Thick volcanic eruptions. Medical search. Frequent questions

A long-dormant volcano, Mount Pinatubo, blew its top north of Manila in 1991 in one of the biggest volcanic eruptions of the 20th century, killing hundreds of people. (wric.com)

Prior to the 2022 explosion of the submarine volcano Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai, near Tonga, satellites had only previously captured data on one other gigantic volcanic eruption in the early 1990s at Mount Pinatubo, near the Philippines. (grunge.com)

Volcanic system means a volcano-tectonic fissure system and - very often a bigger volcano, a so-called central volcano which in most cases is a stratovolcano and may contain a caldera. (wikipedia.org)
However, Columbia University volcanologists found that the eruption of Costa Rica's Irazú Volcano in 1963 was likely triggered by magma that took a nonstop route from the mantle over just a few months. (wikipedia.org)
At the end of 1995, fresh volcanic action beneath Bárdarbunga volcano accelerated Lake Grímsvötn's normal cycle. (answersingenesis.org)
The eruption of Shiveluch, a volcano on Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula, was not immediately reported to cause any deaths . (smithsonianmag.com)
Just days ago, Bezymianny, another volcano about 60 miles from Shiveluch, spewed ash some 6 to 7.5 miles into the air in a smaller eruption that also prompted a code red flight warning. (smithsonianmag.com)
More than 25,000 people were killed by the eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Columbia in 1985, he said. (sciencedaily.com)
Samosir Island is a resurgent volcanic dome, a mound of rock uplifted by pressure from un-erupted magma in the chamber beneath the volcano. (nasa.gov)
The Pusukbukit Volcano on the western shore of the lake also formed after the catastrophic eruption. (nasa.gov)
Before the 1951 eruption, Lamington was not known to be a volcano. (si.edu)
The group of mountains where the volcano stands was covered in thick jungle and there were no stories to suggest that eruptions had occurred before. (si.edu)
The pyroclastic flow from the eruption devastated an area of ~200 km 2 , forming a radial pattern around the volcano that extended slightly farther on the N side. (si.edu)
In 1951 a powerful explosive eruption produced pyroclastic flows and surges that swept all sides of the volcano, killing nearly 3,000 people. (si.edu)
U.S. Geological Survey geophysicist Michael Poland said (via NPR), "This might be the loudest eruption since Krakatau," referencing the massive eruption of an Indonesian volcano in 1880. (grunge.com)
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology raised Thursday the status of Mayon Volcano in Albay to Alert Level 3 due to "increased tendency towards a hazardous eruption. (apnews.com)
Government volcano experts said they raised the alert level around Mayon to the third of a five-step warning system after detecting an increasing number of rockfalls and at least two volcanic earthquakes in recent days. (apnews.com)
A number of villages in three towns near Taal suspended classes on Wednesday due to thick smog emanating from the volcano, one of the world's smallest, and residents were advised to limit outdoor activities and wear masks for protection. (wric.com)
Before then, it appears that the volcano was highly active between the 4th century BC and 1st century BC, with strombolian periods intermingled with episodes of intense lava fountaining which emplaced discrete decimeter thick layers of lapilli on the flanks of the volcano. (photovolcanica.com)
This is thought to be due to the fact that the Upper Vancori collapse introduced a plane of weakness into the volcano but also due to the gradual shift in activity from lava emission toward explosive eruption of pyroclasts as seen in the present day. (photovolcanica.com)
Spewing thick lava and a plume of gases, the volcano has not yet claimed any lives, though it has altered many. (nasa.gov)
Most of the activity at Fogo for the past 500 years has occurred within the main caldera of the volcano, and the eruption in 1995 was centered on the flanks of Pico. (nasa.gov)
On September 5, 2014, two new fissures opened up near Vatnajökull ice cap in the ongoing eruption at Iceland's Bárdarbunga volcano. (nasa.gov)
After more than a month of eruption, lava continues to flow from Tolbachik Volcano. (nasa.gov)
He witnessed the start of Yasur's enduring eruption first-hand, watching as the volcano "threw up vast quantities of fire and smoak [sic] and made a rumbling noise which was heard at a good distance. (historyhit.com)
The eruption of Colombia's Nevado del Ruiz volcano in 1985 was relatively small, but it caused untold destruction. (historyhit.com)

The Siberian volcanic eruptions and related massive intrusions of nickel-rich magmas into the Earth's crust apparently emitted nickel-rich volatiles into the atmosphere, where they were distributed globally," explains New York University geologist Michael Rampino, the paper's senior author. (wattsupwiththat.com)
So do volcanic eruptions increase the earth's temperature or decrease the temperature? (wattsupwiththat.com)
Mars' current atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide and extremely thin, around one percent of Earth's atmospheric pressure at sea level, but there is evidence it was thicker in the past . (nasa.gov)
The model predicted a stable northern ocean if Mars had an ancient atmosphere as thick as present-day Earth's, made primarily of carbon dioxide with 10 percent hydrogen (H2). (nasa.gov)
Researchers have discovered a sea's worth of water locked within the sediment and rock of a lost volcanic plateau that's now deep in the Earth's crust. (scitechdaily.com)
The site where the researchers found the water is part of a vast volcanic province that formed when a plume of lava the size of the United States breached the Earth's surface in the Pacific Ocean 125 million years ago. (scitechdaily.com)
The event was one of the Earth's largest known volcanic eruptions and rumbled on for several million years. (scitechdaily.com)
Volcanic eruptions occur due to processes within the Earth's layers, including the rising of magma and its interaction with water or groundwater. (outforia.com)

Around 70,000 years ago, the Earth was rocked by the largest volcanic eruption to have occurred in the past 2 million years. (nasa.gov)
They originate from an enormous basalt flow which emanated around 132 million years ago from what may be the largest volcanic eruption ever known on Earth. (reefandrainforest.co.uk)

A military plane from New Zealand has landed five days after an underwater volcanic eruption killed three people and left behind extensive tsunami damage and also a thick blanket of fallen ash. (npr.org)
A smaller underwater volcanic eruption near Tonga from 2009 is pictured above). (grunge.com)

Phreatic eruptions are driven by the superheating of steam due to the close proximity of magma . (wikipedia.org)
Phreatomagmatic eruptions are driven by the direct interaction of magma and water, as opposed to phreatic eruptions, where no fresh magma reaches the surface. (wikipedia.org)
Explosive eruptions are characterized by gas-driven explosions that propels magma and tephra. (wikipedia.org)
But an explosive eruption would send volcanic ash, smoke, and magma into the atmosphere , leading to impacts of flights that cross the Atlantic, says FOX Weather Senior Meteorologist Jordan Overton. (yahoo.com)
These eruptions, the researchers say, are associated with nickel-rich magmatic intrusions - rocks formed from the cooling of magma - that contain some of the greatest deposits of nickel ore on the planet. (wattsupwiththat.com)
The Seitah rock appears to have formed underground through slow cooling of a thick sheet of magma. (yahoo.com)
The Maaz rocks may have cooled relatively more quickly in an upper layer of underground magma or after a volcanic surface eruption. (yahoo.com)
From the fabled eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD to the hypnotically beautiful magma displays of Hawaii's 2018 Mount Kilauea eruption, volcanic activity has amazed, humbled and devastated communities for millennia. (historyhit.com)
There are a lot of complex processes that magma goes through to produce a volcanic eruption. (outforia.com)
There are different types of volcanoes , which experience different processes of magma production and eruption. (outforia.com)

Several types of volcanic eruptions -during which lava , tephra ( ash , lapilli , volcanic bombs , and volcanic blocks ), and assorted gases are expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure -have been distinguished by volcanologists . (wikipedia.org)
FILE - REYKJAVIK, ICELAND - MAY 15, 2010: Ash plume from Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull crater during it's eruption, spewing tephra and ashes that drift toward continental Europe on May 15, 2010 near Reykjavik, Iceland. (yahoo.com)
He said Chaiten, which started to erupt on May 2 and which "ramped up significantly" May 7, could bury the nearby town of Chaiten much like the Roman city of Pompeii was buried by tephra, or volcanic material, following the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 A.D. (sciencedaily.com)
Stern and Jose Naranjo of the National Service of Geology and Mining, who published a 2004 paper in the journal "Geology of Chile," used radiocarbon methods to date the last eruption of Chaiten and concluded the eruption generated layers of volcanic tephra on the surrounding landscape up to five feet thick. (sciencedaily.com)
Cinder cones are made of volcanic ash, cinders, and rocks called tephra . (outforia.com)

The eruption of Tambora in Indonesia in 1815 affected the world's climate for about three years and caused what is known as the Year Without a Summer in 1816 by cooling Europe and North America with huge atmospheric sulfur dioxide emissions. (sciencedaily.com)
The deadly saga started on Sumbawa - an island now in Indonesia - with the most powerful volcanic blast ever documented. (historyhit.com)
This study examined factors correlated with child undernutrition in rural communities affected by the Sinabung Eruptions in Indonesia. (bvsalud.org)

Tremendous explosions from the Jemez volcanic field spewed pyroclasts (rock fragments), while searing hot gases blasted down slopes in an incandescent avalanche called a pyroclastic flow. (blm.gov)
Ignimbrite is a pumice-dominated pyroclastic flow deposit formed from the cooling of pyroclastic material ejected from an explosive volcanic eruption. (southwaikato.govt.nz)
Composite volcanoes are made of pyroclastic deposits , lava flows, and volcanic domes. (outforia.com)
Pyroclastic deposits refer to various fragments that spew out during volcanic eruptions. (outforia.com)
Volcanic pyroclastic materials can come in the form of crystals, volcanic glass, ash, and pyroclastic rocks. (outforia.com)

Flood basalt volcanism isn't exactly like one-off, explosive volcanic eruptions, but at least they're not fingering just CO2. (wattsupwiththat.com)

Gase used seismic scans to build a 3D picture of the ancient volcanic plateau in which he saw thick, layered sediments surrounding buried volcanoes. (scitechdaily.com)

Some volcanoes may exhibit only one characteristic type of eruption during a period of activity, while others may display an entire sequence of types all in one eruptive series. (wikipedia.org)
Some volcanoes exhibit lateral and Fissure eruptions . (wikipedia.org)
The Volcanoes of Kamchatka, which are located along the Ring of Fire, are considered "one of the most outstanding volcanic regions in the world" and listed as a World Heritage site, per UNESCO . (smithsonianmag.com)
With at least 60 eruptions during the past 11,700 years, Shiveluch is one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanoes. (smithsonianmag.com)
We consider the lifespan of Andean volcanoes to be about 1 million years, which is supported by this new eruption," he said. (sciencedaily.com)
Gase speculates that the shallow seas where the eruptions took place eroded some of the volcanoes into a porous, broken-up rock that stored water like an aquifer as it was buried. (scitechdaily.com)
MANILA, Philippines (AP) - Philippine officials on Thursday raised the alert level for one of the country's most active volcanoes after superheated streams of gas, debris and rocks cascaded down its upper slope in a condition they fear could lead to a hazardous eruption within days or weeks. (apnews.com)
The eruptions are dominantly lava flows, although unlike shield volcanoes like Kilauea, Fogo erupts both low-silica basanite and high-silica phonolite. (nasa.gov)
These volcanoes can have numerous eruptions that take place over the course of hundreds of thousands of years. (outforia.com)

Magmatic eruptions are the most well-observed type of eruption. (wikipedia.org)
This means that Mayon is exhibiting magmatic eruption of a summit lava dome with increased chances of lava flows … and of potential explosive activity within weeks or even days," the government volcanology institute said. (wric.com)

As volcanic and seismic activity continues to rattle southwestern Iceland with thousands of small earthquakes, scientists remain on alert, still declaring that there is a 'significant likelihood' of volcanic eruption in the coming days. (yahoo.com)
In sum, most (though not all) of the earthquakes and volcanic eruptions that take place in the world happen in association with plate boundaries. (wvc.edu)
Much of the action in geology that gets peoples' attention -- volcanic eruptions, devastating earthquakes -- happens because of how plates interact with each other along their boundaries. (wvc.edu)
The Philippines lies along the Pacific Ring of Fire, a region prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. (wric.com)
This to natural hazards and climate change impacts, includ- deployment included a five-person TEMAT advance team ing tropical cyclones, earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding consisting of two physicians and three nurses, 8 tasked and volcanic eruptions. (who.int)

Current forecast models indicate the ash plume would gradually overspread the ocean in the coming days, should an eruption occur over the next day or two,' Overton said. (yahoo.com)
Fresh eruptions occur on average every five years. (answersingenesis.org)
Voluminous igneous intrusions and frequent volcanic eruptions occur at two of the major types of plate boundaries. (wvc.edu)

a segment of a 40 kilometres (25 mi) chain of volcanic craters and fissure vents that extends northeast away from Katla. (wikipedia.org)
The 1996 fissure eruption filled Lake Grímsvötn, which discharged by the subglacial flood route shown. (answersingenesis.org)
A 6-km (4 mile)-long fissure opened through the 450-metre (1500 feet)-thick glacier. (answersingenesis.org)

Michigan Technological University volcanologist Simon Carn tweeted that the latest eruption was likely Shiveluch's largest since the dawn of satellites. (smithsonianmag.com)

In contrast, the massive eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991 cooled the global climate for about one year because of high sulfur dioxide emissions, he said. (sciencedaily.com)

Besides the potentially devastating impacts to the town of Grindavík and the surrounding area from a potential eruption, any large ash plume could wreak havoc on international air travel . (yahoo.com)
A faint blue-gray plume trails off to the southwest alongside a line of clouds that also may have been seeded by the eruption. (nasa.gov)

Since the 1951 eruption, seismic activity has been absent to rare. (si.edu)

The same prehistoric eruption apparently created the two-mile-diameter crater where the current eruption is centered, the authors said. (sciencedaily.com)
The crater contains the steaming dome that grew after the paroxysmal eruption. (si.edu)
Villagers living within a 6-kilometer (3.7-mile) radius of Mayon volcano's crater were told to leave the long-designated permanent danger zone and move to safer grounds due to the danger of volcanic emissions, lava flows, rockfalls and other hazards, officials said. (apnews.com)
Three brief volcanic gas and ash emissions on Thursday streamed down the volcano's southeastern gully about a kilometer (half a mile) from the crater, they said. (apnews.com)

But we should remember that the eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 was "the deadliest and most economically damaging volcanic event in the history of the United States. (theeconomiccollapseblog.com)
Mount St. Helens is most commonly known for its major eruption in 1980, the deadliest and most economically damaging volcanic event in the history of the United States . (theeconomiccollapseblog.com)
The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora was the deadliest volcanic eruption in recorded history, as well as the most powerful, and it caused a devastating chain of events. (historyhit.com)
Krakatoa was also the deadliest volcanic eruption of the last 200 years. (historyhit.com)

Eruptive chronology[citation needed] - Eldfell, a volcanic cone on the island of Heimaey. (wikipedia.org)
Subglacial and phreatic eruptions are defined by their eruptive mechanism, and vary in strength. (wikipedia.org)
While most volcanic rocks are found close to the eruptive source, ignimbrite of reasonable thickness can often be found tens to hundreds of kilometres from the site of eruption. (southwaikato.govt.nz)

We are waiting for the forecasts of volcanologists monitoring the eruption to assess how long the ashfall will last. (smithsonianmag.com)

The cone-shaped tent rock formations are the products of volcanic eruptions that occurred 6 to 7 million years ago and left pumice, ash, and tuff deposits over 1,000 feet thick. (blm.gov)
As a result of the volcanic eruptions, thick deposits of fine laminate accumulated that were later eroded into large canyons. (washingtonstatesearch.com)
By studying layers of volcanic deposits and carbon dating organic materials trapped therein, Rosi et al. (photovolcanica.com)

On November 23, this volcanic island in the Cabo Verde archipelago began erupting lava and volcanic gases. (nasa.gov)
Tambora threw ash and noxious gases some 25 miles high into the stratosphere, where they formed a thick smog. (historyhit.com)

That eruption shot ash and volcanic aerosols such as sulfur dioxide gas more than 20 miles into the atmosphere (via Britannica ). (grunge.com)

Continental tectonic plates are thicker than the oceanic ones. (science20.com)
In those terms, the outer layer of the earth is the lithosphere, which is a rigid layer that is broken up into tectonic plates and averages about 100 km (60 miles) thick. (wvc.edu)

More than likely it was SO2 and other aromatic areosols also ejected into the atmosphere during the eruptions causing dramatic cooling that lead to the extinction. (wattsupwiththat.com)
Billions of years ago, when life emerged on Earth, the climate of Mars could have been Earth-like as well, with a thicker atmosphere than today and oceans of liquid water. (nasa.gov)
Just as a heavy coat traps more heat than a light jacket, a thick atmosphere would have helped warm a young Mars by retaining more heat from sunlight. (nasa.gov)
Also, hydrogen helps the atmosphere trap even more heat since it's an efficient greenhouse gas , and it could have been released by extensive volcanic eruptions or meteorite impacts on early Mars. (nasa.gov)
Volcanic winter," caused by the increase in sunlight-reflecting particles high in the atmosphere, probably lasted several years. (nasa.gov)
This could blanket the earth in an ever thicker atmosphere, blocking even more heat from escaping into space. (exploringnature.org)
The eruption rocketed plumes of ash into the atmosphere which turned skies red across the globe. (historyhit.com)
The lack of anatomical signatures in the austral trees suggests limited incursion of stratospheric volcanic aerosol into the Southern Hemisphere extra-tropics, that any forcing was mitigated by atmosphere-ocean dynamical responses and/or concentrated outside the growing season, or a combination of factors. (bvsalud.org)

About fifty years ago, on 21 January 1951, a major explosive eruption at Lamington killed ~3,000 people, the most of all historical volcanic eruptions in Papua New Guinea. (si.edu)
Hastily arranged monitoring commenced immediately after the 1951 eruption but only operated during the active phase of the eruption. (si.edu)
According to news and scientific reports, the new eruption is the largest since 1951. (nasa.gov)

Our data from Chaiten showed the last eruption was high in silica and low in sulfur. (sciencedaily.com)

When Indonesia's Mount Krakatoa erupted on August 27, 1883, it was the loudest volcanic eruption ever recorded. (historyhit.com)
At its loudest, the Krakatoa eruption reached roughly 310 decibels. (historyhit.com)

One of Russia's most active volcanos erupted early Tuesday morning, launching a massive gray cloud into the air and coating nearby villages in a thick layer of ash. (smithsonianmag.com)
RABAUL IS KNOWN as the town that was buried under a thick layer of ash after a volcanic eruption in 1994. (divernet.com)

Volcanic ash covers the ground and houses in Klyuchi village on the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia after the Shiveluch volcano's eruption. (smithsonianmag.com)
Civil aviation authorities must also advise pilots to avoid flying close to the volcano's summit as ash from any sudden eruption can be hazardous to aircraft," the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology said. (apnews.com)
The eruption of Vesuvius on that fateful day in 79 AD was witnessed by Roman author Pliny the Younger, who described the volcano's "sheets of fire and leaping flames" in a letter. (historyhit.com)

Known as Lake Grímsvötn, the subglacial water is stored within a large, bowl-shaped volcanic depression formed by the continual heat flow and periodic eruptions. (answersingenesis.org)

[6] The vast majority of volcanic eruptions are of VEIs between 0 and 2. (wikipedia.org)

Lamington does not erupt frequently like Manam and Ulawun, but had a single historical eruption of such magnitude that, if repeated, could be catastrophic for the more than 30,000 people who live nearby. (si.edu)

The two pyramidal cones, covered with thick tropical vegetation, were formed by lava from a volcanic eruption 30 to 40 million years ago. (oasismarigot.com)
Looking at the incredibly lush tropical vegetation that covers much of the landscape, it is difficult to picture the complete destruction of plant and animal life-including human populations-that would have resulted from the eruption. (nasa.gov)

The eruption was likely powerful enough to shoot volcanic material into the stratosphere, which could have a temporary cooling effect, writes New Scientist 's Madeleine Cuff. (smithsonianmag.com)
The five-day eruption of Chaiten has sent a thick column of ash and smoke into the stratosphere moving east across Patagonia to the Atlantic Ocean. (sciencedaily.com)

It was only a 90-minute hop over dramatic mountains covered in thick jungle, broken by the occasional small village that would be completely cut off without its tiny airstrip. (divernet.com)

Large eruptions every 250-600 years: Part of the East volcanic zone (EVZ). (wikipedia.org)
On the other extreme, Plinian eruptions are large, violent, and highly dangerous explosive events. (wikipedia.org)
If an explosive eruption occurred and generated a large ash cloud, one scenario would have ash blown west toward Greenland, then veering back to the north then east toward Northern Europe , according to the FOX Forecast Center. (yahoo.com)
Now, satellite imagery from NASA offers new perspective on just how large the Tongan volcanic eruption truly was, according to NPR . (grunge.com)
The conflicting models disagree on where these bubbles merge to form the large gas slugs responsible for the eruptions. (photovolcanica.com)
Within a climatic background, we found that VNCU of the QTP tends to decrease after large volcanic eruptions, lasting until about 3 years, with a maximum decrease value occurring in the following 1 year. (bvsalud.org)

In January 2022, a massive volcanic eruption rocked the small Pacific island nation Tonga . (grunge.com)
In addition to thick layers of ash covering many Tongan population centers, the 2022 blast triggered a tsunami, killing three people, based on reporting from Insider . (grunge.com)
TEMAT was activated for the first time in January 2022 to respond to medical and public health needs following the eruption and tsunami. (who.int)
TEMAT's deployment in response to the 2022 volcanic eruption and tsunami highlighted the importance of national emergency medical teams that are prepared to respond to a range of emergency events. (who.int)
Tonga is an island nation of approximately 100 000 Tonga's National Emergency Management Committee people located in the South Pacific with 172 islands, of convened an emergency meeting on the night of the which 45 are inhabited, spread across four archipelagos HTHH eruption on 15 January 2022. (who.int)

Tongans raced on Wednesday to clear a thick coat of ash from the main international runway to let in emergency aid, as the island nation faced a month of crippled international communications following a violent volcanic eruption and tsunami. (gulftoday.ae)

He was gracious enough to let us visit, both to view and understand the aftermath of a volcanic event, as well as to see the impact of the surrounding plants that survived the flow. (mit.edu)
Ultimately, around 1 million people are estimated to have died in the extended aftermath of Mount Tambora's eruption. (historyhit.com)

oceanic crust is thin (typically 5-10 km thick), higher in density, and has a mafic average composition. (wvc.edu)

These fragments have been brought, probably from considerable depth, up the breccia conduit, by volcanic eruption. (seekingalpha.com)

A team of scientists has found new evidence that the Great Permian Extinction, which occurred approximately 250 million years ago, was caused by massive volcanic eruptions that led to significant environmental changes. (wattsupwiththat.com)
The approximately 4-kilometer-wide Dendi Caldera includes some of this silica-rich volcanic rock: the rim of the caldera, visible in this astronaut photograph, is mostly made of poorly consolidated ash erupted during the Tertiary Period (approximately 65-2 million years ago). (nasa.gov)
The Hikurangi plateau is a remnant of a series of epic volcanic eruptions that began 125 million years ago in the Pacific Ocean. (scitechdaily.com)

Hundreds of homes in Tonga's smaller outer islands have been destroyed, and at least three people were killed after Saturday's huge eruption triggered tsunami waves, which rolled over the islands causing what the government has called an unprecedented disaster. (gulftoday.ae)

This is an incomplete list of volcanic eruptions in Iceland. (wikipedia.org)
There are about 32 volcanic systems in Iceland. (wikipedia.org)
See chronology below: Brennisteinsfjöll 5200BP, Brennisteinsfjöll 1340, Brennisteinsfjöll 1341 - Dyngjufjöll, a volcanic mountain range in the northeast of Iceland. (wikipedia.org)
ET: New data from the Iceland Meteorological Agency Monday evening has indicated that an explosive eruption is now unlikely after initial fears that it was within the realm of possibility. (yahoo.com)
When we start to have eruptions on Iceland, there is an impact for the U.S. and Europe because of the pathways the planes take to get from the U.S. over to Europe fly right over Iceland,' says FOX Weather Meteorologist Britta Merwin . (yahoo.com)
Iceland is bracing for a volcanic eruption. (yahoo.com)

But that same eruption is still going to this day - more than 240 years later. (historyhit.com)

a forbidding volcanic island remotely rising out of the abyssal plain of the Bellingshausen Sea. (expeditions.com)

And about 24 hours after the start of the more recent eruption, a 5.8-magnitude earthquake shook the peninsula's coast, which Russian scientists say was an aftershock from a quake that struck last week, according to Reuters. (smithsonianmag.com)

The volcanic explosivity index (commonly shortened to VEI) is a scale, from 0 to 8, for measuring the strength of eruptions. (wikipedia.org)

A thicker-than-expected blanket of five to 10 centimetres (two to four inches) of ash had accumulated on the main island Tongatapu's runway, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) said. (gulftoday.ae)
A torrent of volcanic debris cascaded on the settlement, entombing it beneath a blanket of ash. (historyhit.com)

ASHLEY WESTERMAN, BYLINE: So the eruption damaged an underwater fiber optic cable that knocked out the internet and phone across Tonga, and that made communication with officials nearly impossible. (npr.org)
A sizable portion of the land consumed by the eruption was covered with vineyards, so officials are concerned about the loss of a key crop. (nasa.gov)

But, A, a New Zealand air force plane was only able to land today on Tonga's largest island, Tongatapu, after the Tongan military cleared the runway there of volcanic ash by hand. (npr.org)

The eruption caused a major crisis for the island and led to its temporary evacuation. (wikipedia.org)
We haven't had a major volcanic eruption in the United States in a very long time, and so there is a lot of complacency out there right now. (theeconomiccollapseblog.com)
Linked to major volcanic eruptions around 536 and 540 CE, the onset of the Late Antique Little Ice Age has been described as the coldest period of the past two millennia. (bvsalud.org)

Air traffic controllers and pilots must be quickly notified of volcanic eruptions to avoid volcanic ash clouds. (yahoo.com)

Ash layers from two early Holocene eruptions have been identified. (si.edu)
Thousands and thousands of busy chinstrap penguins greeted us both during our approach to the landing and on land, where dramatic wind-carved sculptures sat on an impressive cliff made of countless volcanic ash layers. (expeditions.com)

His UTIG collaborators ran lab experiments on drill core samples of the volcanic rock and found that water made up nearly half of its volume. (scitechdaily.com)

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Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai1

Volcano24

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Magma10

Tephra5

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19513

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