BisphenolEFSABaby bottlesToxicContainersPolycarbonateEndocrineEpoxyEstimatesHealthHumanProductsHighStudiesPlasticEuropeanRiskPotentialSpecificFoodDrugFoundEndocrine disruptorMaternalPlacentaGlucuronideDosesConcentrationsPlacentalUteroTissuesBisphenolsOestrogenToxicityPregnancyMetabolismAccumulationRatsReproductiveExamineCompoundControversyVulnerableHumansRegulationDevelopmentalHormoneInfantsMothersEffectsProductionAffectEvidenceDemonstrateDataEarlyBackgroundRole
Bisphenol3
- Bisphenol A (BPA) is produced by condensation of two moles of phenol with one mole of acetone at low pH and high temperature, and is generally referred to as 2,2- (4,4-hydroxyphenyl) propane. (ac.ir)
- Bisphenol A controversy centers on concerns and debates about the biomedical significance of bisphenol A (BPA), which is a precursor to polymers that are used in some consumer products, including some food containers. (wikipedia.org)
- The much debated EDC bisphenol A (BPA) was used for a case study in a large part of this work. (5dok.org)
EFSA2
- Using reverse dosimetry and HBM exposure data from five European countries (east, west and south Europe) combined with the proposed ADI (acceptable daily intake) of EFSA for Gly of 0.1 mg/kg bw/day (based on histopathological findings in the salivary gland of rats) indicated no human health risks for Gly in the studied populations at the moment. (bvsalud.org)
- According to the report of European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) value of BPA is 5 mg/kg/day and the TDI is 0.05 mg/kg/day [ 18 ]. (ac.ir)
Baby bottles2
- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ended its authorization of the use of BPA in baby bottles and infant formula packaging, based on market abandonment, not safety. (wikipedia.org)
- The European Union and Canada have banned BPA use in baby bottles. (wikipedia.org)
Toxic3
- Since liver detoxification enzymes are not fully developed in fetal and neonatal period yet, it is thought that the toxic effects of BPA are even more serious during this crucial time [ 17 ]. (ac.ir)
- A new class-action lawsuit in the US alleges Coca-Cola and Simply Tropical fruit juice deceived customers with claims of an all-natural, healthy product when the juice has been found to be contaminated with toxic PFAS at levels "hundreds of times" above federal advisory limits for drinking water. (pops.int)
- Regulatory agencies commonly gave more weight to standard than non-standard studies in risk assessment of BPA, despite the growing amount of research indicating that toxic effects at low doses were being overlooked. (5dok.org)
Containers1
- Heating BPA-coated containers at high temperature results in the deterioration of the structure of epoxy resins and release of hydrolyzed BPA products into the foods, primarily due to prolonged use of plastic containers and the long shelf life of such packages [ 15 ]. (ac.ir)
Polycarbonate1
- The most common route of exposure is through to be the consumption of food and beverages from polycarbonate bottles and epoxy resin-coated packages [ 14 ]. (ac.ir)
Endocrine3
- Further, human exposure may occur occasionally to such natural endocrine disruptors as soybean compounds, like genistein and daidzein [ 8 ]. (ac.ir)
- The concerns began with the hypothesis that BPA is an endocrine disruptor, i.e. it mimics endocrine hormones and thus has the unintended and possibly far-reaching effects on people in physical contact with the chemical. (wikipedia.org)
- Also, associations between exposure to such substances and endocrine-related health effects in the general population, as well as in wildlife, have been increasingly reported. (5dok.org)
Epoxy2
- however, due to BPA health concerns, in Japan epoxy coating was mostly replaced by PET film. (wikipedia.org)
- Epoxy resin may or may not contain BPA, and is employed to bind gutta percha in some root canal procedures. (wikipedia.org)
Estimates1
- Although there are no estimates for the amount of BPA used in thermal paper in the United States, in Western Europe, the volume of BPA reported to be used in thermal paper in 2005/2006 was 1,890 tonnes per year, while total production was estimated at 1,150,000 tonnes per year. (wikipedia.org)
Health3
- Overall, the HBM data suggest a low health concern, at population level, related to pyrethroid exposure for the populations covered by the studies, even though a potential risk for highly exposed children cannot be completely excluded. (bvsalud.org)
- It provides information on real-life human exposures and is increasingly used to prioritize chemicals of health concern and to evaluate the success of chemical policies. (bvsalud.org)
- The basis for the interest is their widespread use, high exposure and possible health problems they may cause. (ac.ir)
Human2
- This manuscript describes the organization of the first HBM4EU-aligned studies that obtain comparable human biomonitoring (HBM) data of European citizens to monitor their internal exposure to environmental chemicals. (bvsalud.org)
- Furthermore, some studies suggest that dermal absorption may contribute some small fraction to the overall human exposure. (wikipedia.org)
Products1
- BPA is rarely encountered in industrial products: it is invariably bound in a polymeric structure. (wikipedia.org)
High1
- In February 2016, France stated that it intends to propose BPA as a REACH Regulation candidate substance of very high concern (SVHC). (wikipedia.org)
Studies2
- The U.S. FDA states "BPA is safe at the current levels occurring in foods" based on extensive research, including two more studies issued by the agency in early 2014. (wikipedia.org)
- Studies document potential spreading and accumulation of BPA in paper recycling, suggesting its presence for decades in paper recycling loop even after a hypothetical ban. (wikipedia.org)
Plastic3
- The Turkish Food Codex specifies the migration limit of BPA at 0.6 mg/kg in the Communiqué on plastic materials and those in contact with foodstuff [ 20 ]. (ac.ir)
- Concerns therefore about exposure focus on the degradation, mainly by hydrolysis, of these polymers and the plastic objects derived therefrom. (wikipedia.org)
- When used in thermal paper, BPA is present as "free" (i.e., discrete, non-polymerized) BPA, which is likely to be more available for exposure than BPA polymerized into a resin or plastic. (wikipedia.org)
European2
- The arrangements made with BPA in Turkey complies with the European :union: directives. (ac.ir)
- European data indicate that the use of BPA in paper may also contribute to the presence of BPA in the stream of recycled paper and in landfills. (wikipedia.org)
Risk1
- The probabilistic refinement quantified the risk level of the most exposed population (Belgium) at 2% or between 1-0.1% depending on the assumptions. (bvsalud.org)
Potential1
- Finally, regression analyses did not find clear associations between urinary exposure biomarkers and analyzed potential exposure determinants. (bvsalud.org)
Specific1
- In the Commission's directive #: 2002/72/EC on materials, especially those in contact with foodstuff, the specific migration limit of BPA is set at 0.6 mg/kg [ 19 ]. (ac.ir)
Food2
- In the U.S., less than 5% of the BPA produced is used in food contact applications, but remains in the canned food industry and printing applications such as sales receipts. (wikipedia.org)
- On 20 February 2018, Packaging Digest reported that "At least 90%" of food cans no longer contained BPA. (wikipedia.org)
Drug1
- BPA was never used as a drug. (wikipedia.org)
Found1
- In the early 1930s, the British biochemist Edward Charles Dodds tested BPA as an artificial estrogen, but found it to be 37,000 times less effective than estradiol. (wikipedia.org)
Endocrine disruptor1
- The concerns began with the hypothesis that BPA is an endocrine disruptor, i.e. it mimics endocrine hormones and thus has the unintended and possibly far-reaching effects on people in physical contact with the chemical. (wikipedia.org)
Maternal6
- Biomonitoring studies and laboratory experiments document free BPA in rat and human maternal, placental, and fetal tissues, indicating that human BPA exposure is not negligible. (nih.gov)
- Novel paired maternal and fetal pregnancy data sets for total, unconjugated, and conjugated BPA and BPS plasma concentrations from three independent studies in pregnant sheep were used for model calibration. (nih.gov)
- The nine-compartment (maternal blood, liver, kidney, fat, placenta and rest of body, and fetal liver, blood and rest of body) models simulated maternal and fetal experimental data for both BPA and BPS within one standard deviation for the majority of the experimental data points, highlighting the robustness of both models. (nih.gov)
- Simulations were run to examine fetal exposure following daily maternal exposure to BPA or BPS at their tolerable daily intake dose over a two-week period. (nih.gov)
- BPA can be transferred to rodent offspring through the placenta and in maternal milk, but quantities found are only a very small fraction of the amount administered to the mother. (medscape.com)
- The results suggest a significant role of early-life exposure to maternal obesity- and fetal growth-related factors in childhood cancer development. (bvsalud.org)
Placenta2
- These arguments fail to consider the deconjugation of BPA glucuronide in utero by β-glucuronidase, an enzyme that is present in high concentrations in placenta and various other tissues. (nih.gov)
- The pattern of these detections is consistent with deconjugation in the placenta, resulting in fetal exposure. (nih.gov)
Glucuronide5
- Rather, we focus on an element that has not received critical attention: the claim raised by the EFSA that rapid metabolic clearance of BPA via first-pass glucuronide metabolism minimizes internal exposure to free BPA ( EFSA 2008 ). (nih.gov)
- The EFSA (2008) pointed to pharmacokinetic data in humans showing rapid BPA metabolism to the glucuronide conjugate as reason to decrease emphasis on the low-dose effects seen in rodents. (nih.gov)
- [ 1 , 6 ] The results of these investigations show that BPA is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after ingestion and is then converted to a number of metabolites, mainly BPA glucuronide, in the liver. (medscape.com)
- The results showed that BPA glucuronide is very rapidly formed and excreted in urine, and that this process is essentially complete within 24 hours. (medscape.com)
- For another, the very complete conversion to the BPA glucuronide means that effects in rodents due to the parent compound (BPA) are unlikely to be found in humans. (medscape.com)
Doses9
- To determine the toxicologic implications of the above exposure values, an assessment of the doses required to produce human toxicity is mandatory. (medscape.com)
- Although there is general agreement about the ability of BPA to cause adverse effects in these animals when administered at high doses, its ability to cause effects at low doses has been a matter of contention. (medscape.com)
- [ 8 ] This conflict has mainly centered on the possibility of adverse reproductive and developmental effects from low-dose BPA exposure, and has focused on whether or not BPA acts as a hormone disruptor or modulator at such doses. (medscape.com)
- One study [ 12 ] showed that extremely high doses, 1250 mg/kg bw/day, led to fetal toxicity, but this finding is of limited relevance because the effects only occurred in association with significant toxicity in the mother. (medscape.com)
- Even at such high doses, no fetal malformations were found. (medscape.com)
- The results indicate that BPA does not have carcinogenic potential even at very high doses. (medscape.com)
- Although there were some indications of genotoxicity at high doses in a limited number of studies, the weight of evidence from all of the standard assays indicates that BPA is not mutagenic. (medscape.com)
- Furthermore, it has been shown that high doses of BPA in adult female mice reduced the number of embryonic implantation sites, delayed the transfer of embryos from the fallopian tube to the uterus, damaged pre-implantation blastocyst development and inhibited implantation ( 30 , 43 ). (sciendo.com)
- In the offspring of mice exposed to low doses of BPA in the prenatal period, a higher frequency of uterine proliferative changes were observed, in particular, atypical uterine stromal hyperplasia, polyps and cervical sarcoma ( 29 ). (sciendo.com)
Concentrations1
- METHODS: We measured urinary BPA concentrations at up to two prenatal and six postnatal time points from the 2nd trimester of pregnancy until the child was age 8years. (bvsalud.org)
Placental1
- We have recently demonstrated that BPS, much like BPA, can cross the placental barrier and disrupt placental function. (nih.gov)
Utero1
- Infants and children are particularly vulnerable to in utero and early-life exposures. (bvsalud.org)
Tissues1
- For example, the more rapid excretion in humans leaves less time for interactions of BPA and its metabolites with tissues. (medscape.com)
Bisphenols2
- Differences in physicochemical properties, toxicokinetics, and exposure outcomes between BPA and other bisphenols prevent direct extrapolation of existing BPA PBTK models to BPS. (nih.gov)
- Both bisphenols primarily affects the human endocrine system and BPA also predisposes those exposed to the occurrence of diseases of civilisation, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes ( 33 ). (sciendo.com)
Oestrogen1
- The molecular structure of BPA is similar to the female hormone oestrogen and has a negative effect on the reproductive system, hindering conception, and predisposing women to polycystic ovary syndrome, girls to premature puberty or men to reduced sperm quality ( 35 ). (sciendo.com)
Toxicity1
- What Is the Toxicity of BPA? (medscape.com)
Pregnancy4
- The current study aimed to develop pregnancy-specific PBTK (p-PBTK) models for BPA and BPS, using a common p-PBTK model structure. (nih.gov)
- Thus, a mother's exposures before and during pregnancy could have important consequences for her child's health, including cancer development. (bvsalud.org)
- Moreover, alterations in the expression of three genes: homeobox A13 (HOXA13), Wnt Family Member 4 (WNT4), and Wnt Family Member 5A (WNT5A) were observed in the uteri of macaque foetuses whose mothers were exposed to BPA in the third trimester of pregnancy. (sciendo.com)
- Moreover, thicker uterine epithelia and stroma, and diminished epithelial apoptosis were also observed in adult offspring whose mothers were exposed to BPA during pregnancy and lactation ( 27 ). (sciendo.com)
Metabolism1
- A number of studies of the metabolism of BPA have been performed in rodents, mainly rats. (medscape.com)
Accumulation2
- [ 2 ] There is no evidence of accumulation of BPA in the fetus. (medscape.com)
- Studies document potential spreading and accumulation of BPA in paper recycling, suggesting its presence for decades in paper recycling loop even after a hypothetical ban. (wikipedia.org)
Rats5
- We evaluated evidence that BPA is cleared more rapidly in humans than in rats in relation to BPA risk assessment. (nih.gov)
- However, a recent study performed by Völkel and coworkers [ 7 ] with human volunteers indicates that humans metabolize orally administered BPA much more completely and more rapidly than rats. (medscape.com)
- Thus, understanding of the toxic effects of BPA is based mainly on studies of rats and mice. (medscape.com)
- It has been shown that BPA increases testosterone and estradiol production and decreases progesterone levels, reduces ovarian weight and the number of corpora lutea, increases the number of atretic follicles, and reduces the number of antral follicles in the ovaries of adult female rats during adolescence ( 11 ). (sciendo.com)
- Knowledge of the influence of BPA on uterine contractility is limited but research indicated that it may reduce the amplitude and frequency of contractions in immature ( 2 ) and cyclic rats in a dose-dependent manner ( 13 , 15 ). (sciendo.com)
Reproductive2
- Increasing the stakes is evidence for low-dose effects within the range of human exposure for end points that have implications for reproductive health and cancer. (nih.gov)
- The influence of BPA on the animal reproductive tract is less documented. (sciendo.com)
Examine1
- The first step in this assessment is to examine how BPA is metabolized by humans as compared with animals, so that the human relevance of the results of toxicology tests in animals can be evaluated. (medscape.com)
Compound3
- Because only the parent compound binds to the estrogen receptor, conjugation is a detoxification mechanism that represents the major clearance pathway for BPA. (nih.gov)
- BPA has been in use commercially for over 50 years, and workers producing this compound and its products (eg, epoxy resins) have been exposed to time-weighted average air levels to about 10 mg/m 3 over decades. (medscape.com)
- This compound can migrate from mother to foetus and affect foetal development, causing birth defects and compromising the immune system ( 9 ). (sciendo.com)
Controversy2
- The BPA controversy has gained momentum because of the quantity of BPA produced by the chemical industry. (wikipedia.org)
- Part 3 critically evaluates the law's response to the BPA controversy, using examples from various jurisdictions. (nzlii.org)
Vulnerable3
- This article argues that current laws are incapable of protecting our most vulnerable population from hazardous chemicals such as BPA. (nzlii.org)
- BACKGROUND: Early life BPA exposure could affect neurobehavior, but few studies have investigated whether there are developmental periods when the fetus or child is more vulnerable to these potential effects. (bvsalud.org)
- Foetuses and infants are particularly vulnerable to BPA exposure. (sciendo.com)
Humans4
- Rather, risk assessors need to decipher the BPA dose response and apply it to humans with comprehensive pharmacokinetic models that account for metabolite deconjugation. (nih.gov)
- Given that BPA is one of a large number of estrogenic chemicals to which humans are frequently exposed, this chemical represents something of a test case. (nih.gov)
- We find this argument to be simplistic, ignoring several lines of evidence that internal BPA exposure can be substantial in humans despite rapid conjugation. (nih.gov)
- Practically none of the BPA is retained in the bodies of humans. (medscape.com)
Regulation2
- In February 2016, France stated that it intends to propose BPA as a REACH Regulation candidate substance of very high concern (SVHC). (wikipedia.org)
- Part 4 investigates the precautionary principle and its role in the regulation of BPA. (nzlii.org)
Developmental1
- Part 2 discusses the science behind the developmental origins of disease and how BPA may be causing irreversible harm. (nzlii.org)
Hormone1
- Moreover, exposure to BPA resulted in a shortening of the time interval between the rise in the estradiol concentration and the pre-ovulatory luteinising hormone (LH) surge compared to the controls and generated changes in the number of follicles in the offspring of pregnant Suffolk sheep ( 42 ). (sciendo.com)
Infants1
- There is widespread BPA exposure to the general public, including pregnant women and infants, and the chemical is in the class of environmental hormones for which risk assessment approaches are still developing. (nih.gov)
Mothers1
- OBJECTIVES: We explored windows of vulnerability to BPA exposure in a multiethnic cohort of 228 mothers and their children from Cincinnati, Ohio. (bvsalud.org)
Effects3
- As part of the NTP studies mentioned above, [ 9 ] a careful evaluation of possible carcinogenic effects of BPA was performed. (medscape.com)
- This paradigm is particularly dicey for BPA as its effects are most likely to be felt during the early stages of development. (nzlii.org)
- The stimulating effect of BPA on the production of VEGF may have negative effects, leading to uncontrolled neovascularisation and, consequently, the development of pathological processes ( 12 ). (sciendo.com)
Production3
- World production capacity of BPA was 1 million tons in the 1980s, and more than 2.2 million tons in 2009. (wikipedia.org)
- Although there are no estimates for the amount of BPA used in thermal paper in the United States, in Western Europe, the volume of BPA reported to be used in thermal paper in 2005/2006 was 1,890 tonnes per year, while total production was estimated at 1,150,000 tonnes per year. (wikipedia.org)
- The annual production of BPA has been estimated at 2.2 million tonnes. (nzlii.org)
Affect1
- 3 Exposure to endocrine disruptors may affect the expression of genes inside the body. (nzlii.org)
Evidence1
- RESULTS: Among all children, there was not strong evidence that the associations between BPA and neurobehavior varied by the timing of exposure (Visit x BPA p-values≥0.16). (bvsalud.org)
Demonstrate1
- This article argues that placing the burden of proof on manufacturers to demonstrate the safety of products containing BPA is the best way to protect the public from toxic exposure. (nzlii.org)
Data1
- The rescaling allowed us, in the second step, to utilize available census tract-specific ancillary data on social vulnerability for small area estimation of local health risk using an area-level version of a logistic linear mixed model. (bvsalud.org)
Early1
- Further, arylsulfatase C, which reactivates endogenous sulfated estrogens, develops early in life and so may deconjugate BPA sulfate in newborns. (nih.gov)
Background1
- BACKGROUND: Local governments and other public health entities often need population health measures at the county or subcounty level for activities such as resource allocation and targeting public health interventions, among others. (bvsalud.org)
Role1
- It has also been shown that BPA upregulates the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the granulosa cells of porcine ovaries, which plays a role in angiogenesis, promoting endothelial cell growth and permeability. (sciendo.com)