Thyroid and parathyroid disorders. Medical search. Frequent questions

Tumors of the parathyroid glands are rarely cancerous. (sheaclinic.com)
Excess parathyroid hormone can present as hypercalcemia and pituitary tumors often produce prolactin or growth hormone. (picmonic.com)
Parathyroid tumors are characteristically involved with MEN1 and present as hypercalcemia. (picmonic.com)
Tumors in the thyroid, adrenal, or parathyroid glands may occur years apart. (medlineplus.gov)
Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes are rare, inherited disorders in which several endocrine glands develop noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant) tumors or grow excessively without forming tumors. (msdmanuals.com)
In contrast to patients who have sporadic cases of medullary thyroid carcinoma with solitary tumors, patients with MEN 2A have bilateral and multifocal disease. (medscape.com)
Individuals in the United States can also be exposed to radioiodine, primarily 123I and 131I, as a result of clinical procedures in which radioiodine compounds are administered to detect abnormalities of the thyroid gland or to destroy the thyroid gland to treat thyrotoxicosis or thyroid gland tumors. (cdc.gov)

This study evaluates if positive thyroid antibodies are associated with thyroid carcinoma, and examines the role of thyroid antibodies in the management of thyroid nodules. (perthendocrinesurgeon.com.au)
Our physicians have extensive experience with a variety of these conditions, including thyroid nodules, goiter, thyroid cancer and hyperparathyroidism. (masseyeandear.org)
Thyroid nodules: These are lumps that can form in the thyroid gland. (patientsmedical.com)
Most thyroid nodules are benign (noncancerous), but some can be cancerous. (patientsmedical.com)
The thyroid gland will occasionally form solid lumps known as nodules, or fluid filled lumps called cysts. (dubuqueent.com)
Nodules sometimes produce additional thyroid hormones, which can cause hyperthyroidism. (dubuqueent.com)
How are thyroid nodules treated? (dubuqueent.com)
Thyroid nodules are lumps in the thyroid gland that may be solid or filled with fluid. (dubuqueent.com)
What Causes Thyroid Nodules? (dubuqueent.com)
Thyroid nodules may develop due to a variety of conditions such as iodine deficiency, excess tissue growth, thyroid cysts, goiter (enlarged thyroid), Hashimoto's disease (a thyroid disorder resulting in inflammation and reduced hormone production) and cancer. (dubuqueent.com)
if thyroid nodules run in your family, you are more likely to have them. (dubuqueent.com)
Nodules sometimes produce additional thyroid hormone, which causes an imbalance that leads to hyperthyroidism. (dubuqueent.com)
In rare cases, thyroid nodules turn out to be cancerous. (dubuqueent.com)
Benign nodules may be removed through surgery or thyroid hormone suppression therapy. (dubuqueent.com)
If nodules are causing hyperthyroidism, you'll likely receive radioactive iodine or anti-thyroid medication. (dubuqueent.com)
Surgery is the option of choice for malignant (cancerous) thyroid nodules. (dubuqueent.com)
Onsite ultrasound evaluation of the neck provides valuable information regarding the initial workup of thyroid nodules, the decision as to whether a nodule requires biopsy, initial treatment planning and staging of the neck, as well as follow up surveillance. (mountsinai.org)
The team in Westchester treats all types and stages of thyroid nodules, cancer and other thyroid conditions, as well as salivary disorders and conditions requiring oral surgery. (mountsinai.org)

A parathyroid gland adenoma is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. (thyroid.com.au)
Dr. Seib has clinical and research expertise in the surgical management of endocrine disorders in older adults, including primary hyperparathyroidism, thyroid cancer, and hyperthyroidism. (stanford.edu)
Dr. Seib focuses on providing individualized care for patients with thyroid malignancy, hyperthyroidism, primary hyperparathyroidism, and adrenal disorders. (stanford.edu)
Hyperthyroidism: This is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. (patientsmedical.com)
Hyperthyroidism is the result of excess thyroid hormone production. (dubuqueent.com)
This is usually done when thyroid cancer has been detected, an otherwise benign thyroid nodule grows so large it causes problems or hyperthyroidism (a disorder in which excess thyroid hormone is produced) does not respond to treatment with medications or radioactive iodine, though this is rare. (dubuqueent.com)

One in 500 people may develop a tumour that causes hyperparathyroidism, also known as parathyroid disease. (thyroid.com.au)
Rheumatic manifestations of endocrine disorders may present as a definite rheumatic disease (such as pseudogout in hyperparathyroidism), as rheumatic symptoms such as arthralgia and myalgia, as positive immune serology, or may mimic rheumatic diseases (e.g., skeletal abnormalities in hypoparathyroidism can mimic ankylosing spondylitis). (springer.com)
Carefully screen patients without a family history for pheochromocytoma and hyperparathyroidism because almost 19% of sporadic cases of medullary thyroid carcinoma are index MEN 2A cases. (medscape.com)
Hyperparathyroidism is a disease characterized by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone, an 84-amino acid polypeptide hormone. (medscape.com)
An elevated intact parathyroid hormone level with an elevated ionized serum calcium level is diagnostic of primary hyperparathyroidism. (medscape.com)
Patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism usually have low-normal calcium and elevated parathyroid hormone. (medscape.com)
Surgical excision of abnormal parathyroid glands offers the only permanent, curative treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism. (medscape.com)

For example, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, in which scarring and inflammation of the thyroid cause it to not make a sufficient amount of hormone, is treated with hormone pills. (sheaclinic.com)
They are part of the endocrine system, and they produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) to regulate calcium levels in the blood. (sheaclinic.com)
This overproduction of PTH can result from a tumor on one parathyroid gland or from certain chronic conditions that cause all the parathyroid glands to overproduce hormone. (sheaclinic.com)
Hypoparathyroidism is a condition where the body does not produce sufficient parathyroid hormone or PTH. (thyroid.com.au)
The parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which aids in your body's ability to keep a proper balance of phosphorus and calcium. (thyroid.com.au)
Thyroid hormone replacement therapy is given after surgery. (medlineplus.gov)
These hormones are produced by the thyroid gland in response to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain. (patientsmedical.com)
Graves' Disease: In Graves' disease, the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, causing it to become overactive and produce too much thyroid hormone. (patientsmedical.com)
This is because the four parathyroid glands, which are near your child's thyroid gland, do not produce enough parathyroid hormone. (rush.edu)
Hypothyroidism can be caused by disorders of the hypothalamus or pituitary centers in the brain, disorders that affect control of the thyroid hormone, blockage in the metabolic process of transporting thyroid or iodine in the thyroid gland itself, or the result of a hereditary disorder called Hashimoto's thyroiditis. (rarediseases.org)
Polyglandular deficiency syndromes are hereditary disorders in which several endocrine (hormone-producing) glands malfunction. (msdmanuals.com)
They may cause breathing and swallowing difficulties or affect normal thyroid hormone levels. (dubuqueent.com)
Treatment options include surgery, thyroid hormone suppression therapy, radioactive iodine or anti-thyroid medication. (dubuqueent.com)
In some cases, they may enlarge to the point of causing breathing and swallowing difficulties or stimulating overproduction of thyroid hormone. (dubuqueent.com)
Thyroid hormone supplementation is necessary following total thyroidectomy in carriers of RET mutations or following a diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma. (medscape.com)
Through their secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), the parathyroid glands are primarily responsible for maintaining extracellular calcium concentrations. (medscape.com)
The secretion of parathyroid hormone is regulated directly by the plasma concentration of ionized calcium. (medscape.com)
The main effects of parathyroid hormone are to increase the concentration of plasma calcium by increasing the release of calcium and phosphate from bone matrix, increasing calcium reabsorption by the kidney, and increasing renal production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 (calcitriol), which increases intestinal absorption of calcium. (medscape.com)
Thus, overproduction of parathyroid hormone results in elevated levels of plasma calcium. (medscape.com)
Parathyroid hormone also causes phosphaturia, thereby decreasing serum phosphate levels. (medscape.com)
Testing of the intact parathyroid hormone level is the core of the diagnosis. (medscape.com)
The serum level of parathyroid hormone, calcium, phosphorus, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D should be measured. (medscape.com)
Conversely, parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels decrease early on and increase back to mid-normal range by term [2 ]. (who.int)
This new resource offers healthcare providers valuable guidance on when to suspect a hormone disorder and how to test for it," he added. (medscape.com)

American Thyroid Association (ATA) Spring 2017 Satellite Symposium: Hypothyroidism - Where are We Now? (thyroid.org)
In most studies, thyroid diseases (mainly hypothyroidism) are more common in SLE patients. (springer.com)
Hypothyroidism: This is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. (patientsmedical.com)
There are several causes of hypothyroidism, including autoimmune disorders, surgery to remove the thyroid gland, and radiation treatment. (patientsmedical.com)
Hypothyroidism can also be caused by a deficiency of iodine, a mineral that is necessary for the production of thyroid hormones. (patientsmedical.com)
Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) is a disorder that can be genetic or acquired and may occur alone or as a symptom of another illness. (rarediseases.org)
For more information on these disorders choose "Hypothyroidism" and "Hashimoto" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database). (rarediseases.org)

These are the summaries of the publications regarding thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and general surgical diseases published by Dr Wong . (perthendocrinesurgeon.com.au)
Melanie L. Lyden, M.D., MHPE, is an endocrine surgeon with a special interest in parathyroid, thyroid and adrenal diseases. (mayoclinic.org)
In addition to her clinical activities, Dr. Lyden is an active leader in researching minimally invasive surgical techniques in the management of parathyroid, thyroid and adrenal diseases and is widely published. (mayoclinic.org)
Endocrine diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders which can affect nearly any body system including the musculoskeletal system. (springer.com)
Rheumatic diseases are associated with endocrine disorders which may have an impact on the clinical aspects of those diseases. (springer.com)
RA patients are more likely to have thyroid-related antibodies, and some studies indicate an increased prevalence of thyroid diseases in RA. (springer.com)
Pregnant SLE patients are more prone to develop thyroid diseases and pospartum thyroitidis, and in case they suffer from thyroid disease, they have an increased prevalence of preterm delivery. (springer.com)
Autoimmune thyroid disease is the most common, while rheumatic diseases are rare. (springer.com)
Endocrinology is a branch of medicine focused on testing and treating a variety of common endocrine disorders including diabetes, thyroid and parathyroid diseases. (spirehealthcare.com)
I am also highly experienced in surgical management of thyroid and parathyroid diseases. (upenn.edu)
Having treated thousands of patients with thyroid diseases and parathyroid conditions, our team of renowned experts is widely recognized for their expertise, vast experience, pioneering work, and research in these conditions. (mountsinai.org)
Genetic testing is used to confirm the presence of genetic diseases, as well as to measure your risk of developing a disease or of passing along a genetic disorder to a child.Today, there are hundreds of genetic tests, some of them for relatively common disorders, such as cystic fibrosis, and others for very rare diseases. (healthywomen.org)

These clinical thyroidologists also take on the role of interventional thyroid radiologists, and specialize in non-surgical procedures such as ablation therapy for thyroid and parathyroid cysts and recurrent neck thyroid cancer lymph nodes. (wikipedia.org)
She has received funding from the National Institute on Aging and the American Thyroid Association to study the surgical management of endocrine disorders in older adults and has a number of peer-reviewed journal publications on this topic that have received national attention, including being featured in the New York Times. (stanford.edu)
When certain conditions interfere with normal thyroid production, surgical removal of the thyroid gland is performed. (dubuqueent.com)
Certain disorders, infections, and surgical procedures can. (msdmanuals.com)
With nearly 100% penetrance of medullary thyroid carcinoma in MEN 2A patients, surgical intervention is recommended in all patients who are identified to carry the MEN2A gene. (medscape.com)

Removal of the overactive parathyroid gland(s) allows calcium levels to return to normal. (sheaclinic.com)
However, you may not be familiar with the parathyroid glands and how, if overactive, they can have a severe effect on your health. (thyroid.com.au)
Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type II (MEN II) is a disorder passed down through families in which one or more of the endocrine glands are overactive or form a tumor. (medlineplus.gov)
In this type, which develops in adults (particularly women), the adrenal and thyroid glands are underactive, although the thyroid gland sometimes becomes overactive. (msdmanuals.com)

Operative Management of Thyroid Disease in Older Adults. (stanford.edu)
A mail-out survey about screening and management of thyroid/parathyroid disorders in patients on lithium was sent to the ordering physicians of patients with abnormal results. (bvsalud.org)

Goiter: This is an enlarged thyroid gland that can be caused by a variety of factors, including iodine deficiency, autoimmune disorders, and cancer. (patientsmedical.com)

Even more rare are etiologies including parathyroid gland infiltration, external radiation treatment, and radioactive iodine therapy for thyroid disease. (nih.gov)

The parathyroid glands are located just behind the thyroid gland which is in the lower neck in the midline. (sheaclinic.com)
The parathyroid glands are located behind the thyroid, in your neck. (thyroid.com.au)

Patients with a family history of thyroid cancer , or who had radiation therapy to the head or neck are more prone to develop thyroid cancer. (sheaclinic.com)
The literature suggests an association between autoimmune thyroiditis and papillary thyroid cancer. (perthendocrinesurgeon.com.au)
Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid is a very aggressive and potentially fatal cancer, but early diagnosis and surgery can often lead to a cure. (medlineplus.gov)
His main areas of expertise are head and neck cancer, robotic surgery, minimally invasive head and neck surgery, thyroid problems, and sleep apnoea. (cromwellhospital.com)
Thyroid cancer: This is a rare type of cancer that develops in the thyroid gland. (patientsmedical.com)
Located at 244 Westchester Avenue, this state-of-the-art facility is uniquely dedicated to caring for patients with any type of thyroid disease or stage of thyroid cancer. (mountsinai.org)
Preoperative medical treatment may consist of prostaglandin inhibitors to alleviate diarrhea that may be associated with medullary thyroid cancer. (medscape.com)

The thyroid is part of the endocrine system, and it makes hormones to regulate physiological functions like metabolism (heart rate, sweating, energy consumed). (sheaclinic.com)
The thyroid gland hormones regulate the body's metabolism and affect growth and development, while the parathyroid glands regulate calcium levels. (wcppe.org.uk)
The thyroid is a gland located in the neck that produces hormones that regulate the body's metabolism. (patientsmedical.com)
The thyroid produces two main hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). (patientsmedical.com)
An imbalance in thyroid hormones can lead to a variety of health problems, including weight gain or loss, fatigue, and changes in heart rate. (patientsmedical.com)
When the thyroid gland is not producing enough thyroid hormones, it can lead to a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, and brittle hair. (patientsmedical.com)
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type II, also known as Schmidt syndrome, is a rare autoimmune disorder in which there is a steep drop in production of several essential hormones by the glands that secrete these hormones. (rarediseases.org)
An adequate intake of iodine is required for the production of thyroid hormones. (cdc.gov)

Endocrinology is the subspecialty of internal medicine that focuses on the diagnosis and care of disorders of the endocrine (glandular) system and the associated metabolic dysfunction. (acponline.org)
Endocrinologists care for patients who have complex hormonal disorders and metabolic conditions. (mayoclinichealthsystem.org)

In MEN I, the neoplasms typically originate from the pancreas, the parathyroid gland, and the pituitary gland. (picmonic.com)
hormonal state disorders of thyroid, parathyroid glands and pancreas. (asau.ru)

Most cases of this disorder are sporadic although some clinical researchers believe that there is a familial or hereditary trait associated with AIPS-II. (rarediseases.org)
Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, a hereditary immunodeficiency disorder, is persistent or recurring infection with Candida (a fungus) due to malfunction of T cells (a type of white. (msdmanuals.com)
The advent of genetic analysis has negated the need for pentagastrin stimulation testing to identify patients with hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma. (medscape.com)
Hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma syndromes: experience from western India. (cdc.gov)

One of our pediatric endocrinologists is a nationally recognized clinician-researcher who specializes in pediatric bone disorders, including hypoparathyroidism in children. (rush.edu)

Thyroid disease gets a lot of press because the thyroid gland controls metabolism. (thyroid.com.au)
Common ENT services for children and adults include hearing loss, medical treatment of nose and sinus disease, voice disorders, speech and swallowing problems, and all common ear problems including balance disorders. (masseyeandear.org)
Our cardiology specialists offer advanced treatment and care for conditions affecting your heart and blood vessels, including heart disease, stroke, heart rhythm disorders and high blood pressure. (va.gov)
Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common coexisting autoimmune disorder in patients with Grave's disease and Hashimoto thyroiditis. (springer.com)
The most frequent coexisting disease is autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) which may be partially explained by the higher prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in middle-aged women rather than a true association. (springer.com)
citation needed] In many European countries, not only endocrinologists, but also nuclear medicine specialists work as clinical thyroidologists focusing on diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disease. (wikipedia.org)
p class=\'abstract\'>As the population ages, both domestically and globally, clinicians will increasingly find themselves navigating treatment decisions for thyroid disease in older adults. (stanford.edu)
Hashimoto's Disease: In Hashimoto's disease, the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, causing it to become inflamed and eventually damaged. (patientsmedical.com)
It is important to note that some people with thyroid disease may not experience any symptoms. (patientsmedical.com)
When first described, this disorder was thought to involve only adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease) and thyroid insufficiency (Hashimoto's thyroiditis). (rarediseases.org)
Addison's disease is a rare disorder characterized by chronic and insufficient functioning of the outer layer of the adrenal gland (adrenal cortex). (rarediseases.org)
For more information on this disorder choose "Addison's Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database). (rarediseases.org)
But others measure your risk of developing a disease, even if you are healthy now (presymptomatic testing), or determine whether you and your partner are at risk of having a child with a genetic disorder (carrier screening). (healthywomen.org)
Some disorders, such as Huntington disease, are autosomal dominant. (healthywomen.org)

If a child is known to carry the RET gene mutation, surgery to remove the thyroid before it becomes cancerous is considered. (medlineplus.gov)
Treatment depends on the size of the thyroid nodule and whether it's cancerous. (dubuqueent.com)

Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's natural defenses against invading organisms (i.e., antibodies, lymphocytes etc.) suddenly begin to attack healthy tissue. (rarediseases.org)

Hypoparathyroidism was found to be increased in SLE patients and may be secondary to anti-parathyroid antibodies. (springer.com)
Hypoparathyroidism is a disorder characterized by hypocalcemia due to insufficient secretion of PTH. (nih.gov)
The most common etiology is postsurgical hypoparathyroidism, followed by autoimmune disorders and rarely genetic disorders. (nih.gov)
Specialists at Rush University Children's Hospital provide specialized care for hypoparathyroidism in children, a rare endocrine disorder that affects the bones. (rush.edu)
Injury to the parathyroid glands, endocrine disorders and genetic conditions are the most common causes of hypoparathyroidism. (dubuqueent.com)

We offer a wide range of services to adults and children including the diagnosis and treatment of common problems such as chronic sinusitis, sleep apnea, snoring, tonsil and adenoid disorders, chronic ear infections, thyroid and parathyroid disorders and head and neck masses. (masseyeandear.org)

Autoimmune Disorders An autoimmune disorder is a malfunction of the body's immune system that causes the body to attack its own tissues. (msdmanuals.com)

The thyroid gland plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's metabolism and energy levels. (patientsmedical.com)

Involvement of the thyroid gland is most often with a tumor called medullary carcinoma of the thyroid . (medlineplus.gov)
The cause may be linked to a benign tumor or enlarged parathyroid gland. (dubuqueent.com)
Molecular analysis of cyclin D1 modulators PRKN and FBX4 as candidate tumor suppressors in sporadic parathyroid adenomas. (cdc.gov)

Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in which the body does not produce enough or respond normally to insulin, causing blood sugar (glucose) levels to be abnormally high. (msdmanuals.com)

This clinic provides interdisciplinary care of patients with thyroid and parathyroid disorders, and features integrated patient care provided by our Otolaryngology faculty in conjunction with the Endocrine and Pathology services. (unm.edu)

The statement, published in the April issue of Endocrine Reviews , provides guidance on screening for 15 hormonal disorders that present with hypertension and that can be potentially cured with surgery or treated with medication. (medscape.com)

Thyroglossal duct cysts (TDC) are usually considered to be a benign embryonic malformation where the thyroglossal duct fails to obliterate after descent of the thyroid gland [3]. (bvsalud.org)

We offer diagnosis and treatment plans for patients suffering from thyroid and parathyroid conditions. (masseyeandear.org)
If you are concerned about your thyroid health, it is important to speak with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment. (patientsmedical.com)

Major symptoms may include the development of an enlarged thyroid gland in the neck, a dull facial expression, puffiness and swelling around the eyes, drooping eyelids, thinning hair which is coarse and dry, and poor memory. (rarediseases.org)

Integrated Whole-Exome and Transcriptome Sequencing of Sporadic Parathyroid Adenoma. (cdc.gov)

Our sleep specialists treat patients for a range of sleep disorders including obstructive sleep apnea and snoring. (masseyeandear.org)
It is important for endocrinologists and other physicians who care for these patients to be aware of recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and genetics of this disorder. (nih.gov)
A clinical thyroidologist is a board certified endocrinologist, who cares for a majority of thyroid patients, with few patients experiencing other endocrine conditions. (wikipedia.org)
Dr. Seib also completed a fellowship in Endocrine Surgery at UCSF, during which she cared for patients with complex disorders of the thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands. (stanford.edu)
However, over time, as more patients were studied, the scope of the disorder was expanded to include disorders of other underperforming endocrine glands. (rarediseases.org)
Patients with parathyroid disorders can also undergo evaluation at this Center. (mountsinai.org)
Monitor patients for recurrence of medullary thyroid carcinoma with calcitonin, CEA, and +/- provocative calcitonin testing. (medscape.com)
In patients with the RET genetic mutation for MEN 2B, total thyroidectomy is recommended in infancy because medullary thyroid carcinoma behaves more aggressively in these patients. (medscape.com)
Total thyroidectomy with central neck dissection is recommended for all patients with proven or probable medullary thyroid carcinoma. (medscape.com)
METHODS: Serum lithium and thyroid/parathyroid laboratory data were collected retrospectively for patients with lithium levels measured at seven BC hospitals between 2012 and 2021. (bvsalud.org)
Do Patients With Atypical Parathyroid Adenoma Need Close Follow-up? (cdc.gov)
Five patients with disorders of calcium metabolism presented with GCM2 gene variants. (cdc.gov)

The body may deposit excess fat in blood vessels and within organs, where it can block blood flow and damage organs, often causing serious disorders. (msdmanuals.com)

For medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, the thyroid gland and surrounding lymph nodes must be totally removed. (medlineplus.gov)

Liver Disorders. (healthcare-natural.com)

Anatomy8

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs4

Tumors7

Nodules18

Hyperthyroidism6

Hyperparathyroidism7

Hormone24

Hypothyroidism7

Diseases12

Surgical5

Overactive4

Management of thyroid2

Goiter1

Including parathyroid gland1

Glands are located2

Cancer7

Hormones8

Metabolic2

Pancreas2

Hereditary4

Pediatric1

Disease14

Cancerous2

Thyroiditis1

Hypoparathyroidism5

Head and neck1

Autoimmune disorders1

Body's1

Tumor3

Diabetes mellitus1

Otolaryngology1

Hormonal1

Cysts1

Diagnosis and treatment2

Enlarged thyroid gland1

Sporadic1

Patients12

Excess1

Lymph nodes1

Liver disorders1