In January 2008, Dr. Andrew French and Samuel Wood of the biotechnology company Stemagen announced that they successfully created the first five mature human embryos using SCNT. (wikipedia.org)
Both lines of research rely on the use of human embryos in the very early stages of development, which has led to the intense, ongoing debate on the moral status of human embryos. (actionlife.org)
It commodifies human embryos and shows disrespect for the transmission of human life. (actionlife.org)
The new reproductive technologies and cloning show a profound disregard for the dignity of human life.The technology relies on the manipulation and destruction of multiple embryos. (actionlife.org)
A ban on cloning as a means of producing live born human beings will prove to be unenforceable unless it also bans cloning for any other purpose - including the use of cloning to produce human embryos as sources of stem cells or for other experimentation. (notabene-bg.org)
However, because a necessary first step was to use and destroy human embryos such research raised serious questions for some members of the public, as well as some scientists. (research-ethics.org)
Embryonic7
In 2004 and 2005, Hwang Woo-suk, a professor at Seoul National University, published two separate articles in the journal Science claiming to have successfully harvested pluripotent, embryonic stem cells from a cloned human blastocyst using SCNT techniques. (wikipedia.org)
In 2011, scientists at the New York Stem Cell Foundation announced that they had succeeded in generating embryonic stem cell lines, but their process involved leaving the oocyte's nucleus in place, resulting in triploid cells, which would not be useful for cloning. (wikipedia.org)
Four embryonic stem cell lines from human fetal somatic cells were derived from those blastocysts. (wikipedia.org)
The human embryo at the very beginning of development is called a "pre-embryo" or referred to as "human embryonic stem cells. (actionlife.org)
Martin, 1981), and only in 1998 that the derivation of human embryonic stem cells was first reported (Thomson et al. (research-ethics.org)
While the result has been an increase in the number of stem cell lines approved for federal funding, it is noteworthy that the number of lines meeting these criteria is limited (NIH Human Embryonic Stem Cell Registry). (research-ethics.org)
These cells have important, but restricted, clinical applications distinct from the wider range of possibilities with human embryonic stem cells (Wood, 2005). (research-ethics.org)
Two common methods of therapeutic cloning that are being researched are somatic-cell nuclear transfer and (more recently) pluripotent stem cell induction. (wikipedia.org)
With the cloning of a sheep known as Dolly in 1996 by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the idea of human cloning became a hot debate topic. (wikipedia.org)
The first step to cloning these animals is a technique called Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT). (research-ethics.org)
Possibility of clonin1
Although the possibility of cloning humans had been the subject of speculation for much of the 20th century, scientists and policymakers began to take the prospect seriously in 1969. (wikipedia.org)
Advocates3
To alleviate ethical concerns over the research and make the technology more acceptable, cloning advocates have manipulated the language to try and overcome ethical difficulties. (actionlife.org)
Despite Clonaid and other human cloning advocates' claims, the birth of Eve and cloned human babies had never been verified independently. (notabene-bg.org)
Although cloning advocates believe that reproductive cloning has the potential to improve the population vitality by maximizing favorable biologically-determined behavior and intelligence, it is universally rejected on ethical grounds since "reproductive cloning would amount to a procedure in which people were the experiment, the outcome of which could not be known until they were shown to posses the capacity of producing normal children" (Finlay, 2004, p. 15). (notabene-bg.org)
Brave New W2
Perhaps the first step will be the production of a clone from a single fertilized egg, as in Brave New World. (wikipedia.org)
In his invariable critique of genetic engineering and biomedicine, Leon Kass, chairman of the Council from 2002 to 2005, repeatedly referred to the dystopian themes of Aldous Huxley's Brave New World (1932) to characterize advances in human biotechnologies as an assault to human dignity. (notabene-bg.org)
HESC5
The framing of hESC research as a moral issue closely related to human cloning played a significant role in sustaining the public controversy on both sides of the Atlantic. (notabene-bg.org)
In the early years of hESC research, public fears were fueled by media hype and news stories about cloned human babies (Scott, 2006). (notabene-bg.org)
Notwithstanding the general agreement that human reproductive cloning is morally reprehensible and should be banned, there are intense disagreements on the use of cloning technology for research purposes (e.g., for the development of patient-specific hESC therapies). (notabene-bg.org)
Public statements and media releases by opponents of hESC research not only blurred the differences between cloning for reproductive purposes and research cloning, but also questioned the latter's viability for the production of hESC therapies. (notabene-bg.org)
While most hESC scientists view the human embryo as human cells with great biological and scientific potential, there are many members of our society who hold religious beliefs that define the human embryo as equivalent to a human life. (research-ethics.org)
Beings2
Cloning modifies the very nature of human beings and undermines the meaning of life itself. (actionlife.org)
These new interventions reduce human beings to laboratory objects to be manipulated and then discarded. (actionlife.org)
Genetic3
Nobel Prize-winning geneticist Joshua Lederberg advocated cloning and genetic engineering in an article in The American Naturalist in 1966 and again, the following year, in The Washington Post. (wikipedia.org)
Therapeutic cloning opens up the possibility of genetic enhancement and dis-enhancement-gene-rich people and gene-poor people. (actionlife.org)
The Raelians, which believe that humanity was the end product of a genetic engineering project run by highly intelligent extra-terrestrials, claimed their scientists had produced the world's first cloned baby, allegedly born by Caesarean section on December 26, 2002 to a 31-year-old American mother. (notabene-bg.org)
Scientists3
Many nations outlawed it, while a few scientists promised to make a clone within the next few years. (wikipedia.org)
Scientists quickly dismissed Clonaid's claim of successful reproductive cloning as improbable and groundless, since at the time even most technologically advanced labs had not succeeded in producing a viable cloned human embryo. (notabene-bg.org)
Many scientists viewed this as a potentially revolutionary approach to studying human biology. (research-ethics.org)
SCNT1
In this experiment, the researchers developed a protocol for using SCNT in human cells, which differs slightly from the one used in other organisms. (wikipedia.org)
Identical2
Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. (wikipedia.org)
Reproductive cloning attempts to reproduce a child identical to the cell donor. (actionlife.org)
Ethical concerns1
These ethical concerns have prompted several nations to pass laws regarding human cloning. (wikipedia.org)
19982
The first hybrid human clone was created in November 1998, by Advanced Cell Technology. (wikipedia.org)
1998). This tool was quickly recognized as an opportunity to better understand normal and pathological human development, to identify and test new pharmacological therapies, and perhaps to even replace diseased tissues or organs. (research-ethics.org)
Ethics1
In a recent presentation at the St. Thomas More Society banquet in Ottawa, Dr. Margaret Somerville, head of the McGill Centre for Medicine, Ethics and Law, said the rapid development in new reproductive technologies requires a slow-down of the pace to consider the following questions: How are ethics and law interacting and where are we going? (actionlife.org)
Dolly1
One of these sources is based on the technology used to clone Dolly the sheep (Campbell et al. (research-ethics.org)
Dignity1
As well, cloning is asexual reproduction, which damages the dignity and meaning of human sexuality. (actionlife.org)
Stem cells1
Having made a considered decision to use human stem cells, no use of those cells for the purposes of research, teaching, or testing should commence that is not explicitly part of an approved protocol or specifically waived under relevant regulations. (research-ethics.org)
Research8
These new technologies, in particular research on human cloning, open up the possibility of designing humans. (actionlife.org)
Dr. Somerville explained the two types of cloning research, reproductive and therapeutic. (actionlife.org)
Opponents of the research say the human embryo has the same moral status as any human person. (actionlife.org)
In America, Christian activists and anti-cloning advocacy groups spread misconceptions that research cloning involved making cloned human babies, rather than innovative stem cell therapies. (notabene-bg.org)
The conservative minority on the Council strongly advocated a nationwide ban on both reproductive and research cloning. (notabene-bg.org)
Bioethics tends to be dominated by discourses concerned with the ethical dimension of medical practice, the organization of medical care, and the integrity of biomedical research involving human subjects and animal testing. (erudit.org)
In recent years, biomedical research has been significantly altered by technologies for the derivation of human cell lines capable of differentiation into any of the cells of the human body. (research-ethics.org)
For many years now, under the Dickey amendment (1995), the U.S. Congress has agreed to federal restrictions on any research that would require harm or destruction of the human embryo. (research-ethics.org)
Destruction2
Human therapeutic cloning involves intentional destruction of human life, Dr. Somerville stated. (actionlife.org)
By this view, any harm or destruction of the human embryo is tantamount to harm or destruction of a human life. (research-ethics.org)
Essay1
Another Nobel Laureate, James D. Watson, publicized the potential and the perils of cloning in his Atlantic Monthly essay, "Moving Toward the Clonal Man", in 1971. (wikipedia.org)
Types2
Two commonly discussed types of human cloning are therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning. (wikipedia.org)
Religious made appeals for an anti-cloning ban by representing all types of cloning as a giant step toward turning human procreation into manufacture. (notabene-bg.org)
Possibilities2
The possibilities of human cloning have raised controversies. (wikipedia.org)
In his speech on "Biological Possibilities for the Human Species of the Next Ten Thousand Years" at the Ciba Foundation Symposium on Man and his Future in 1963, he said: It is extremely hopeful that some human cell lines can be grown on a medium of precisely known chemical composition. (wikipedia.org)
Produce1
Therapeutic cloning attempts to clone a cell and manipulate the clone to differentiate and produce organs for transplantation. (actionlife.org)
Made1
Assuming that cloning is possible, I expect that most clones would be made from people aged at least fifty, except for athletes and dancers, who would be cloned younger. (wikipedia.org)
Means1
One understands a philosopher only by heeding closely what he means to demonstrate, and in reality fails to demonstrate, concerning the limit between human and animal. (erudit.org)
Terms2
J. B. S. Haldane was the first to introduce the idea of human cloning, for which he used the terms "clone" and "cloning", which had been used in agriculture since the early 20th century. (wikipedia.org)
Scientific definitions used in the Bill that are relevant to, e.g., the field of human embryology should be obtained only from academically credentialed human embryologists and/or established human embryology textbooks, and those terms must be in concert with the terms approved of by the international Nomina Embryologica Committee. (lifeissues.net)
Reproduction2
The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning, which is the reproduction of human cells and tissue. (wikipedia.org)
The enactment creates the Assisted Human Reproduction Agency of Canada. (lifeissues.net)
Issue1
Accounting for the work of Jacques Derrida, and with reference to Michel Foucault's deliberations about biopower, Cary Wolfe has rightly questioned the entrenched discursive features of bioethics as a discipline according to which the boundary between the human and the non-human remains "an ethical (non)issue" (Wolfe, 2009). (erudit.org)
Provide1
Investigations by journalists raised suspicions that the story was hoax, especially as Clonaid's executives consistently refused to provide any evidence of cloning the baby, nicknamed Eve by the press, or even of her existence. (notabene-bg.org)
Wood1
In this case, each embryo was created by taking a nucleus from a skin cell (donated by Wood and a colleague) and inserting it into a human egg from which the nucleus had been removed. (wikipedia.org)