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Tibial NerveNerve FibersNerve Fibers, MyelinatedSciatic NerveTibial NeuropathyNeural ConductionPeripheral NervesSural NervePeroneal NerveAxonsNerve RegenerationEvoked Potentials, SomatosensoryOptic NerveRanvier's NodesMyelin SheathNeurons, AfferentH-ReflexElectric StimulationPeripheral Nervous System DiseasesSpinal Nerve RootsNerve Fibers, UnmyelinatedMotor NeuronsCatsMedian NerveTarsal Tunnel SyndromeNerve TransferNerve BlockSpinal CordReflexNerve Compression SyndromesElectromyographyMechanoreceptorsAction PotentialsNerve EndingsReflex, MonosynapticOptic Nerve DiseasesAfferent PathwaysEquinus DeformitySchwann CellsElectrodiagnosisRetinal Ganglion CellsNociceptorsDietary FiberMuscle Fibers, SkeletalMuscle, SkeletalSciatic NeuropathyPeripheral Nerve InjuriesNerve CrushFootMusclesOptic DiskCochlear NerveUlnar NerveDiabetic NeuropathiesHindlimbFacial NerveTomography, Optical CoherenceSkinSpinal NervesPhysical StimulationMuscle DenervationMicroscopy, ElectronTrigeminal NerveRats, Sprague-DawleyUbiquitin ThiolesteraseSensory Receptor CellsSympathetic Nervous SystemMuscle ContractionOphthalmic NerveNerve TissueNerve Growth FactorsMepivacaineFemoral NerveNerve DegenerationNeurofilament ProteinsRadial NerveEvoked PotentialsGanglia, SpinalMineral FibersMandibular NerveElectrophysiologyTime FactorsTranscutaneous Electric Nerve StimulationRana esculentaCalcitonin Gene-Related PeptideGlossopharyngeal NerveAdrenergic FibersGlaucomaNerve Growth FactorReaction TimeLegDemyelinating DiseasesWallerian DegenerationPhrenic NerveMuscle Fibers, Slow-TwitchMuscle Fibers, Fast-TwitchMuscle SpindlesUrinary Bladder, OveractiveVestibulocochlear NerveNeuromuscular Junction
Sciatic nerveAxonsNeuronsAxonConduction velocityAfferent fibersDorsalMorphometric parametersSensory fibersCranialImpulsesStimuliPostnatalSural nerveInfraorbital nerveCutaneousDistalSpinalMedianRegenerationMyelinAtrophySevereVagus nerveBiopsyNucleiNociceptorsPeripheral nerve repairPlexusChronicParametersElectrodesSomaticAssessmentEndoneuriumMotorMorphologicalMusclePainCMT1AStimulationLargelyDamageInjuriesVivoLossThresholdStudiesDifferent typesTransmissionFunctionGreaterElectrical
Sciatic nerve11
  • Sciatic nerve transection, early after birth, results in significant degeneration of spinal motoneurons as well as sensory neurons present in the dorsal root ganglia. (hindawi.com)
  • We found, in mice, that the sciatic nerve invasion by blood vessels begins around embryonic day 16 and continues until birth. (elifesciences.org)
  • Using mouse genetic models, the authors show that Schwann cells regulate vascularization of the sciatic nerve and are required for a decrease in vascular density postnatally. (elifesciences.org)
  • Background The rabbit sciatic nerve injury model may represent a valuable alternative for critical gap distance seen in humans but often leads to automutilation. (thieme-connect.com)
  • In this study, we modified the complete sciatic nerve injury model for avoiding autophagy. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Materials and Methods In 20 adult female New Zealand White rabbits, instead of transecting the complete sciatic nerve, we unilaterally transected the tibial portion and preserved the peroneal portion. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Nerve regeneration of the tibial portion of the sciatic nerve was evaluated histologically and morphometrically. (thieme-connect.com)
  • A clear difference between the distal segments of the healthy contralateral and the repaired tibial portion of the sciatic nerve was detectable, validating the model. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Conclusion By transecting the isolated tibial portion of the rabbit sciatic nerve and leaving the peroneal portion intact, it was possible to eliminate automutilation behavior. (thieme-connect.com)
  • 3 Geuna S. The sciatic nerve injury model in pre-clinical research. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Comparison of sciatic nerve course in amphibians, reptiles and mammals. (thieme-connect.com)
Axons9
  • The characteristic autopsy findings are extremely swollen axons in cranial nerves and dorsal and ventral nerve roots. (mhmedical.com)
  • Large diameter DRG cells mostly possess myelinated axons and respond principally to low threshold stimuli. (jneurosci.org)
  • Schwann cells wrap myelin around peripheral nerve axons for fast neural transmission 1 . (biorxiv.org)
  • Overall, the present data suggest that acute repair of neonatal peripheral nerves with fibrin sealant results in neuroprotection and regeneration of motor and sensory axons. (hindawi.com)
  • In the radial nerve, the myelinated fibers and axons, myelin sheath thickness, and unmyelinated axons were statistically greater in the SUBMAX and MAX. (bvsalud.org)
  • The neuronal cell bodies of a nerve's axons are in the brain, the spinal cord, or ganglia, but the nerves run only in the peripheral nervous system. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Nerves with axons that conduct electrochemical impulses toward the central nervous system (CNS) are afferent, nerves with axons that conduct impulses away from the CNS are efferent, and nerves with both afferent and efferent axons are mixed. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The components of the eighth cranial nerve (CN VIII) carrying axons that convey information regarding sound and balance between the spiral ganglion in the inner ear and the cochlear nuclei in the brainstem. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Peripheral nerves, connecting the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body, are composed of axons covered by myelinating and non-myelinating Schwann cells (SC). (elifesciences.org)
Neurons5
  • GDNF, but not nerve growth factor (NGF), can prevent several axotomy-induced changes in these neurons, including the downregulation of IB4 binding, TMP activity, and somatostatin expression. (jneurosci.org)
  • Experimentally, a well-accepted model to mimic axotomy injury retrograde repercussion to spinal neurons is the neonatal peripheral nerve axotomy [ 13 - 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • however, it is very fast compared to the speed of blood flow, with some myelinated neurons conducting at speeds up to 120 m/s (432 km/h or 275 mph). (wikipedia.org)
  • The dorsal root of a spinal nerve is the site for __________ neurons, whereas the ventral root is the site of __________ neurons. (brainscape.com)
  • Animals with pain after chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (CCI-Pain) displayed higher spontaneous and evoked activity in PB neurons, and a dramatic increase in after-discharges-responses that far outlast the stimulus-compared to controls. (iasp-pain.org)
Axon6
  • Fraser and Arieff postulated that neurotoxic compounds deplete energy supplies in the axon by inhibiting nerve fiber enzymes required for maintenance of energy production. (medscape.com)
  • Nielsen theorized that peripheral nerve dysfunction was related to an interference with the nerve axon membrane function and inhibition of Na + /K + -activated ATPase by toxic factors in uremic serum. (medscape.com)
  • An exam- ple of a slowly adapting position detector is a Type I Iggo corpuscle, featured by a myelinated axon ter- minating at the base of a small dome-like elevation in the skin (Merkel cells). (cdc.gov)
  • Proximally, the outer core is penetrated by a canal which contains a single myelinated pre- terminal axon (7-11 ,um across), continuous with a long naked axon terminal deep in the center of the corpuscle. (cdc.gov)
  • Ultimately, conduction velocities are specific to each individual and depend largely on an axon's diameter and the degree to which that axon is myelinated, but the majority of 'normal' individuals fall within defined ranges. (wikipedia.org)
  • We show that, while the axon guidance molecule Netrin-1 promotes nerve invasion by blood vessels via the endothelial receptor UNC5B during embryogenesis, myelinated Schwann cells negatively control intra-nervous vascularization during post-natal period. (elifesciences.org)
Conduction velocity6
  • Electromyography shows absent sensory action potentials, a slight reduction in motor nerve conduction velocity, and signs of denervation and reinnervation in the distal muscles of the lower extremities. (mhmedical.com)
  • GDNF also prevents the slowing of conduction velocity that normally occurs after axotomy in a population of small diameter DRG cells and the A-fiber sprouting into lamina II of the dorsal horn. (jneurosci.org)
  • Slowed nerve conduction velocity and conduction block can be observed at sites susceptible for compression while other regions are unaffected 10 , 11 . (biorxiv.org)
  • In neuroscience, nerve conduction velocity (CV) is the speed at which an electrochemical impulse propagates down a neural pathway. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nerve conduction velocity is just one of many measurements commonly made during a nerve conduction study (NCS). (wikipedia.org)
  • Slow nerve conduction velocity (NCV) less than 38 m/s is highly diagnostic and is a 100% penetrant phenotype independent of age (Lupski et al. (nih.gov)
Afferent fibers1
  • The neural elements of somatosensory receptors in the hands and feet represent the distal extreme of long afferent fibers, and thus, are par- ticularly vulnerable in the distal axonopathies. (cdc.gov)
Dorsal1
  • The afferent input from these fibers inhibits propagation of nociception carried in the small, unmyelinated C fibers by blocking transmission along these fibers to the target or T cells located in the substantia gelatinosa (laminae 2 and 3) of the dorsal horn. (medscape.com)
Morphometric parameters2
  • The morphological and morphometric parameters of sural nerve in these animals will be investigated. (fapesp.br)
  • Regarding axonal regeneration, coaptation allowed recovery of greater number of myelinated fibers, with improved morphometric parameters. (hindawi.com)
Sensory fibers2
  • Proprioceptors are innervated by type Ia, Ib and II sensory fibers, mechanoreceptors by type II and III sensory fibers, and nociceptors and thermoreceptors by type III and IV sensory fibers. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vetepin® is a neurolytic drug that promotes the temporary, selective and immediate blocking in type C unmyelinated nerve fibers, without damaging the type A myelinated nerve fibers, thus not causing any damage in the motor or sensory fibers. (vetnil.com.br)
Cranial3
  • Cranial nerves connect to the brain. (brainscape.com)
  • Symptoms of nerve injury include paresthesias, loss of sensation and position sense, impaired motor function, cranial nerve malfunction, changes in reflexes, and impairments in glandular secretion. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • cranial nerve for illus. (unboundmedicine.com)
Impulses5
Stimuli2
  • NCV = conduction distance / (proximal latency-distal latency) Many times, Needle EMG is also performed on subjects at the same time as other NCS procedures because they aid in detecting whether muscles are functioning properly in response to stimuli sent via their connecting nerves. (wikipedia.org)
  • The electrical stimuli on the skin preferentially activate low-threshold, myelinated nerve fibers. (medscape.com)
Postnatal1
  • This manuscript focuses on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying intra-nervous vascularisation of peripheral nerves during embryogenesis and early postnatal development. (elifesciences.org)
Sural nerve1
  • Nerve conduction velocities are severely decreased (sometimes less than 10 m/s), and sural nerve biopsy shows severe loss of myelinated fibers (summary by Baets et al. (nih.gov)
Infraorbital nerve1
  • The anterior superior alveolar nerves, branches of the infraorbital nerve (from CN V2), run in canals in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus and innervate the upper incisors, canines, premolars, and often part of the first molar. (unboundmedicine.com)
Cutaneous2
  • Usually, the electrodes are initially placed on the skin over the painful area, but other locations (eg, over cutaneous nerves, trigger points, acupuncture sites) may give comparable or even better pain relief. (medscape.com)
  • A cutaneous nerve of the forearm. (unboundmedicine.com)
Distal2
  • The pathologic features are severe axonal degeneration in the most distal nerve trunks with secondary segmental demyelination. (medscape.com)
  • 118210). Distal hereditary motor neuropathy (dHMN) (see 158590), or spinal CMT, is characterized by exclusive motor involvement and sparing of sensory nerves (Pareyson, 1999). (nih.gov)
Spinal4
Median3
  • Nerve conduction and EMG studies invariably show absent sensory potentials (sural, median, cubital) already in infancy and variable reductions in motor nerve conduction velocities (median, cubital, tibial). (mhmedical.com)
  • Nerve conduction studies performed on healthy adults revealed that age is negatively associated with the sensory amplitude measures of the Median, Ulnar, and Sural nerves. (wikipedia.org)
  • Negative associations were also found between age and the conduction velocities and latencies in the Median sensory, Median motor, and Ulnar sensory nerves. (wikipedia.org)
Regeneration4
  • Therefore, this study evaluated neuroprotection and regeneration after neonatal peripheral nerve coaptation with fibrin sealant. (hindawi.com)
  • Despite the crucial role of vascularization to ensure nerve homeostasis and regeneration, the mechanisms governing nerve invasion by blood vessels remain poorly understood. (elifesciences.org)
  • A systematic review of animal models used to study nerve regeneration in tissue-engineered scaffolds. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Nerve regeneration in different types of grafts: experimental study in rabbits. (thieme-connect.com)
Myelin1
  • Proper expression of the peripheral myelin protein of 22 kDa (PMP22), an integral constituent of the compact myelin sheath, is important for development and function of peripheral nerve fibers. (biorxiv.org)
Atrophy1
  • Muscle biopsy reveals angular fibers and atrophy. (mhmedical.com)
Severe1
  • The purpose of these studies is to determine whether nerve damage is present and how severe that damage may be. (wikipedia.org)
Vagus nerve1
  • The auricular branch of the vagus nerve is a sensory nerve emerging from the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve, joined by branches from the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and facial nerves, and innervating the lower part of the tympanic membrane and the floor of the external auditory canal. (unboundmedicine.com)
Biopsy1
  • The demyelinating neuropathies classified as CMT type 1 are characterized by severely reduced motor NCVs (less than 38 m/s) and segmental demyelination and remyelination with onion bulb formations on nerve biopsy. (nih.gov)
Nuclei3
  • The nuclei/fiber ratio was statistically higher in the LIMITED and UNLIMITED. (bvsalud.org)
  • The nuclei/fiber ratio was statistically higher in both trained groups than CONTROL. (bvsalud.org)
  • We concluded that rodents submitted to high-intensity, high-volume LRT, but limited climbing volume per session, presented more significant type I, IIa, IIx/b, and mean fCSA, higher nuclei/fiber ratio, and greater maximum carrying capacity. (bvsalud.org)
Nociceptors1
  • Nociceptors for pain also appear to be "free nerve" endings in skin and muscle. (cdc.gov)
Peripheral nerve repair2
  • To date, neonatal peripheral nerve repair following neurotmesis is largely limited due to technical drawbacks. (hindawi.com)
  • 1 Siemionow M, Brzezicki G. Chapter 8: current techniques and concepts in peripheral nerve repair. (thieme-connect.com)
Plexus2
  • Diabetic amyotrophy is predominantly a motor condition that involves various elements of the lumbosacral plexus, particularly those related to the femoral nerve. (medlink.com)
  • The trapezius muscle is innervated by nerves from which plexus? (brainscape.com)
Chronic1
  • Krishnan and colleagues investigated axonal membrane properties by measuring nerve excitability in chronic renal failure patients before, during and after hemodialysis. (medscape.com)
Parameters1
  • Also, we correlated the training parameters with the muscle fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA). (bvsalud.org)
Electrodes2
  • Nerve conduction studies are performed as follows: Two electrodes are attached to the subject's skin over the nerve being tested. (wikipedia.org)
  • A transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) unit consists of 1 or more electrical-signal generators, a battery, and a set of electrodes. (medscape.com)
Somatic1
Assessment1
  • The assessment of nerve injury includes a careful neurological examination, sometimes accompanied by tests, e.g., electromyography or nerve conduction studies. (unboundmedicine.com)
Endoneurium1
  • Bolton postulated that membrane dysfunction was occurring at the perineurium, which functioned as a diffusion barrier between interstitial fluid and nerve, or within the endoneurium, which acted as a barrier between blood and nerve. (medscape.com)
Motor2
  • Indeed, treatment of DRG co-cultures from HNPP mice with PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors reduced focal hypermyelination and, importantly, treatment of HNPP mice with the mTOR inhibitor Rapamycin improved motor behavior, increased compound muscle amplitudes (CMAP) and reduced tomacula formation in the peripheral nerve. (biorxiv.org)
  • The posterior auricular nerve is a motor branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) that innervates the posterior and intrinsic auricular muscles. (unboundmedicine.com)
Morphological2
  • The present study aimed to compare the morphological response induced by different ladder-based resistance training (LRT) protocols on the peripheral nerve ultrastructure of young adult Wistar rats. (bvsalud.org)
  • The SUBMAX and MAX statistically increased maximum carried load (ML). In conclusion, the different LRT protocols induced similar morphological responses in radial and sciatic nerves, probably due to load progression and equal total load volume. (bvsalud.org)
Muscle1
  • Video used with permission from the Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas. (medlink.com)
Pain1
  • When painful peripheral stimulation occurs, however, the information carried by C fibers reaches the T cells and opens the gate, allowing pain transmission centrally to the thalamus and cortex, where it is interpreted as pain. (medscape.com)
CMT1A1
  • McAlpine (1989) proposed that the forms of CMT with very slow nerve conduction be given the gene symbol CMT1A (118220) and CMT1B, CMT1A being the gene on chromosome 17 and CMT1B being the gene on chromosome 1. (nih.gov)
Stimulation2
  • The second electrode records the impulse sent through the nerve as a result of stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) currently is one of the most commonly used forms of electroanalgesia. (medscape.com)
Largely1
  • Largely generalized, normal conduction velocities for any given nerve will be in the range of 50-60 m/s. (wikipedia.org)
Damage1
  • As a result, uremic toxins may enter the endoneural space at either site and cause direct nerve damage and water and electrolyte shifts with expansion or retraction of the space. (medscape.com)
Injuries2
Vivo1
  • In 1971, Dyck and colleagues established the current concept of uremic neuropathy based on their extensive nerve conduction studies in vivo and in vitro, as well as light and electron microscopy studies. (medscape.com)
Loss1
  • Clinically, patients suffer from sensory loss as well as palsies and paresthesia upon mechanical stress on the nerve 5 , 6 . (biorxiv.org)
Threshold1
  • Multiple generator potentials may summate to the threshold necessary for trig- gering a nerve impulse (action potential). (cdc.gov)
Studies1
  • CV is an important aspect of nerve conduction studies. (wikipedia.org)
Different types1
Transmission2
  • [ 7 ] The gate usually is closed, inhibiting constant nociceptive transmission via C fibers from the periphery to the T cell. (medscape.com)
  • After 8 weeks, the radial and sciatic nerves were removed and prepared for transmission electron microscopy. (bvsalud.org)
Function1
  • Peripheral nerves are vascularized by a dense network of blood vessels to guarantee their complex function. (elifesciences.org)
Greater1
  • The MAX group had greater unmyelinated fibers than SUBMAX. (bvsalud.org)
Electrical1
  • TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulator). (medscape.com)