Pertussis12
- Conventional pertussis animal models deliver hundreds of thousands of Bordetella pertussis bacteria deep into the lungs, rapidly inducing severe pneumonic pathology and a robust immune response. (cdc.gov)
- Immunization with human acellular pertussis vaccine, which prevents severe lung infections in the conventional pneumonic infection model, had little effect on nasopharyngeal colonization. (cdc.gov)
- Our infection model revealed that B. pertussis can efficiently colonize the mouse nasopharynx, grow and spread within and between respiratory organs, evade robust host immunity, and persist for months. (cdc.gov)
- Less than a century ago, Bordetella pertussis was rampant worldwide, causing pertussis (whooping cough) that killed millions of persons every year, mostly infants and children ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- Most of our knowledge of B. pertussis has been learned from animal models of pneumonic infection that were developed during an era guided by Koch's postulates ( 8 - 19 ). (cdc.gov)
- In pertussis models that emerged from this approach, large numbers of pathogen are introduced deep in the respiratory tract of animals, resembling extreme human infections in their severity and virulence but with more lung involvement than is generally clinically observed. (cdc.gov)
- As valuable as conventional high-dose models have been, the bolus introduction of many bacteria deep into the lungs bypasses many key steps in the highly infectious catarrhal stage of pertussis, the prolonged period of early infection involving milder nonspecific upper respiratory tract symptoms. (cdc.gov)
- To determine whether the advantage of B. parapertussis was manifest at earlier stages of infection, mice (four per group) were inoculated as in the previous experiment with a mixed 1 : 1 inoculum of B. pertussis and B. parapertussis and euthanized at days 1, 2, 4 and 7 postinoculation. (inhibitorkit.com)
- from the presence of B. pertussis in the infection. (inhibitorkit.com)
- To further explore the competition between these two organisms in a mixed infection, mice (four per group) were infected with mixed inocula Pirfenidone in vitro at ratios (B. pertussis to B. parapertussis) of 10 : 1, 3 : 1, 1 : 3 and 1 : 10 (106 total CFU). (inhibitorkit.com)
- Overall, these data show that B. parapertussis is able to outcompete B. pertussis in a mixed infection over a range of input ratios and apparently gains a greater advantage (higher CI) when the initial inoculum contains higher numbers of B. pertussis. (inhibitorkit.com)
- Rapid Identification of Bordetella pertussis Pertactin Gene Variants Using LightCycler Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Combined with Melting Curve Analysis and Gel Electrophore. (uitm.edu.my)
Escherichia1
- The enzymes involved in Lipid A synthesis are conserved among Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Salmonella. (wikipedia.org)
Inoculation1
- whether the advantage to B. parapertussis occurs early in the process of infection, experiments were conducted staggering the inoculation with the two organisms. (inhibitorkit.com)
Colonization2
Organisms1
- Immunocompromise (e.g., due to AIDS , organ transplant), disruption of resident flora balance (e.g., due to antibiotics ), or spread of resident flora to otherwise sterile areas (e.g., gastrointestinal E.coli entering the urethra ) can facilitate the excessive multiplication and/or spread of organisms, causing infection. (amboss.com)
Immune response2
- Delivery of large numbers of bacteria deep in the lungs predictably induces a vigorous and quantifiable immune response that begins to control infection within 2-3 weeks, reducing bacteria numbers below detectable levels within about 1 month ( 6 , 24 ) and providing an experimental system in which to develop and test vaccines to protect against such severe disease. (cdc.gov)
- Pathogenic bacteria may employ LPS with low biological activity of its lipid A to evade proper recognition by the TLR4/MD-2 complex, dampening the host immune response and increasing the risk of bacterial dissemination. (wikipedia.org)
Bacterial2
- When present in the body at high concentrations during a gram-negative bacterial infection, it may cause shock and death by an "out of control" excessive immune reaction. (wikipedia.org)
- four) can serve as an inhibitor of immune activation induced by Gram-negative bacteria, and synthetic versions of these inhibitors (Eritoran) were in clinical trials for the prevention of harmful effects caused by gram-negative bacterial infections. (wikipedia.org)
Responses4
- While its toxic effects can be damaging, the sensing of lipid A by the immune system may also be critical for the onset of immune responses to gram-negative infection, and for the subsequent successful fight against the infection. (wikipedia.org)
- They are being developed as drugs for the treatment of excessive inflammatory responses to infections with gram-negative bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
- During an infection, the immune system triggers a set of responses that limit the spread of the infectious agent and eliminate it from the body. (elifesciences.org)
- Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) could recognize lipopolysaccharide (LPS) coming from Gram-negative bacteria along with sets off inbuilt defense responses. (apoptosisblog.com)
Mice1
- We inoculated only the nasopharynx of mice to explore the course of infection in a more natural exposure model. (cdc.gov)
Treatment2
- Treatment with a TLR4 inhibitor or intrinsic and extrinsic inducers of apoptosis prevented LPS-delayed apoptosis. (avma.org)
- CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE LPS treatment delayed apoptosis of equine neutrophils in vitro for up to 24 hours in a dose-dependent manner by alteration of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis and was dependent on TLR4 signaling. (avma.org)
Early1
- Doxorubicin research buy The competitive advantage of B. parapertussis was observed as early as 24 h postinoculation (mean CI=7) and was maintained through the peak of infection (Fig. 1b). (inhibitorkit.com)
Mucosal1
- Similarly, antigens delivered by mucosal routes with CT as an adjuvant have been reported to be protective against pathology/infection with Schistosoma mansoni . (medscape.com)
Upper respi2
Inflammatory3
- They are being developed as drugs for the treatment of excessive inflammatory responses to infections with gram-negative bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
- While a certain level of inflammation is critical for humans to survive infection and injury, a prolonged inflammatory response can have fatal consequences. (bvsalud.org)
- IL-17 cytokine family members have diverse biological functions, promoting protective immunity against many pathogens but also driving inflammatory pathology during infection and autoimmunity. (nature.com)
Persistent infection1
- This immune modulation facilitates parasite invasion, survival, and establishment of a persistent infection. (bvsalud.org)
Protective2
- In this study, we show that Pw failed to generate protective immunity in TLR4-defective C3H/HeJ mice. (nih.gov)
- However, new approaches are needed to specifically regulate IL-17-mediated immunopathology in chronic inflammation and autoimmunity without compromising protective immunity to infection. (nature.com)
Significantly1
- In vivo experiments demonstrated that novel-miR1 was significantly upregulated during the 1-3 months following infection with C. pisiformis in rabbits. (bvsalud.org)
Human1
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a widespread sexually transmitted infection linked to various types of cancers. (preprints.org)
Cells1
- Lipid A (and LPS) has been demonstrated to activate cells via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), MD-2 and CD14 on the cell surface. (wikipedia.org)
Years1
- 65 years old) in Hong Kong in reducing flu infection. (preprints.org)