• Double-stranded RNA viruses (dsRNA viruses) are a polyphyletic group of viruses that have double-stranded genomes made of ribonucleic acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • The two phyla do not share a common dsRNA virus ancestor, but evolved their double strands two separate times from positive-strand RNA viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Based on phylogenetic analysis of RdRp, the two clades do not share a common dsRNA ancestor but are instead separately descended from different positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • The class Duplopiviricetes is the second clade of dsRNA viruses and is in the phylum Pisuviricota, which also contains positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • The aim is to address concerns over tiny amounts of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) impurities that form during the manufacture of vaccines and other drugs. (genengnews.com)
  • Because of the double-stranded structure of dsRNA, the team reasoned that it would respond to the dye like double-helix DNA. (genengnews.com)
  • The researchers found that, by running the samples independently with each dye, they could detect which RNA was dsRNA by whether it responded more to the DNA or RNA dye. (genengnews.com)
  • The mRNA in the sample responded more strongly to the RNA label, De Peña explained, whereas the dsRNA had a higher affinity to the DNA dye. (genengnews.com)
  • The specialized ribonuclease Dicer initiates RNA interference by cleaving double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) substrates into small fragments about 25 nucleotides in length. (nih.gov)
  • In this review, we discuss the current status of these RNAi- based products and the different delivery strategies by which insects can be targeted by the RNAi-triggering double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules. (unl.edu)
  • ADAR1 binds to dsRNA in both the canonical A-form and in the poorly defined Z-conformation (Z-RNA). (biorxiv.org)
  • Using ADAR1 Zα-domain mutant human cells and knock-in mice, we demonstrate that abrogated binding of ADAR1 to Z-RNA leads to reduced A-to-I editing of dsRNA structures formed by pairing of inversely oriented SINEs. (biorxiv.org)
  • This shows that the interaction between ADAR1 and Z-RNA restricts sensing of self-dsRNA and prevents AGS development. (biorxiv.org)
  • The double stranded RNA-activated protein kinase induced by interferon: dsRNA-PK. (wikidata.org)
  • RNA isolated from infected RK13 or HeLa cells maintained PKR-activating properties only when dsRNA was present. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In antiviral RNA interference (RNAi) the DICER enzyme processes virus-derived double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that guide ARGONAUTE proteins to silence complementary viral RNA. (biobender.com)
  • First in lots of contaminated somatic cells viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) sets off the powerful and non-sequence-specific interferon (IFN) response (3) that may possess generally supplanted antiviral RNAi features (4). (biobender.com)
  • Fig. 1 EMCV-derived siRNAs in infected mESCs The symmetrical 5′ and 3′ EMCV reads mapped to the regions where dsRNA replication-intermediates (RIs) initiate during positive- and negative-strand synthesis. (biobender.com)
  • Phosphorylation of the plant encoded, double-stranded (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase (pPKR) is significantly enhanced over basal levels during early phases of virus and viroid infection. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Trichomonas vaginalis isolates were examined for the presence of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and the property of phenotypic variation. (silverchair.com)
  • Members of the conserved family of eukaryotic RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (Rdrs) synthesize double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) intermediates in diverse pathways of small RNA (sRNA) biogenesis and RNA-mediated silencing. (nih.gov)
  • The virus is a double stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus with 11 segments. (bvsalud.org)
  • Exploiting the RNA interference (RNAi) gene mechanism to silence essential genes in pest insects, leading to toxic effects, has surfaced as a promising new control strategy in the past decade. (unl.edu)
  • RNA interference (RNAi)-based technology has been proven as a novel approach for insect pest control. (potatobeetle.org)
  • Identification of a 90-kDa polypeptide which associates with adenovirus VA RNAI and is phosphorylated by the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase. (wikidata.org)
  • RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism is a natural process occurring in both plants and animals which silence the specific genes before being translated. (ijcmas.com)
  • The exogenously applied small RNAs move locally and systematically and induce RNAi mediated resistance. (ijcmas.com)
  • Although mammalian infections are vunerable to experimental RNA disturbance (RNAi) via artificial little interfering RNAs (siRNAs) VX-680 (1) the life of an all natural antiviral RNAi response in mammals is normally debated (2). (biobender.com)
  • RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a powerful technology for pest management. (jipb.net)
  • In this study, we identified three efficient target genes (β‐ Actin , SRP54 , and SNAP ) for RNAi using in vitro double‐stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) fed to HV, and found that dsRNAs targeting β‐ Actin messenger RNA ( dsACT ) induced more potent RNAi than those targeting the other two genes. (jipb.net)
  • RNA Interference-mediated Silencing of Phytochelatin Synthase Gene Reduce Cadmium Accumulation in Rice Seeds [J]. J Integr Plant Biol. (jipb.net)
  • Sodium Stress in the Halophyte Thellungiella halophila and Transcriptional Changes in a thsos1-RNA Interference Line [J]. J Integr Plant Biol. (jipb.net)
  • RNA interference is an evolutionary conserved gene regulatory mechanism that can be used by introducing exogenous synthetic double-stranded RNAs, so called small interfering RNA (siRNA). (lu.se)
  • However, a key challenge in translating siRNA into the clinic is the inefficacy to deliver siRNA across the plasma membrane, but most importantly, to escape the endosomal system and reach the cytosol where they can interact with the RNA interference machinery. (lu.se)
  • The double-stranded genome is used as a template by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) to transcribe a positive-strand RNA functioning as messenger RNA (mRNA) for the host cell's ribosomes, which translate it into viral proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we report that myeloid cells and embryonic fibroblasts from knock-in mice expressing an E3 ligase-deficient mutant of Pellino1 produce reduced levels of IFN beta mRNA and secrete much less IFN beta in response to viral double-stranded RNA because the interaction of IRF3 with the IFN beta promoter is impaired. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • Cellular 5'-3' mRNA exonuclease Xrn1 controls double-stranded RNA accumulation and anti-viral responses. (nih.gov)
  • Positive-sense RNA viruses possess a single-stranded RNA genome that can serve as messenger RNA (mRNA) that can be directly translated to produce an amino acid sequence. (msdmanuals.com)
  • RNA polymerases read the codes from specific areas of the DNA and transcribe the information into a mRNA copy of the DNA. (cdc.gov)
  • Rdr-dependent pathways of sRNA production are poorly characterized relative to Rdr-independent pathways, and the Rdr enzymes themselves are poorly characterized relative to their viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase counterparts. (nih.gov)
  • For short templates we recommend to increase in template concentration, polymerase concentration and reaction time, since transcription of small RNAs is largely dependent on the number of initiation events. (neb.com)
  • By performing polymerase chain reaction and DNA enzyme immunoassay, HCV-RNA was detected with subsequent genotyping. (who.int)
  • Double-stranded RNA viruses are classified into two phyla, Duplornaviricota and Pisuviricota (specifically class Duplopiviricetes), in the kingdom Orthornavirae and realm Riboviria. (wikipedia.org)
  • Double-stranded RNA viruses include the rotaviruses, known globally as a common cause of gastroenteritis in young children, and bluetongue virus, an economically significant pathogen of cattle and sheep. (wikipedia.org)
  • Plants can uptake and process externally applied double stranded RNAs, hairpin RNAs and small interfering RNAs prepared to silence genes of viruses, fungi and insects. (ijcmas.com)
  • The ADAR1 protein is also thought to inhibit the replication and spread of certain viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C, by modifying their RNA. (medlineplus.gov)
  • RNA viruses that have their genetic material encoded in the form of double-stranded RNA. (bvsalud.org)
  • Some viruses have an outer envelope consisting of protein and lipid, surrounding a protein capsid complex with genomic RNA or DNA and sometimes enzymes needed for the first steps of viral replication. (msdmanuals.com)
  • either DNA or RNA viruses may have single or double strands of genetic material. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Single-strand RNA viruses are further divided into those with (+) sense and (-) sense RNA. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Negative-sense RNA viruses possess a single-stranded negative-sense genome that first must synthesize a complementary positive-sense antigenome, which is then used to make genomic negative-sense RNA. (msdmanuals.com)
  • DNA viruses typically replicate in the host cell nucleus, and RNA viruses typically replicate in the cytoplasm. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Certain single-strand, (+) sense RNA viruses termed retroviruses use a very different method of replication. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Because RNA transcription does not involve the same error-checking mechanisms as DNA transcription, RNA viruses, particularly retroviruses, are particularly prone to mutation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • the genome of RNA viruses ranges from 3.5 kilobases (some retroviruses) to 27 kilobases (some reoviruses), and the genome of DNA viruses ranges from 5 kilobases (some parvoviruses) to 280 kilobases (some poxviruses). (msdmanuals.com)
  • The positive-strand RNA can also be replicated by the RdRp to create a new double-stranded viral genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here we describe prime editing, a versatile and precise genome editing method that directly writes new genetic information into a specified DNA site using a catalytically impaired Cas9 endonuclease fused to an engineered reverse transcriptase, programmed with a prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA) that both specifies the target site and encodes the desired edit. (nature.com)
  • RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9. (nature.com)
  • The agent is a double-stranded RNA virus of the genus Coltivirus in the family Reoviridae, the entire genome of which has been sequenced. (medscape.com)
  • 2023). Genome-wide RNA binding analysis of C9orf72 poly(PR) dipeptides. (upenn.edu)
  • Retroviruses use reverse transcription to create a double-stranded DNA copy (a provirus) of their RNA genome, which is inserted into the genome of their host cell. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The genome consists of double-stranded RNA in 10-12 discrete segments, with a total genome size of 16-27 kilobase pair (kbp), depending on the genus. (medscape.com)
  • The genome consists of 10 segments of double-stranded RNA. (medscape.com)
  • CPV exhibits striking capsid stability and is fully capable of endogenous RNA transcription and processing. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this review we analyze the biogenesis and function of endogenous set of small RNAs, exogenously applied small interfering RNAs and their response in plant cells. (ijcmas.com)
  • However, while there are a few studies investigating the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on mitochondrial metabolism, the effect on the transcription of mitochondrial non-coding RNAs has not been investigated yet. (frontiersin.org)
  • This result suggests that the SARS-CoV-2 infection somehow affected the metabolism of small mitochondrial RNAs specifically without altering the overall mitochondrial transcription. (frontiersin.org)
  • 2022). Sexually dimorphic RNA helicases DDX3X and DDX3Y differentially regulate RNA metabolism through phase separation. (upenn.edu)
  • Double-Stranded RNA Technology to Control Insect Pests: Current Status" by Olivier Christiaens, Steve Whyard et al. (unl.edu)
  • Originally, it was thought that only intermediate and late gene transcription produced double-stranded (ds) RNA to activate PKR during vaccinia virus (VACV) infection. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Viral double-stranded RNA, a ligand for Toll-like Receptor 3 (TLR3) and the cytoplasmic RNA receptors RIG1 and MDA5, activate a signaling network in which the IKK-related protein kinase TBK1 phosphorylates the transcription factor Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 (IRF3) and the E3 ubiquitin ligase Pellino1. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • These results identify Pellino1 as a novel component of the signal transduction network by which viral double-stranded RNA stimulates IFN beta gene transcription. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • Therefore, the conversion of the DSB ends from double-stranded to single-stranded DNA, which is necessary to initiate DSB repair by homologous recombination, is responsible for loss of transcription around a DSB in S. cerevisiae . (elifesciences.org)
  • The proteins involved in homologous recombination have to work around other processes that go on inside the nucleus, such as the transcription of DNA in genes into RNA molecules. (elifesciences.org)
  • Previous research has reported that forming a double-strand break in the DNA reduces the levels of transcription for the genes that surround the break, but it was not clear how this occurred. (elifesciences.org)
  • In mammalian cells, inhibiting the transcription of genes around a double-strand DNA break depends on a signaling pathway that is activated whenever DNA damage is detected. (elifesciences.org)
  • Instead, the experiments indicate that it is the resection of the DNA around a double-strand break to form single-stranded tails that inhibits transcription in budding yeast. (elifesciences.org)
  • One of the next challenges will be to see if the resection process makes any contribution to changes in the transcription of genes that surround a double-strand break in mammals as well. (elifesciences.org)
  • TLR3 acts earlier in the pathway and recognizes double stranded viral RNA, while IRF7 is a transcription factor to initiate IFN production. (cdc.gov)
  • Specialized cell structures called ribosomes are the cellular organelles that actually synthesize the proteins (RNA transcription). (cdc.gov)
  • The virion core contains several enzymes needed for transcription and capping of viral RNA. (medscape.com)
  • Both p20 and p10 bound preferentially to structured RNA molecules. (cshl.edu)
  • In the presented work the dissociation constants of complementary equally sized RNA single strands were measured at the single molecule level applying fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). (bvsalud.org)
  • This process is called 'resection' and it exposes single strands of DNA. (elifesciences.org)
  • Reduced activity of the interferon-induced double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase during a heat shock stress. (wikidata.org)
  • Previous research has shown that infection with coronaviruses activates an innate immune response upon sensing of viral RNA by interferon-induced with helicase C domain 1 (IFIH1), also known as MDA5. (frontiersin.org)
  • Turton HA, Thompson AAR & Farkas L (2020) RNA signaling in pulmonary arterial hypertension-a double-stranded sword . (sheffield.ac.uk)
  • Langland, J , Langland, L & Roth, D 1998, ' Differential localization and accumulation of the plant double stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase during virus infection ', Plant Physiology and Biochemistry , vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 395-400. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The double-stranded (ds) RNA-activated protein kinase, DAI (also known as PKR), contains an RNA-binding domain comprising two tandem repeats of a motif, the dsRBM, which is shared with a number of other proteins that interact with structured RNAs. (cshl.edu)
  • We have expressed the entire domain and the first copy of the motif in Escherichia coli and purified the two proteins, p20 and p10, to apparent homogeneity in order to study their interactions with RNA and with the intact kinase enzyme. (cshl.edu)
  • Emerging evidence indicate that the mammalian checkpoint kinase ATM induces transcriptional silencing in cis to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) through a poorly understood mechanism. (elifesciences.org)
  • This protein is involved in making changes to (editing) ribonucleic acid (RNA), a chemical cousin of DNA. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It's a nanoplexed, double-stranded RNA that activates TLR3 and it also activates other inflammatory genes like RIG-1 and MDA5 . (medscape.com)
  • Here, we performed a comparative genomics study of RNA sensor genes in three species of pangolins. (frontiersin.org)
  • Third varied virus-infected mammalian cell types accumulate virus-derived small RNAs (vsRNAs) but these have unspecified functions (5) and lack the biochemical features size and distribution patterns of flower and invertebrate viral siRNAs (6-9). (biobender.com)
  • strands were offset by VX-680 2 nt (Fig. 1D and fig. S1 C to E). Northern analyses using oligonucleotide probes confirmed accumulation of the predicted 5′-end 22-nt siRNAs in EMCV-infected cells (Fig. 1E). (biobender.com)
  • Recombinant human Argonaute2 alone is capable of acquiring a guide RNA strand by associating with siRNAs or microRNAs, triggering targeted cleavage of transcripts in vitro , according to a paper published last month. (genomeweb.com)
  • To Noland, such parameters could prove useful in the creation of effective siRNAs for research and therapeutic applications, offering guidelines to "systematically test the efficacies of different RNAs with different modifications, and how that relates to the overall silencing efficacy and strand selection. (genomeweb.com)
  • K.V. Visvanathan, S. Goodbourn, "Double-stranded RNA activates binding of NFkB to an inducible element in the human á-interferon promoter," The EMBO Journal , 8 , 1129-38, April 1989. (the-scientist.com)
  • Mutations in the Z-RNA binding Zα-domain of ADAR1 are common in AGS patients. (biorxiv.org)
  • By contrast, IFIH1 a sensor of intracellular double-stranded RNA, has been inactivated by mutations in pangolins. (frontiersin.org)
  • Effects of Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome mutations predicted from ADAR-RNA structures. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This volume summarizes current knowledge of the interferon-based natural antiviral protection system including 2',5'-oligoadenylate and double-stranded RNA. (powells.com)
  • Relatively simple, synthetic, double-stranded RNAs can be powerful viral pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) mimics, inducing a panoply of antiviral and antitumor responses that act at multiple stages of host defense. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In addition, the ADAR1 protein controls the function of certain chemical messengers called neurotransmitters at particular sites in the body by modifying the RNA blueprint for receptor proteins that interact with the neurotransmitters. (medlineplus.gov)
  • No change in the expression of long non-coding RNAs was detected at any stage of the infection, but up to 43 small mitochondrial RNAs have their expression altered during the recovery from COVID-19. (frontiersin.org)
  • DDX58/RIG-I, a sensor of cytoplasmic viral RNA and toll-like receptors (TLR) 3, 7, and 8, which bind RNA in endosomes, are conserved in pangolins. (frontiersin.org)
  • ADAR1 converts adenosines into inosines within double-stranded (ds) RNA. (biorxiv.org)
  • How loss of ADAR1/Z-RNA interaction contributes to disease development is unknown. (biorxiv.org)
  • The adenosine-to-inosine editing performed by ADAR1 is thought to change certain areas of the body's own RNA that the immune system might interpret as belonging to a virus that should be attacked. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The role of RNA editing by ADAR1 in prevention of innate immune sensing of self-RNA. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. (nature.com)
  • Whereas the roles of protein-DNA interactions in HR and NHEJ have been fairly well defined, the functions of small and long non-coding RNAs and RNA-DNA hybrids in the DNA damage response is just beginning to be elucidated. (preprints.org)
  • Translational control by the Epstein-Barr virus small RNA EBER-1. (wikidata.org)
  • Understanding the plant response and processing of small RNAs could result in development of novel biotechnological approaches. (ijcmas.com)
  • Despite these being only preliminary results on a small cohort, the analyses clearly showed that individuals infected by SARS-CoV-2 retain an altered expression of these small RNAs. (frontiersin.org)
  • This persistent alteration in the expression of small mitochondrial RNAs might be involved in the long COVID syndrome and further studies are needed to confirm the possibility. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, this is true only in certain cases, and Dicer and trans-activation response RNA-binding protein - TRBP - or protein activator of PKR - PACT - are often "essential" for achieving maximal levels of strand selection, the report, appearing in RNA , notes. (genomeweb.com)
  • In a 2011 paper , he and his colleagues in the lab of UC Berkeley researcher Jennifer Doudna examined Dicer and TRBP and PACT, its double-stranded RNA-binding protein partners, to see if they sense the thermodynamics of duplex RNAs in human cells the same way they do in flies. (genomeweb.com)
  • It was previously concluded that Dicer is dispensable for asymmetric RISC loading, but our expanded set of duplex RNAs has demonstrated that this conclusion is true only for certain types of duplex RNAs such as those with unfavorable 5' nucleotides on the passenger strand or with terminal mismatches," they wrote in RNA . (genomeweb.com)
  • Furthermore, even when Ago2 alone is capable of robust strand selection, Dicer and TRBP or PACT, in some cases, enhance that selection, as is the case with the miRNAs tested here," they added. (genomeweb.com)
  • Overall, the findings "indicate the presence of a hierarchy of parameters that dictate the necessity of human Dicer and its associated dsRBPs for strand-selection enhancement that considers thermodynamic, 5' nucleotide, and other structural contributions," the study's authors wrote. (genomeweb.com)
  • DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are deleterious lesions that are generated in response to ionizing radiation or replication fork collapse that can lead to genomic instability and cancer. (preprints.org)
  • Complete protection from Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata by expressing long double-stranded RNAs in potato plastids[J]. J Integr Plant Biol. (jipb.net)
  • RNA silencing movement in plants [J]. J Integr Plant Biol. (jipb.net)
  • Since the DSB ends undergo nucleolytic degradation (resection) of their 5′-ending strands, we investigated the contribution of resection in this DSB-induced transcriptional inhibition. (elifesciences.org)
  • These single-stranded DNA 'tails' are then free to interact with an intact copy of the same DNA sequence from elsewhere in the cell's nucleus, which is used as a guide when repairing the damage. (elifesciences.org)
  • A less-pronounced symmetrical reads distribution was also observed at the EMCV RNA 3′-end whereas the remaining 21- to 23-nt reads originated from discrete positive-strand regions (Fig. 1C). (biobender.com)
  • In this function, single stranded regulatory RNA forms Watson-Crick base pairs with complementary messenger RNA . (bvsalud.org)
  • This mechanism requires enzymes to eat away at the end of one of the DNA strands on each side of the double-strand break. (elifesciences.org)
  • Trichomonas vaginalis phenotypic variation occurs only among trichomonads infected with the double-stranded RNA virus. (silverchair.com)
  • Rotavirus is a double-stranded RNA virus of the family Reoviridae. (cdc.gov)
  • A different RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family causes this tick-borne encephalitis and is transmitted by the ticks Ixodes persulcatus and Ixodes ricinus . (medscape.com)
  • Virus ARN que tienen su material genético codificado en forma de ARN bicatenario. (bvsalud.org)
  • The double-shelled particle is the complete infectious form of the virus. (medscape.com)
  • Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a segmented, double-stranded RNA virus transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. (cdc.gov)
  • The apparent Kd for the p20-VA RNA interaction was estimated as 3.5 x 10(-7) M and at least three complexes were detected, but no distinct complexes were visualized for the interaction between p10 and VA RNA. (cshl.edu)
  • The 65 angstrom distance between the PAZ and RNase III domains matches the length spanned by 25 base pairs of RNA. (nih.gov)
  • The University of Tokyo team, however, only looked at a "very limited set" of duplex RNAs with "very particular parameters in terms of the end nucleotides and terminal mismatches" - all of which could have affected their findings. (genomeweb.com)