Vinyl chlorideThorotrastRadioactiveCerium dioxideThO2ReactorsChemicalsIsotopesCarbonReactorSilicon carbideUranium-233CrystallinePelletsMantlesMineralsRadonAmountsTailingsRadium1828Generating nuclear energyOxidesCeramicsFuelNickelImpuritiesHigh temperatureReactionCatalystNaturallyFormElementWaterIncreaseExistsCancerFound
Vinyl chloride1
- This type of Liver Cancer can occur in people exposed to chemicals like radium, vinyl chloride, arsenic, or thorium dioxide. (acko.com)
Thorotrast5
- Thorium dioxide was the primary ingredient in Thorotrast, a once-common radiocontrast agent used for cerebral angiography, however, it causes a rare form of cancer (hepatic angiosarcoma) many years after administration. (wikipedia.org)
- Thorium dioxide (Thorotrast) is a radioactive solution that was used as a contrast medium in the 1950s to improve x-ray images of the blood vessels and arteries, nasal passages and sinus cavities. (cancer.ca)
- Ionizing radiation - Thorium dioxide suspension (Thorotrast), a radiographic contrast medium used in the 1940s, is associated with increased risk of erythroleukemia (latent period of 10-30 y after exposure). (medscape.com)
- Thorotrast is a suspension that contains thorium dioxide particles, a radioactive material, whose chemical formula is ThO2. (rattleinnaustin.com)
- In the form of Thorotrast, a thorium dioxide suspension, it was used as a contrast medium in early X-ray diagnostics. (turboscholarship.com)
Radioactive9
- All thorium compounds, including the dioxide, are radioactive because there are no stable isotopes of thorium. (wikipedia.org)
- Thorium dioxide has since been replaced by rare-earth oxides such as lanthanum oxide in almost all modern high-index glasses, as they provide similar effects and are not radioactive. (wikipedia.org)
- Thorium is a naturally occurring, radioactive substance. (cdc.gov)
- First, it efficiently disposes of one of the most dangerous radioactive fuels in thorium reactors, and second, it generates power and heat. (phys.org)
- Thorium is a weak radioactive metal as its isotopes are highly unstable. (byjus.com)
- As thorium is radioactive, its uses mainly lie in nuclear fuel applications. (byjus.com)
- The presence of large amounts of thorium in your environment could result in exposure to more hazardous radioactive decay products of thorium, such as radium and thoron, which is an isotope of radon. (rattleinnaustin.com)
- It might sound a bit dangerous but don't worry…for these experiments I use a non-radioactive analogue, cerium dioxide, although once I am better practised, in my PhD, I will get to work on radioactive samples containing uranium and thorium later. (cam.ac.uk)
- Background radioactivity - radioactive elements in the natural environment including those in the crust of the earth (like radioactive potassium, uranium, and thorium isotopes) and those produced by cosmic rays. (cdc.gov)
Cerium dioxide4
- Other binary oxides with fluorite structure include cerium dioxide, uranium dioxide and plutonium dioxide. (wikipedia.org)
- Hoffman chose to look for plutonium in these ores since she expected that the geochemistry of plutonium dioxide would be very similar to the geochemistry of thorium dioxide and cerium dioxide minerals, both of which are significant constituents of most lanthanide ores. (atomicinsights.com)
- With the sample under high power magnification you can see the individual cerium dioxide grains, aligned in patterns and fused together like crazy paving - the average grain size in the images above is about a quarter of the thickness of a strand of human hair! (cam.ac.uk)
- In the images below you can now see the surface of the cerium dioxide in much more detail, including the small holes and scratches on the surface of the pellet. (cam.ac.uk)
ThO21
- Thorium dioxide (ThO2), also called thorium(IV) oxide, is a crystalline solid, often white or yellow in colour. (wikipedia.org)
Reactors18
- 4,040 °F). Thorium dioxide (thoria) can be used in nuclear reactors as ceramic fuel pellets, typically contained in nuclear fuel rods clad with zirconium alloys. (wikipedia.org)
- Prof. Sergey Bedenko demonstrates a simulation model of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors with thorium fuel. (phys.org)
- Scientists from the School of Nuclear Science & Engineering of Tomsk Polytechnic University are developing a technology for the creation of high-temperature, low-power reactors with thorium fuel. (phys.org)
- Thermal energy generated at thorium reactors may be used in hydrogen industrial production and for desalinating water. (phys.org)
- Thorium reactors are used in areas where there are no large water bodies and rivers, which are needed for classical reactors. (phys.org)
- In thorium reactors, helium is applied, as well as carbon dioxide (CO2) or hydrogen, instead of water. (phys.org)
- The mixture of thorium and weapons-grade plutonium is the fuel for the new kind of reactors. (phys.org)
- When all weapons-grade plutonium is disposed of, it will be possible to use uranium-235 or uranium-233 in thorium reactors. (phys.org)
- Notably, the plant is capable of operating at low capacity (from 60 MW), the core thorium reactors require a little fuel and the percentage of its burnup is higher than that at currently used reactors. (phys.org)
- Thorium fuel can be used both in thorium reactors and widely spread VVER-1000 reactors. (phys.org)
- In addition, water can be desalinated at thorium reactors. (phys.org)
- I.V. Shamanin et al, Neutronic properties of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors with thorium fuel, Annals of Nuclear Energy (2017). (phys.org)
- A few years ago, I came across a guy on FB named Charles Barton Jr, an addiction counselor by training and a stalwart advocate for thorium molten salt reactors. (angrybearblog.com)
- Turns out, he wasn't a reactor geek, he was a thorium tribalist, and any form of green energy other than thorium molten salt reactors was a betrayal and an adversary of his dad's legacy. (angrybearblog.com)
- There is more research on thorium reactors than just Oak Ridge, which can be found by Google if you're interest and don't want to read the book. (angrybearblog.com)
- Ultimately, yes, thorium molten salt reactors are not risk-free. (angrybearblog.com)
- Though the plant has since been converted to a natural gas generating station, Fort Saint Vrain was one of the first thorium-powered reactors in the United States. (energyfromthorium.com)
- HTGRs are nuclear reactors that use a graphite moderator with a once-through uranium fuel cycle, and can conceptually reach high outlet temperatures (up to 750°C). Coated fuel particles containing fuel kernels, usually made of uranium dioxide, are used for fuel. (energyfromthorium.com)
Chemicals1
- This product can expose you to chemicals including Thorium dioxide , which is known to the State of California to cause cancer, and 1,3-Butadiene , which is known to the State of California to cause birth defects or other reproductive harm. (airgas.com)
Isotopes1
- Thorium has 6 naturally occurring isotopes. (turboscholarship.com)
Carbon7
- The interaction between carbon dioxide and hydrogen was studied in presence of nickel and nickel thoria catalysts at atmospheric pressure and at elevated pressures of the order of 150 lbs. per sq.inch. (gla.ac.uk)
- The trend of results obtained by keeping the partial pressure of one component constant and varying that of the other suggests that reaction takes place by the interaction between adsorbed molecules of carbon dioxide and hydrogen. (gla.ac.uk)
- The reaction is studied first by keeping the partial pressure of hydrogen constant and varying that of carbon dioxide and then by keeping partial pressure of CO2 constant and varying that of H2. (gla.ac.uk)
- A final equation is recommended for the hydrogenation of carbon-dioxide at atmospheric pressure in presence of nickel catalyst. (gla.ac.uk)
- Pioneering analysis of deep-sea corals has overturned the idea that ocean currents contributed to increasing global levels of carbon dioxide in the air over the past 11,000 years. (eurasiareview.com)
- Understanding what has led to the pre-industrial rise in carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) levels during the Holocene period, which dates back some 11,700 years to the present day, is a source of scientific debate. (eurasiareview.com)
- They can also be irradiated by carbon dioxide laser beam from silicon halide and ammonia to generate amorphous silicon nitride and then heated in a 1450 ℃ electric furnaceThey are mainly used as raw materials for functional ceramic materials, Non-ferrous metal refractory materials, high-temperature structural materials such as aircraft engines, gas transmission nozzles, bearings, and heat-resistant coatings as materials for grinding. (nanotrun.com)
Reactor2
- Theoretial calculations of critical mass, temperature coefficient, and transient behavior have been made for proposed uranium dioxide and urania-thoria fuel cores for the Virginia Polytechnic Institute UTR-10 Reactor. (uitm.edu.my)
- The pebbles are said here to made of uranium dioxide, which is the standard makeup for a uranium fueled reactor. (energyfromthorium.com)
Silicon carbide3
- The strong bond that silicon nitride makes with silicon carbide or aluminum oxide, as well as with thorium dioxide and boron trioxide, can make it a versatile bond for modification. (thisisdrugs.com)
- Because silicon nitride can form a strong combination with silicon carbide, aluminum oxide, thorium dioxide, boron nitride, etc., it can be used as a binding material and modified in different proportions. (nanotrun.com)
- 3 Since silicon nitride can form a strong bond with silicon carbide, alumina, thorium dioxide, boron nitride, etc., it can be used as a bonding material and modified in different proportions. (ihpa.net)
Uranium-2332
- Thorium dioxide can be turned into a nuclear fuel by breeding it into uranium-233 (see below and refer to the article on thorium for more information on this). (wikipedia.org)
- From Wiki "Uranium-233 is a fissile isotope of uranium that is bred from thorium-232 as part of the thorium fuel cycle. (turboscholarship.com)
Crystalline2
- Silicosis is a pneumoconiosis usually caused by inhaling crystalline free silica (silicon dioxide, quartz) dust and characterized by discrete nodular pulmonary fibrosis and, in more advanced stages, by conglomerate fibrosis and respiratory impairment. (digitalfire.com)
- Thorium Dioxide is a heavy, white, crystalline (sand-like) powder. (rattleinnaustin.com)
Pellets2
- Thorium dioxide offers advantages over conventional uranium dioxide fuel pellets, because of its higher thermal conductivity (lower operating temperature), considerably higher melting point, and chemical stability (does not oxidize in the presence of water/oxygen, unlike uranium dioxide). (wikipedia.org)
- I must not have cleaned the equipment I use to press the powders very well and accidently scratched them… so now I know to be more careful when I make my uranium thorium dioxide pellets! (cam.ac.uk)
Mantles3
- Some mantles still use thorium, but yttrium oxide (or sometimes zirconium oxide) is used increasingly as a replacement. (wikipedia.org)
- Thorium is used to make ceramics, gas lantern mantles, and metals used in the aerospace industry and in nuclear reactions. (cdc.gov)
- Thorium oxide has previously been used in lantern mantles due to its bright white glow when heated, alternatives are replacing this use. (turboscholarship.com)
Minerals1
Radon1
Amounts3
- As it is found almost everywhere on the earth, people will always be exposed to small amounts of thorium through the air, food, and water. (byjus.com)
- Other studies in animals suggest drinking massive amounts of thorium can cause death from metal poisoning. (rattleinnaustin.com)
- Trace amounts of uranium-238 within the corals gradually decays to thorium-230 allowing us to accurately assess their age by measuring this isotope ratio. (eurasiareview.com)
Tailings1
Radium1
- Another radium isotope, 228Ra, belongs to the natural series, parent of which is thorium 232Th. (turboscholarship.com)
18281
- Thorium was discovered in 1828 by norwegian mineralogist Morten Thrane Esmark. (turboscholarship.com)
Generating nuclear energy1
- Thorium can also be used as a fuel for generating nuclear energy. (cdc.gov)
Oxides1
- The melting point of thorium oxide is 3300 °C - the highest of all known oxides. (wikipedia.org)
Ceramics1
- The high thermal stability of thorium dioxide allows applications in flame spraying and high-temperature ceramics. (wikipedia.org)
Fuel2
- This can be achieved by blending thorium with uranium or plutonium, or using it in its pure form in conjunction with separate fuel rods containing uranium or plutonium. (wikipedia.org)
- The spent fuel from the nuclear power plant, uranium and thorium, was transferred by the PSC to the newly-built Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installation next to Fort Saint Vrain. (energyfromthorium.com)
Nickel5
- Thoria dispersed nickel finds its applications in various high temperature operations like combustion engines because it is a good creep resistant material. (wikipedia.org)
- In part I, the reaction is studied at atmospheric pressure with nickel thoria catalyst. (gla.ac.uk)
- The apparatus employed, experimental procedure, and method of calculation are all the same as that in nickel thoria section. (gla.ac.uk)
- The results suggest the same sort of mechanism as in nickel thoria catalyst. (gla.ac.uk)
- In part III, the reaction is studied at elevated pressures using nickel and nickel thoria catalysts. (gla.ac.uk)
Impurities2
- The properties of thorium depend highly on the number of impurities present in the sample. (byjus.com)
- Notwithstanding the effective separation that is carried out during zirconia powder production processes, uranium, thorium, and their decay products can be present as impurities in some zirconia powders, making them unsuitable for the manufacture of medical-grade zirconia conforming to ISO 13356. (turboscholarship.com)
High temperature1
- As an alloy, thoriated tungsten metal is not easily deformed because the high-fusion material thoria augments the high-temperature mechanical properties, and thorium helps stimulate the emission of electrons (thermions). (wikipedia.org)
Reaction1
- Only with careful control of reaction conditions can oxidation of thorium metal give the monoxide rather than the dioxide. (wikipedia.org)
Catalyst1
- Thorium dioxide has almost no value as a commercial catalyst, but such applications have been well investigated. (wikipedia.org)
Naturally1
- Uranium and thorium are the heaviest elements that exist naturally in the Earth crust. (turboscholarship.com)
Form4
- Thorianite is the name of the mineralogical form of thorium dioxide. (wikipedia.org)
- A tetragonal form of thoria is also known. (wikipedia.org)
- More than 99% of natural thorium exists in the form of thorium-232. (cdc.gov)
- Some rocks in underground mines contain thorium in a more concentrated form. (cdc.gov)
Element1
- Thorium is a chemical element with atomic number 90 and is represented by the symbol 'Th' in the periodic table. (byjus.com)
Water1
Increase2
- When added to glass, thorium dioxide helps increase its refractive index and decrease dispersion. (wikipedia.org)
- Higher doses of thorium dioxide increase the risk. (cancer.ca)
Exists1
- Thoria exists as two polymorphs. (wikipedia.org)
Cancer2
- RÉSUMÉ Afin d'atteindre les objectifs de santé fixés par le pays pour 2011-2016, une analyse qualitative de l'exposition aux facteurs de risque de cancer au Qatar a été conduite en 2013. (who.int)
- Les risques de cancer les plus élevés pour les Qatariens proviendraient de facteurs associés aux modes de vie, en particulier l'obésité, la sédentarité et le tabagisme. (who.int)
Found1
- Where is thorium found? (rattleinnaustin.com)