• Flemming, H.-C. & Wuertz, S. Bacteria and archaea on Earth and their abundance in biofilms. (nature.com)
  • These may involve bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Acinetobacter. (wikipedia.org)
  • Biofilms have a low-oxygen environment below the surface where bacteria are metabolically inactive, and colistin is highly effective in this environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • Biofilms form when groups of bacteria cover themselves in a sticky mixture of sugars, protein, and DNA. (the-scientist.com)
  • Within the biofilm, bacteria take on different responsibilities. (the-scientist.com)
  • The present authors hypothesised that bronchoscopy with protected specimen brush may sample biofilm-forming bacteria adherent to the airway wall, whereas traditional sputum collection may not. (ersjournals.com)
  • Retrieved bacteria were genotyped, and grown in planktonic cultures and as biofilms, and susceptibilities to individual antibiotics and to antibiotic combinations were determined. (ersjournals.com)
  • Susceptibility to single antibiotics and to antibiotic combinations were not different between planktonically or biofilm-grown bacteria derived from sputum, as compared to those obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage and protected brush. (ersjournals.com)
  • One problem with relying on sputum samples to guide therapy is that biofilm bacteria may not be adequately sampled via sputum, since sputum expectoration only samples P. aeruginosa that have detached and dispersed from the airway biofilm 5 , 6 . (ersjournals.com)
  • However, studies have not previously been done to determine whether bacteria retrieved from sputum are more susceptible to antibiotics compared to bacteria retrieved directly from the airway biofilm. (ersjournals.com)
  • Thus, it is possible that PSB may directly recover P. aeruginosa bacteria that have aggregated as biofilms and adhered to the surface of the airway. (ersjournals.com)
  • The transcriptome subset varying between biofilm and planktonic cultures of P. aeruginosa Milciclib in vivo PAO1 has been reported [29]: fdx1 transcription was increased ca. 3 times in biofilms as compared to free living bacteria. (inhibitorlibraries.com)
  • Marine bacteria from the French Atlantic coast displaying high forming-biofilm abilities and different biofilm 3D architectures. (univ-ubs.fr)
  • No surviving planktonic bacteria are recovered, although 104 biofilm bacteria survive this treatment. (nursingdons.com)
  • Clinical isolates (n=30) of P. aeruginosa from CF patients were used to screen and evaluate a 17 novel anti-biofilm peptide candidate's activity (MIC/MBEC) in a high-throughput plate-based procedure, followed by confocal microscopy using live/dead bacteria staining. (edu.au)
  • Their ability to inhibit and disperse the bacterial biofilms in human primary airway epithelial cell cultures derived from the CF children were assessed using an air-liquid interface (ALI) cell culture biofilm model and GFP tag bacteria. (edu.au)
  • Here, novel short, synthetic cationic peptides were tested for their anti-biofilm effectiveness as well as their ability to inhibit and disperse P. aeruginosa biofilms.MethodClinical isolates (n=30) of P. aeruginosa from CF patients were used to screen and evaluate a 17 novel anti-biofilm peptide candidate's activity (MIC/MBEC) in a high-throughput plate-based procedure, followed by confocal microscopy using live/dead bacteria staining. (edu.au)
  • The MIC of antibiotics to biofilm-growing bacteria may be up to 1000-fold higher than that of planktonic bacteria. (medscape.com)
  • It is demonstrated that this approach using tobramycin combined with encapsulated probiotic has the ability to completely eradicate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in coculture, the two most widely implicated bacteria in chronic wounds. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Therefore, biofilm matrix gives the additional resistance power to bacteria which makes them to not only tolerate harsh conditions but also resistant to antibiotics which lead to the emergence of bad bugs infections like multi drug resistant, extensively drug resistant and totally drug resistant bacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pre-clinical studies indicate our active pharmaceutical ingredient is non-toxic to lung epithelial cells and penetrates lung sputum to kill bacteria, rivaling tobramycin as a therapeutic. (evoqnano.com)
  • EVŌQ Bio's API permeates biofilm, a protective environment for bacteria. (evoqnano.com)
  • Biofilm allows bacteria to thrive and become drug-resistant in a way that changes the physical nature of the biofilm, thus further protecting the bacteria. (evoqnano.com)
  • In addition, bacteria form a biofilm on and within the endotracheal tube that protects them from antibiotics and host defenses. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Although anti-swarmers exhibit the potential to yield clinical benefits, it is important to be aware of possible implications regarding biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance. (cranberryinstitute.org)
  • The following represents minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) susceptibility data for a few medically significant microorganisms: Escherichia coli: 0.12-128 μg/mL Klebsiella pneumoniae: 0.25-128 μg/mL Pseudomonas aeruginosa: ≤0.06-16 μg/mL For example, colistin in combination with other drugs is used to attack P. aeruginosa biofilm infection in lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • In conclusion, sputum collection provides as much information as bronchoscopy for characterising the genotype and antibiotic susceptibility of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in patients with stable cystic fibrosis. (ersjournals.com)
  • However, this regimen is varied according to patient experience ( e.g. drug allergy and/or intolerance), clinician judgement and the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the P. aeruginosa isolate. (ersjournals.com)
  • Application of the drug to P. aeruginosa biofilms increased bacterial susceptibility to tobramycin and SDS. (montana.edu)
  • Finally, the effect of adaptation to a panel of 48 antimicrobial agents including antibiotics, biocides and metals on biofilm formation, relative fitness and antimicrobial susceptibility was investigated. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Most reports are of bacterial biofilms, in which organisms have been shown to have an altered cell metabolism, slowed or suspended replication rates, and resistance to killing by antibiotics and macrophages ( 1 - 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Biofilms are home to millions of microbes, but disrupting their interactions could produce more effective antibiotics. (the-scientist.com)
  • When investigating potential applications of anti-swarming materials it is important to consider whether the lack of swarming corresponds with an enhanced sessile biofilm lifestyle and resistance to antibiotics. (cranberryinstitute.org)
  • In vitro studies have shown thatbiofilm-forming P. aeruginosa are significantly less susceptible to antibiotics compared to nonadherent forms 3 , 7 . (ersjournals.com)
  • Among the strategies for overcoming resistance to tobramycin and other antibiotics is encapsulation of the drugs in nanoparticles. (ehu.eus)
  • In an eloquent study, Scientists from the UK explored the library of quinazolinones (QZNs) antibiotics and discovered that a subset of PqsR QZN antagonists showed activity against biofilm as well as planktonic cells of P. aeruginosa and effectively damaged S. aureus biofilms, paving a path forward for exploiting the QZN scaffold for anti-infective/anti-biofilm drug development. (acutis.com)
  • The serial passage of biofilms selected for biofilm hyperproduction which was characterised by increased biomass deposition and phenotypic diversification but was not associated with intrinsic resistance to antibiotics. (uea.ac.uk)
  • The mechanisms by which this was achieved appeared to be through constitutive increase of intracellular c-di-GMP concentrations via mutations in the phosphodiesterase dipA, the yfiBNR signalling complex and bifunctional diguanylate cyclase/ phosphodiesterase morA, Next, whether biofilm and planktonic lineages took disparate evolutionary trajectories to resistance to the antipseudomonal antibiotics, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime and tobramycin was investigated. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Biofilm formation is typically resistant to antibiotics and no effective therapy has been developed yet for their treatment. (edu.au)
  • Six (HDP- 25,26,43,101,102,103) candidates were was found to exhibit anti-microbial, anti-attachment and anti-biofilm activity at 8-16 μg/mL compared with current conventional antibiotics (Amikacin 128-512 μg/mL/ Tobramycin 128-1024 μg/mL/ Ciprofloxacin 128-512 μg/mL). (edu.au)
  • The biofilm matrix can act as a barrier to delay the diffusion of antibiotics into biofilms [ 11 ] because antibiotics may either react chemically with biofilm matrix components or attach to anionic polysaccharides. (medscape.com)
  • [ 12 ] Antibiotics have been shown to readily penetrate biofilms in some cases, but poorly in others depending on particular antibiotics and biofilms. (medscape.com)
  • thereby, the slow growth rates of biofilm-growing cells will render them less susceptible to antibiotics. (medscape.com)
  • This work uses biofilm-inspired encapsulation of probiotics to confer temporary antibiotic protection and to enable the coadministration of probiotics and antibiotics. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Crowther GS, Callaghan N, Bayliss M, Noel A, Morley R, Price B. Efficacy of Topical Vancomycin- and Gentamicin-Loaded Calcium Sulfate Beads or Systemic Antibiotics in Eradicating Polymicrobial Biofilms Isolated from Diabetic Foot Infections within an In Vitro Wound Model. (kerrier.com)
  • Colistimethate sodium has also been given intrathecally and intraventricularly in Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa meningitis and ventriculitis Some studies have indicated that colistin may be useful for treating infections caused by carbapenem-resistant isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, we explored the antimicrobial activity of nanoencapsulated tobramycin, both in solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), against clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa obtained from CF patients. (ehu.eus)
  • The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and MBEC of nanoencapsulated tobramycin were slightly lower (1-2 logs) than the corresponding values of the free drug when determined in tobramycin-susceptible isolates. (ehu.eus)
  • Ceftolozane/tazobactam is a relatively recently available β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combination that has been shown to have preserved activity against difficult-to-treat P. aeruginosa isolates. (paganz.org)
  • While 9 of these 20 isolates were of mucoid colony morphotype, among the 40 biofilm negative isolates mucoid colony was detected in 16 of them. (omu.edu.tr)
  • Nine of these genotypes composed of biofilm positive isolates and 15 were biofilm negative ones. (omu.edu.tr)
  • Most of the biofilm positive strains belonged to K1 (n= 5) and K2 (n= 6) genotypes while biofilm negative isolates were in the L (n= 8) and O (n= 7) genotypes. (omu.edu.tr)
  • The data obtained from this study indicated that biofilm negative and positive P.aeruginosa isolates clustered in different groups. (omu.edu.tr)
  • 2010). The rationale behind recommending combination therapy is, in addition to attacking various biofilm bacterial subpopulations, prevention of the development of antibiotic resistance especially when hypermutable isolates are selected (Macia et al. (tcr-signal.com)
  • Colistimethate sodium may be used to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in patients with cystic fibrosis, and it has come into recent use for treating multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter infection, although resistant forms have been reported. (wikipedia.org)
  • We report a case in which Coccidioides immitis produced a biofilm on a medical device, resulting in a persistent infection with major clinical consequences for the patient. (cdc.gov)
  • Patients with bronchiectasis and chronic infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa have more frequent pulmonary exacerbations and hospital admissions, and reduced quality of life and survival, than those who are free of P. aeruginosa infection [ 1 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • Mikuniya T, Kato Y, Ida T: Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms with a combination of fluoroquinolones and fosfomycin in a rat urinary tract infection model. (srcpathway.com)
  • Conclusions Once-daily Arikace demonstrated acute tolerability, safety, biologic activity and efficacy in patients with CF with P aeruginosa infection. (bmj.com)
  • [ 16 ] After antibiotic treatment, only persister cells may survive, creating the reservoirs of surviving cells that may regrow to cause a relapsing chronic infection, which has been clearly described for cystic fibrosis-associated lung infections caused by P. aeruginosa [ 17 ] and for candidiasis by C. albicans . (medscape.com)
  • A total of 10 patients (83%) had a single strain of P. aeruginosa found using sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage and protected brush techniques, and two patients (17%) had two strains recovered in sputum, but only one strain was recovered using bronchoscopic techniques. (ersjournals.com)
  • Although tobramycin was initially effective against P. aeruginosa, tobramycin-resistant strains have emerged. (ehu.eus)
  • However, in tobramycin-resistant strains, the MIC and MBEC did not differ between either encapsulated form and free tobramycin. (ehu.eus)
  • P.aeruginosa strains isolated from these patients have often a mucoid phenotype at advanced disease. (omu.edu.tr)
  • The aims of this study were to investigate the biofilm formation and the relation of this property with genotype and antibiotic susceptibilities of P.aeruginosa strains isolated from CF patients. (omu.edu.tr)
  • Herein, we evaluated the in vitro antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antivirulence activities of eight FDA-approved "non-antibiotic" drugs, comparatively to tobramycin, against selected Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from cystic fibrosis patients. (univaq.it)
  • Although less well studied, medically important fungal biofilms also exist and have similar properties of antimicrobial resistance and attachment to indwelling medical appliances ( 3 - 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In this study, well-defined tannins present in multiple plant materials (tannic acid (TA) and epigallocathecin gallate (EGCG)) and undefined cranberry powder (CP) were found to block swarming motility and enhance biofilm formation and resistance to tobramycin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (cranberryinstitute.org)
  • In contrast, gallic acid (GA) did not completely block swarming motility and did not affect biofilm formation or tobramycin resistance. (cranberryinstitute.org)
  • However, highest rate of resistance was detected for tobramycin and lowest rate for piperacillin/tazobactam. (omu.edu.tr)
  • Design an experiment to identify genes important for biofilm resistance in P. aeruginosa. (nursingdons.com)
  • In this work, an experimental evolution model is validated and used to study the evolutionary trajectories to antimicrobial resistance in biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (uea.ac.uk)
  • One of the most intriguing and clinically relevant features of microbial biofilms is their significantly higher antibiotic resistance relative to their free-floating counterparts, which generates serious consequences for therapy of biofilm-associated infections. (medscape.com)
  • [ 10 ] Multiple biofilm-specific mechanisms are operated simultaneously in a reversible and transient manner contributing to the high levels of antibiotic resistance of biofilms, and these are distinct from the well-characterized intrinsic resistance mechanisms (e.g., expression of antibiotic-degrading enzymes, inducible decrease in antibiotic influx, inducible increase in antibiotic efflux and alteration in antibiotic target sites) employed by planktonic cells. (medscape.com)
  • If the time required for an antibiotic to penetrate biofilms is longer than the duration of antibiotic treatment, the slower penetration will explain the antibiotic resistance. (medscape.com)
  • Secondary outcomes included lung function (forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV 1 )), P aeruginosa density in sputum, and the Cystic Fibrosis Quality of Life Questionnaire-Revised (CFQ-R). (bmj.com)
  • An open-label extension (560 mg Arikace) for 28 days followed by 56 days off over six cycles confirmed durable improvements in lung function and sputum P aeruginosa density (n=49). (bmj.com)
  • In streams, bacterial biofilm organisms are a thousandfold more common than free-living planktontic organisms ( 2 ) . (cdc.gov)
  • Metabolic activity of the bacterial biofilm communities have altered as compared to the planktonic one such as increased rates of EPS production, activation or inhibition of particular genes associated with biofilm formation and decreased growth rate [ 39 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the PSB can sample directly from the airway biofilm and, thus, more accurately represent the state of P. aeruginosa in CF patients' lungs. (ersjournals.com)
  • These results should be supported with larger scale multi-center studies which may provide information about P.aeruginosa dynamics in CF lungs. (omu.edu.tr)
  • Here, novel short, synthetic cationic peptides were tested for their anti-biofilm effectiveness as well as their ability to inhibit and disperse P. aeruginosa biofilms. (edu.au)
  • We also investigated the efficacy of these formulations in biofilm eradication. (ehu.eus)
  • The minimal biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) was determined to assess the efficacy of the different tobramycin formulations against biofilms. (ehu.eus)
  • Our results demonstrate the efficacy of nanoencapsulated formulations in killing susceptible P. aeruginosa from CF and from other patients. (ehu.eus)
  • Time-kill assays indicated actinomycin D and ciclopirox, contrarily to 5-fluorouracil and tobramycin, have the potential for bacterial eradication, although with strain-dependent efficacy. (univaq.it)
  • Objectives To examine the safety and efficacy of 28 days of once-daily Arikace in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients chronically infected with P aeruginosa . (bmj.com)
  • 2008). However, inhaled tobramycin and oral ciprofloxacin, both of which target the metabolically active biofilm subpopulation, have been shown to have similar good results as inhaled colistin CHIR-99021 mw and oral ciprofloxacin in the early treatment of CF patients (Taccetti et al. (tcr-signal.com)
  • The synergistic effect of colistin and ciprofloxacin observed in in vitro biofilm studies might be tested only when quinolones become available for inhalation (Geller et al. (tcr-signal.com)
  • Methicillin-sensitive S. aureus , Streptococcus pneumoniae , and Haemophilus influenzae are most commonly implicated when pneumonia develops within 4 to 7 days of hospitalization, whereas P. aeruginosa , MRSA, and enteric gram-negative organisms become more common with increasing duration of intubation or hospitalization. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Adult patients with bronchiectasis who underwent treatment aimed at P. aeruginosa eradication between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2014 were identified from the clinical database. (ersjournals.com)
  • P. aeruginosa eradication was considered successful if all (and at least three) bacteriologic cultures from respiratory samples collected during the 6-month period following the eradication attempt were negative for P. aeruginosa . (ersjournals.com)
  • In order to select patients with recent acquisition of P. aeruginosa , we included only those who had never grown P. aeruginosa or those who were free of this bacterium for at least 2 years (and documented by five or more negative samples) before the eradication trial. (ersjournals.com)
  • Overall, the eradication success rate at 6 months was 52% (n=33), and 70% (n=23) of these patients remained P. aeruginosa free for at least 1 year. (ersjournals.com)
  • However, P. aeruginosa reside in the top layers of the biofilm, where they remain metabolically active. (wikipedia.org)
  • T. Bacillus subtilis biofilm formation and social interactions. (nature.com)
  • We studied, for the first time, the effects of mutants defective in biomineralization and calcite formation on biofilm development, resilience and morphology. (nature.com)
  • These data support the theory that nutritional conditions can elicit an inverse relationship between swarming motility and biofilm formation capacities. (cranberryinstitute.org)
  • Natural products have demonstrated different mechanisms of antimicrobial action, such as promoting cell wall rupture and lysis, inhibiting biofilm formation, preventing cell wall construction, interrupting microbial DNA replication, and inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial toxins to the host, among others [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Investigation of biofilm formation and r. (omu.edu.tr)
  • This mucoid structure contains a dense amount of alginate type polysaccharide which facilitates bacterial attachment to lung epithelia and provides protection from the immune system due to biofilm formation. (omu.edu.tr)
  • The biofilm formation was determined by using the Congo Red agar and Christensen methods. (omu.edu.tr)
  • In order to manage difficult-to-eradicate biofilm-associated chronic infections like UTIs, innovative approaches to tackling biofilm formation are urgently needed. (acutis.com)
  • Howlin RP, Brayford MJ, Webb JS, Cooper JJ, Aiken SS, Stoodley P. Antibiotic-loaded synthetic calcium sulfate beads for prevention of bacterial colonization and biofilm formation in periprosthetic infections. (kerrier.com)
  • iii) colony formation and biofilm maturation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Formation of biofilms in mycobacteria can be defined as similar as other biofilms communities. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Panels of studies have reported the role of various molecules in the biofilm formation and maintenance of its composition. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Glycopeptidolipids are indispensable for initial surface attachment during biofilm formation in Mycobacterium smegmatis [ 111 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our work provides an extended understanding of the metabolic interplay in biofilms and presents a new approach of investigating complex interactions in bacterial communities on the systems level. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 6: Local cycling of nucleotide and metabolic division of labor at biofilm periphery. (nature.com)
  • Following exposure to the antibiotic tobramycin, the growth and metabolic activity of encapsulated probiotics are unaffected by tobramycin, and they show a four-log survival advantage over free probiotics. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • 5. You treat 107Pseudomonas aeruginosa growing planktonically and as a biofilm with high levels of the antibiotic tobramycin (10 micrograms/ml) for 2 hours. (nursingdons.com)
  • 97% bio-volume reduction followed by induced disruption of the mature biofilms (ALI cultures), significant colony death (88-94%), 71% reduction in the production of the key chronic virulent factor pyocyanin, and 74% reduction of bacterial attachment to airway epithelial cells. (edu.au)
  • In this study, we established RAINBOW-seq and profiled the transcriptome of Escherichia coli biofilm communities with high spatial resolution and high gene coverage. (nature.com)
  • Fungal biofilms should be considered as a cause for treatment failure and fungal persistence, especially when artificial prostheses or indwelling catheters are present. (cdc.gov)
  • Biofilms also can produce chronic infections when they form on the surfaces of medical appliances such as catheters and prostheses ( 2 , 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Our study identified a novel mechanism maintaining Bacillus subtilis and Mycobacterium smegmatis biofilms-active production of calcite minerals. (nature.com)
  • Growth pattern of Mycobacterium species are different such as M. chelonae and M. fortuitum form biofilm as vertical and entire surface growth, respectively [ 93 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fig. 4: Cross-regional allocation of arginine from biofilm periphery to interior. (nature.com)
  • The raw data were deposited to the Gene Expression Omnibus ( GSE197541 for RAINBOW-seq data and GSE213531 for RNA-seq Δ sapD biofilm periphery and pyrimidine biosynthesis heterogeneity). (nature.com)
  • This results from tobramycin sequestration on the periphery of alginate beads which prevents its diffusion into the core but yet allows probiotic byproducts to diffuse outward. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Biofilms contain a small reversible subpopulation of so-called persister cells that adopt a slow- or nongrowing lifestyle through the emergence of small colony variants and are highly tolerant to extracellular stresses, such as antibiotic treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Just as different boroughs of a city might differ in levels of air pollution or abundance of organic supermarkets, different parts of the biofilm are exposed to wildly different levels of oxygen and nutrients. (the-scientist.com)
  • [ 20 ] Starvation is also found in biofilms owing to nutrient consumption by peripheral cells and reduced diffusion of oxygen and nutrients through biofilms. (medscape.com)
  • Guidelines published by the British Thoracic Society recommend treatment to eradicate P. aeruginosa when first isolated in respiratory tract samples of people with bronchiectasis [ 2 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • Recent evidence suggests that P. aeruginosa may actually grow as dense communities of exopolysaccharide-encapsulated biofilms adherent to CF patients' airways 2 - 4 . (ersjournals.com)
  • Data from one of the original trials on inhaled tobramycin showed dramatic improvement in lung function with a 28-day on/off cycle for inhaled tobramycin. (dkbmed.com)
  • Data from a 2013 trial, illustrated above, demonstrates an improvement in lung function, compared with tobramycin, in three cycles of the drug. (dkbmed.com)
  • Biofilms are matrix-enclosed populations of microorganisms adherent to each other or to surfaces or interfaces ( 1 ) . (cdc.gov)
  • To assess the possible roles of biomineralization in biofilm development, we grew wild-type B. subtilis cells on media in the presence or absence of calcium acetate as a calcium source. (nature.com)
  • For instance, the cells within a B. subtilis biofilm that are engaged in protease production are randomly determined. (the-scientist.com)
  • As a postdoctoral researcher in Dianne Newman 's lab at the California Institute of Technology, Dar developed a way to track gene activity across the entire biofilm with submicrometer resolution. (the-scientist.com)
  • The activity of tobramycin-loaded SLN was less than that of either tobramycin-loaded NLC or free tobramycin. (ehu.eus)
  • The activity against preformed biofilms was measured by crystal violet and viable cell count assays. (univaq.it)
  • Ciclopirox, 5-fluorouracil, and actinomycin D showed the best activity against P. aeruginosa planktonic cells and therefore underwent further evaluation. (univaq.it)
  • Interest in host defence peptides (HDPs) has grown due to their potential therapeutic applications and their possible use against biofilm. (edu.au)