diisocyanate toluene diisocyanate (TDI), demonstrating that TDI polymerized in the acid environment of the stomach to solid polyurea before absorption into the body (Jeffcoat et al. (europa.eu)
  • Dermal and pulmonary absorption is negligible in ethylene glycol exposure. (dermatologyadvisor.com)
  • These pollutants can enter into the human body through various pathways like inhalation, oral and dermal exposure posing adverse effects on human health. (ac.ir)
  • Acute toxicity, dermal, category 5) May be irritating to mucous membrane and upper respiratory system. (sdsmanager.com)
  • Early recognition of JP-8 toxicity risk, cessation of exposure, and customized vestibular therapy offer the best chance for improved balance. (accas.info)
  • With chronic exposure, causes central nervous system toxicity, testicular atrophy. (ahealthyhomeplus.com)
  • Ethylene glycol and methanol toxicity is well described and is responsible for more than 5000 exposures annually in the United States requiring treatment. (dermatologyadvisor.com)
  • Toxicity rating is an arbitrary grading of doses or exposure levels causing toxic effects. (iloencyclopaedia.org)
  • On January 21, 2019, the State of New York proposed the Consumer Right to Know Act in the latest Executive Budget in order to protect the public from unknown exposure to toxic chemicals. (qima.com)
  • There are other potential exposures that should be considered when assessing the risk of NIHLs in a facility, including chemicals. (ohsonline.com)
  • Many chemicals have been identified with the potential to increase the risk of hearing loss even without high-noise exposures. (ohsonline.com)
  • Acute and chronic exposures to these chemicals can cause temporary or permanent hearing loss. (ohsonline.com)
  • How does exposure to chemicals like the solvents listed in Table 1 cause damage to the ear when there is no direct contact between the airborne compounds and the inner ear? (ohsonline.com)
  • Firefighters' or instructors' exposure to airborne chemicals during live-fire training may depend on fuels being burned, fuel orientation and participants' location within the structure. (cdc.gov)
  • Due to the durable, industrial construction of Magswitch tools, almost all of our products can expose consumers to chemicals including nickel, tetrafluoroethylene, and toluene that are known to the state of California to cause cancer and reproductive harm. (magswitch.com)
  • While most of our products contain these chemicals within their housing, there are a select few products with exposed surfaces which can bring these chemicals into dermal contact. (magswitch.com)
  • This strategy involves the assignment of multiple skin notations for distinguishing systemic (SYS), direct (DIR), and sensitizing (SEN) effects caused by exposure of skin (SK) to chemicals. (cdc.gov)
  • Chemicals that are highly or extremely toxic and may be potentially lethal or life-threatening following exposures of the skin are designated with the systemic subnotation (FATAL). (cdc.gov)
  • Reactive Chemicals - This refers to chemicals liable to explode or react violently upon contact with other substances or upon exposure to external factors such as heat and toxic gases. (hsseworld.com)
  • Long-term exposure to hazardous chemicals can lead to the development of illnesses and some types of cancer. (hsseworld.com)
  • Toluene diisocyanate is insoluble in water and miscible with most common organic solvents. (cdc.gov)
  • Management of the company was concerned about potential adverse health effects from employees' exposures to organic solvents in lacquer thinner and screen printing inks. (cdc.gov)
  • However, using ACGIH TLVs, additive exposure for the screen printer helper and the area sample indicated slight overexposure to the organic solvent mixture, and the screen printer was nearly overexposed to the mixture of solvents. (cdc.gov)
  • Evaporation of solvents from these items can contribute to worker exposures. (cdc.gov)
  • We recommend that all employees performing screen printing and screen washing wear NIOSH-approved respiratory protection until engineering or administrative control s reduce exposures to the mixture of organic solvents to below the ACGIH TLV. (cdc.gov)
  • 174) 1.Cyclohexanones 2.Environmental exposure 3.Occupational exposure 4.Solvents I.Series ISBN 92 4 157174 8 (NLM Classification: QV 633) ISSN 0250-863X The World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. (inchem.org)
  • Skin pathology following epicutaneous exposure to seven organic solvents. (so-ella.com)
  • These polymers are widely used in many industries for The extensive uses of these industrial chem- a variety of purposes (see Section 1, Exposure icals and solvents and the fact that they are all Characterization). (who.int)
  • The study reviewed exposure to the solvents perchloroethylene (PERC) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), both of which, said the team, "tended towards significant risk of developing the disease," wrote the BBC. (yourlawyer.com)
  • Exposure by inhalation causes respiratory and systemic effects while dermal exposure causes inflammation and irritation of the skin. (cdc.gov)
  • VOCs are absorbed mainly through the respiratory and dermal routes. (hindawi.com)
  • There is evidence that both respiratory and dermal exposures can lead to sensitization. (cdc.gov)
  • Early recognition of sensitization and prompt and strict elimination of exposures is essential to reduce the risk of long-term or permanent respiratory problems for workers who have become sensitized. (cdc.gov)
  • This Alert summarizes four case reports: one death and several incidents of asthma or other respiratory disease following exposure to MDI during spray-on truck bed lining operations. (cdc.gov)
  • P284 - Respiratory Protection: If workplace exposure limit(s) of product or any component is exceeded (see TLV/PEL), or a risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate, use of a NIOSH/MSHA approved air supplied respirator is advised. (sdsmanager.com)
  • Environmental and occupational asthma research and practice exogenous exposures and also plays a critical role in the de- have focused primarily on the respiratory tract as the key route of velopment of allergic diseases, such as atopic dermatitis. (cdc.gov)
  • In summary, the major uptake of toluene vapour is through the respiratory system. (europa.eu)
  • 2015). The adverse health disorders associated with exposure to oil products or TPHs include hematopoietic, hepatic, renal and pulmonary abnormalities, changes in cognitive functions, psychological problems, damage to reproductive and respiratory systems, cancer, and several general health problems. (envrexperts.com)
  • inadequate warning of acute or chronic exposures. (cdc.gov)
  • Firefighters and departments throughout the US have embraced the Coalition's educational mission that smoke, whether through an acute or chronic exposures, will kill you. (fireemsleaderpro.org)
  • Census tract-level estimates of annual BTEX levels were obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1999 Assessment System for Population Exposure Nationwide. (cdc.gov)
  • BTEX exposures among automobile mechanics and painters and their associated health risks. (ac.ir)
  • The assessment of the human health risks from exposure to BTEX-covered industrial scenario for adult receptors and residential scenario for adult receptors and children. (ac.rs)
  • In animals, chronic oral exposure of 4,4'-MDI. (cdc.gov)
  • Chronic inhalation exposure of household products. (cdc.gov)
  • Toluene is known to be neurotoxic and some of the chronic effects observed after prolonged periods of exposure include memory/concentration problems, disturbance of emotional and psychomotor functions, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and hearing loss, which can cause permanent brain damage or even lead to death [ 9 - 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Chronic exposure to aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, which are the main constituents of JP-8 military aircraft jet fuel, occurred over 3-5 years' duration while working on or near the flight line. (accas.info)
  • The primary effects from chronic (long term) inhalation exposure are neurological, including impaired cognitive and motor neurobehavioral performance. (so-ella.com)
  • Provides information about the health risks associated with dermal contact and uptake of a specific workplace chemical. (cdc.gov)
  • Persons whose clothing or skin is contaminated with liquid toluene diisocyanate can secondarily contaminate others by direct contact or off-gassing vapor. (cdc.gov)
  • Direct contact with liquid toluene diisocyanate can cause severe eye and skin irritation. (cdc.gov)
  • Children exposed to the same levels of toluene diisocyanate vapor as adults may receive a larger dose because they have greater lung surface area:body weight ratios and increased minute volumes:weight ratios. (cdc.gov)
  • OSH professionals who have worked with noise exposures know the 85 dBA level is just the action level for an eight-hour shift and must be adjusted for extended work shifts to determine the 50 percent dose or the dose where the exposure is 50 percent of the OSHA permissible exposure level (PEL) (90 dBA). (ohsonline.com)
  • Since sound levels are measured on a logarithmic scale, determining the 50 percent dose is not as simple as dividing an exposure in half. (ohsonline.com)
  • Virtually safe' dermal dose of benzo[a]pyrene, related to a risk level of 10E-5 (human). (europa.eu)
  • Following an inhalation exposure of rats to radiolabeled MDI, 79 % of the dose was excreted in feces. (europa.eu)
  • Mechanistic studies start with exposure, follow the time-related distribution and fate in the body (pharmacokinetics), and measure the resulting toxic effect at some level of the system and at some dose level. (cloudaccess.net)
  • Margins of exposure were not calculated for non-cancer effects in this assessment since non-cancer effects occurred at a dose at which tumours were observed and because the information available indicates that exposures of the general Canadian population to 2-nitrotoluene from either environmental media or consumer products are expected to be negligible. (gc.ca)
  • Model inputs include the exposure dose and model parameters, such as tissue volumes, blood flow rates, partition coefficients, and metabolic rates. (cdc.gov)
  • Variation in exposure during the day and the total length of exposure during one's lifetime may be as important for the outcome (response) as mean or average or even integrated dose level. (iloencyclopaedia.org)
  • On the other hand, for some carcinogens, it has been experimentally shown that the fractionation of a single dose into several exposures with the same total dose may be more effective in producing tumours. (iloencyclopaedia.org)
  • exposure dose , which is the air concentration of pollutant inhaled during a certain time period (in work hygiene usually eight hours), or the retained or absorbed dose (in industrial hygiene also called the body burden ), which is the amount present in the body at a certain time during or after exposure. (iloencyclopaedia.org)
  • The exposure dose or body burden may be more easily available, but these are less precisely related to the effect. (iloencyclopaedia.org)
  • The theoretical dose according to Haber's law is D = ct, where D is dose, c is concentration of the xenobiotic in the air and t the duration of exposure to the chemical. (iloencyclopaedia.org)
  • Toluene toxicokinetics were reviewed by the EU (EU, 2003a). (europa.eu)
  • In absence of data to the contrary, assume that the toxicokinetics is the same in animals and humans under similar exposure conditions. (cdc.gov)
  • Aspiration hazard, catagory 2) Exposure may cause lung irritation, chest pain and pulmonary edema. (sdsmanager.com)
  • It also presents the known human health effects of TDI and TDA, and suggests guidelines for minimizing occupational exposures. (cdc.gov)
  • However, most occupational exposures involved solvent mixtures. (medscape.com)
  • Numerous occupational and environmental exposures that increase workers can develop asthmatic responses after inhalation of very asthma risk have been identified. (cdc.gov)
  • Workers in industries that use these agents may have occupational exposure, whereas other individuals may have environmental exposures if they live near industrial installations and/or have contact with contaminated water, soil, air, or food. (medscape.com)
  • More specifically, human inhalation exposure is estimated to be approximately 50%, oral exposure assumed to be 100% (this value used for DN(M)EL calculations). (europa.eu)
  • Health hazard evaluation report: HETA-2007-0053-3092, employees' exposures to organic solvent vapors during screen printing, Inter Sign National Incorporated, Baltimore, Maryland. (cdc.gov)
  • However, effects such as incoordination, cognitive impairment, and vision and hearing loss may become permanent with repeated exposure, especially at concentrations associated with intentional solvent abuse (sniffing toluene-containing glue). (knowyourh2o.com)
  • High levels of toluene exposure during pregnancy, such as those associated with solvent abuse, may lead to retardation of mental abilities and growth in the unborn children. (knowyourh2o.com)
  • Toluene is a commonly used solvent that creates a smooth finish across the nail and keeps the pigment from separating in the bottle. (sienna.co)
  • Table 1 lists common sources of organic solvent exposures. (medscape.com)
  • researchers from institutes in the U.S., Canada, Germany, and Argentina, were reviewing solvent exposure impact and looked at six substances, including TCE, said the BBC. (yourlawyer.com)
  • The pairs were interviewed to create work history and determine the likelihood of solvent exposure, according to the BBC. (yourlawyer.com)
  • Exposure to ototoxic compounds can cause sensorineural hearing loss by damaging various parts of the middle and inner ear. (ohsonline.com)
  • Firefighters are at an increased risk of cancer due to their occupational exposure to combustion byproducts, especially when those compounds penetrate the firefighter personal protective equipment (PPE) ensemble. (cdc.gov)
  • The oil pollutant in the Sava River aquifer in the residential area of Belgrade, Serbia was investigated in order to analyze the extent, origin and spatial distribution of the pollution, with the aim to estimate potential human health risks from exposure to the compounds detected. (ac.rs)
  • The air levels of these compounds were well below occupational exposure limits. (fireemsleaderpro.org)
  • Persons exposed only to toluene diisocyanate vapor do not pose secondary contamination risks. (cdc.gov)
  • What are the Health Risks for Toluene? (knowyourh2o.com)
  • The analysis of the lifetime incremental cancer risk indicated the potential for adverse health effects for human exposure at the investigated location, and because of that it was interpreted as an unacceptable risk level or risks of high priority which required immediate consideration for remedial measures at this location. (ac.rs)
  • Regardless of the burn frequency, it is important for all employers whose employees are exposed to molten asphalt to understand the potential risks of this exposure, safe work practices to avoid physical contact and emergency action plans in the event of a serious burn. (roofingcontractor.com)
  • A variety of study designs were used to investigate potential health risks from passive exposure to EC vapour. (phrp.com.au)
  • The odor of toluene diisocyanate does not provide adequate warning of hazardous concentrations. (cdc.gov)
  • Exposure to relatively high vapor concentrations produces inflammation of mucous membranes. (cdc.gov)
  • Short-term air samples for toluene, isopropyl alcohol, and acetone revealed isopropyl alcohol concentrations during screen printing and screen washing have the potential to exceed the NIOSH and ACGIH STELs. (cdc.gov)
  • Short term concentrations of toluene and acetone were well below applicable STELs. (cdc.gov)
  • However, it was found that exposure can be reduced by moving firefighters and instructors lower in the compartment and/or by moving the instructor in charge of ventilation from the rear of the structure (where highest concentrations were consistently measured) to an outside position. (cdc.gov)
  • Toluene diisocyanate is made by reacting toluene diamine with carbonyl chloride (phosgene). (cdc.gov)
  • Route is important because there can be effects that occur locally at the site of exposure in addition to systemic effects after the chemical has been absorbed into the blood and distributed throughout the body. (cloudaccess.net)
  • TDI is a Liquid and MDI is a Inhalation - Minor route of exposure for Health effects are determined Some workers can become sensitized to Solid the general population. (cdc.gov)
  • Workers exposed to fuels had higher average levels of these exposure biomarkers (HA and MHA), which were also higher in convenience store workers than in filling station attendants. (hindawi.com)
  • This poster provides helpful tips on protecting workers from the hazards of isocyanate exposure during spray-on truck bedliner applications. (cdc.gov)
  • Current isocyanate exposures tend to be nonirritating and suggest that the skin may also be an important route of exposure and give few warning signs, and workers may lack adequate skin- site of sensitization that contributes to asthma development. (cdc.gov)
  • Studies in workers and animals exposed to toluene generally indicate that toluene is not carcinogenic (cancer-causing). (knowyourh2o.com)
  • The success of this process is evident from the few incidents of adverse health effects attributed to chemical exposure in workers where appropriate exposure limits had been set and adhered to in the past. (cloudaccess.net)
  • In some cases, these exposures were estimated to be below acceptable levels, as designated in regulations for workers. (medscape.com)
  • A chemical risk assessment involves the identification of chemical hazards in the workplace and recommends controls to reduce exposure and minimize harm to workers. (hsseworld.com)
  • During the site visit NIOSH met with management and employee representatives, observed work activities, assessed PPE use, evaluated ventilation for the screen printing and spray painting operations, and measured exposures to toluene, n-hexane, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, and cyclohexanone. (cdc.gov)
  • Additionally, exposure to the combined mixture (additive exposure) of toluene, n-hexane, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, and cyclohexanone was low, based on NIOSH RELs and OSHA PELs. (cdc.gov)
  • The effects of toluene on animals are similar to those seen in humans. (knowyourh2o.com)
  • Bilateral vestibular dysfunction has been associated with hydrocarbon exposure in humans, but only recently has emphasis been placed specifically on the detrimental effects of JP-8 jet fuel and its numerous hydrocarbon constituents. (accas.info)
  • Papers eligible for inclusion had to be written in English, study health effects from passive exposure to EC vapour in animals or humans, test or analyse the EC vapour directly or in the ambient air (with an inference made about passive or second-hand vapour exposure). (phrp.com.au)
  • These included direct exposure studies involving humans and animals, and indirect exposure studies using volunteer EC users or smoking machines. (phrp.com.au)
  • Based on the measured exposure, elastomeric half-mask respirators equipped with organic vapor cartridges would provide adequate protection. (cdc.gov)
  • Proposition 65 also requires that consumers are warned about the hazards of exposure to wood dust. (magswitch.com)
  • Does this document clearly outline the systemic health hazards associated with exposures of the skin to the chemical? (cdc.gov)
  • As for what's to come in 2014, a study focused on the tertiary hazards from fire smoke and debris exposure to firefighters related to their PPE. (fireemsleaderpro.org)
  • Toluene diisocyanate vapor is heavier than air and may cause asphyxiation in enclosed, poorly ventilated, or low-lying areas. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, they may be exposed to higher levels than adults in the same location because of their short stature and the higher levels of toluene diisocyanate vapor found nearer to the ground. (cdc.gov)
  • Trichloroethylene (TCE) and Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) Exposures and Vapor Intrusion INFORMATION FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONALS This nfi ormatoi n is about very low -el ve lexposures to TCE and PCE due to vapor intrusoi n. (so-ella.com)
  • Mechanistic understanding helps the governmental regulator to establish legally binding safe limits for human exposure. (cloudaccess.net)
  • The route of exposure in mechanistic studies is usually the same as for human exposure. (cloudaccess.net)
  • Tobacco smoke and consumption of food tainted with combustion materials are the primary sources of human exposure. (vedantu.com)
  • When available, health assessors can refer to the toxicokinetic data analysis included in the MRL summary in the Toxicological Profile, which presents methods for extrapolating animal data to human exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • While no oral toxicokinetic studies of oral MDI exposure are available, the behavior of MDI substances in the stomach following gavage is expected to be similar to another aromatic diisocyanate. (europa.eu)
  • The International Agency for Research on Cancer also determined that toluene is not carcinogenic. (knowyourh2o.com)
  • The U.S. EPA determined there is inadequate information to assess the carcinogenic potential of toluene. (knowyourh2o.com)
  • On the basis of the carcinogenic potential of 2-nitrotoluene, for which there may be a probability of harm at any exposure level, it is concluded that 2-nitrotoluene is a substance that may be entering the environment in a quantity or concentration or under conditions that constitute or may constitute a danger in Canada to human life or health. (gc.ca)
  • The most commonly used diisocyanates include methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). (cdc.gov)
  • Cochleotoxicants can damage the hairs in the cochlea that are commonly damaged by high-noise exposures. (ohsonline.com)
  • In February, 2019, the California Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) proposed to list toluene-containing nail products as a Priority Product with a Chemical of Concern under the Safer Consumer Products (SCP) Regulation. (com.se)
  • An information resource for serving & former members of the Irish Army Air Corps suffering illness due to unprotected toxic chemical exposure in the workplace. (accas.info)
  • Exposure to toxic hydrocarbons was substantiated by the presence of JP-8 metabolite n-hexane in the blood of one of the cases. (accas.info)
  • Ever Wonder What Toxic Exposures to Gas Drilling Pollution Does to Children? (marcellusoutreachbutler.org)
  • For example, EPA's IEUBK Model external icon is a type of PBPK model that ATSDR health assessors should use when evaluating childhood exposure to lead in soil. (cdc.gov)
  • Toluene diisocyanate is produced commercially as an 80:20 (2,4-toluene diisocyanate:2,6-toluene diisocyanate) mixture of the two isomers. (cdc.gov)
  • Dermal - Possible exposure route for the who are particularly sensitive to the An acute-duration (14 days) inhalation isomers are 2,4-TDI and 2,6-TDI. (cdc.gov)
  • However, little is known about the potential adverse health effects of passive exposure to EC vapour. (phrp.com.au)
  • The aim of this paper is to summarise and review all studies that have examined potential adverse health effects of passive exposure from inhaling EC vapour. (phrp.com.au)
  • Specifically, our research objectives were to describe 1) the absolute impact of passive exposure from inhaling vapour when compared with background, and 2) the relative impact of passive exposure from inhaling vapour when compared with passive exposure from inhaling conventional cigarette smoke. (phrp.com.au)
  • The majority of studies determined that passive exposure to EC vapour may pose a health risk to bystanders. (phrp.com.au)
  • Our review found that the absolute impact from passive exposure to EC vapour has the potential to lead to adverse health effects. (phrp.com.au)
  • The risk from being passively exposed to EC vapour is likely to be less than the risk from passive exposure to conventional cigarette smoke. (phrp.com.au)
  • Preventing exposure to isocyanates is a critical step in eliminating the health hazard. (cdc.gov)
  • Since the most relevant route of exposure is inhalation hazard characterization shall preferably be performed via inhalation. (europa.eu)
  • The main effect of toluene is on the brain and nervous system, but animals exposed to moderate or high levels of toluene also show harmful effects in their liver, kidneys, and lungs and impaired immune function. (knowyourh2o.com)
  • Health risk assessments have greatest impact in enabling the detection of any potential exposure-related harmful effects either at the time of exposure or for prolong periods following exposure. (envrexperts.com)
  • The information you will need during this part of the PHA process will vary by the contaminants of concern, site-specific exposures, and particular concerns related to the site. (cdc.gov)
  • Inhalation is the main route of exposure to toluene diisocyanate. (cdc.gov)
  • route of exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Oral - Unlikely route of exposure for the Asthma and symptoms of asthma, such solid. (cdc.gov)
  • No study by dermal route available, data derived from a well-conducted subchronic 90 day inhalation study in mouse and rat. (europa.eu)
  • Animal studies demonstrate that isocyanate skin exposure may be an effective route of sen- that skin exposure to chemical and protein allergens is highly sitization and lead to subsequent asthma (2). (cdc.gov)
  • Engineering controls such as closed systems and ventilation should be the principal method for minimizing isocyanate exposure in the workplace. (cdc.gov)
  • Our results contribute to the growing body of evidence regarding air pollutant exposure and adverse birth outcomes. (cdc.gov)
  • 2.2.1 - Symptom of Exposure Health/Environment Highly Flammable (Flammable liquids, category 2) Inhalation studies on toluene have demonstrated the development of inflammatory and ulcerous lesions of the penis, prepuce and scrotum in animals. (sdsmanager.com)
  • A serious health concern is that toluene may have an effect on your nervous system (brain and nerves). (knowyourh2o.com)
  • The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulates worker exposure. (medscape.com)
  • Short-term, high-level exposures such as those frequently reported in case reports can result in acute reversible and irreversible health effects that involve the CNS and PNS. (medscape.com)
  • Exposure to oil and oil products either directly or indirectly causes severe health issues in human that are principally depend on the type of contact with the oil spill. (envrexperts.com)
  • Other contributing factors that affect the human health upon oil exposure are what kind of exposure and how much exposure there was. (envrexperts.com)
  • The presentations covered a wide range of topics including ecologic impacts and forest fragmentation, gas well leakage and casing failures, climate change, air quality, water usage and monitoring, well water quality, isotopic signatures as tracers, human and animal health exposures, as well as local governmental responses and the socioeconomic impacts of the boom-bust cycle. (ernstversusencana.ca)
  • This section provides an overview of how to examine factors that influence whether an exposure to a contaminant could produce harmful health effects and how these factors weigh into your public health conclusions. (cdc.gov)
  • As depicted in the figure below, multiple factors influence whether an exposure could result in harmful health effects, as well as the type and severity of those health effects. (cdc.gov)
  • Whether an exposure could lead to an adverse health outcome depends on the characteristics of exposure and the exposed population (e.g., developmental stage, existing disease state, genetic factors) that could make them more susceptible to site-related exposures. (cdc.gov)
  • The continued occurrence of that impair skin barrier function, such as filaggrin gene mutations or isocyanate asthma, frequently in settings with minimal airborne skin trauma, may facilitate allergen entry and promote Th2-like levels and opportunities for skin exposure, has raised concerns sensitization and subsequent asthma. (cdc.gov)
  • In fact, few facilities consider any exposures other than the recorded noise levels when addressing NIHL. (ohsonline.com)
  • Prudent decisions based on animal studies and human experience are used to establish safe exposure levels. (cloudaccess.net)
  • Some PAH air levels were above occupational exposure limits during overhaul. (fireemsleaderpro.org)
  • All VOC air levels were below occupational exposure limits during overhaul. (fireemsleaderpro.org)
  • Skin exposure methodologies are being developed to in- corporate skin exposure assessment into epidemiology studies in- A basic understanding of skin structure and function is needed vestigating asthma risk factors. (cdc.gov)
  • SYMPTOMS: Symptoms of exposure to this compound may include irritation. (bufack.pics)
  • Its odor threshold of 2.1 ppm is 100 times greater than the OSHA permissible exposure limit (0.02 ppm). (cdc.gov)
  • Previous studies have reported positive associations between maternal exposure to air pollutants and several adverse birth outcomes. (cdc.gov)